Ubufakazi Obusekela Ubisi LukaMama

Ngumlobeli we-Phaphama! eNigeria

CABANGA ngokudla komntwana okumnandi, okugwinyeka kalula, okuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zokudla okunomsoco kwezinsana ezikhulayo. Ukudla ‘okuyikhambi elimangalisayo’ okuvimbela izifo nokuzelaphayo. Cabanga ngokudla okungabizi lutho futhi okutholakala kalula emikhayeni kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni.

Uthi akukho? Yebo, umkhiqizo onjalo ukhona, nakuba ungenziwanga ososayensi bezimboni. Uwubisi lukamama.

Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu lokhu kudla okumangalisayo bekulokhu kubhekwa njengokubalulekile ekunakekeleni ingane. Ngokwesibonelo, iBhayibheli lisitshela ukuthi lapho indodakazi kaFaro ithola usana olunguMose, yayala udadewabo wosana ukuba abize “umzanyana oncelisayo” ukuze alunakekele. (Eksodusi 2:5-9, qhathanisa ne-NW.) Kamuva, emiphakathini yamaGreki namaRoma, abazanyana abancelisayo abayimiqemane babevame ukuqashwa ukuba bancelise izinsana zabazali abacebile. Nokho, emashumini eminyaka amuva, umkhuba wokuncelisa ibele uye wehla kakhulu, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokukhangisa okwenza abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ubisi lwebele lwalungaphansi kokudla kwezinsana kobuchwepheshe banamuhla. Namuhla, lowomkhuba uyaguquka njengoba omama abaningi ngokwengeziwe beqaphela ukuthi “ukuncelisa ibele kungcono kunakho konke.”

Ukudla Okunomsoco Okungcono Kunakho Konke

Ingabe ososayensi baye benza kangcono kunendlela yoMdali eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yokondla izinsana? Lutho neze. I-UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) iyaphawula: “Ubisi lwebele lulodwa nje luwukudla nesiphuzo sabantwana esingcono kunazo zonke ezingatholakala ezinyangeni ezine zokuqala kuya kweziyisithupha zokuphila.” Ubisi lwebele luqukethe wonke ama-protein, izici ezikhuthaza ukukhula, amafutha, ama-carbohydrate, ama-enzyme, ama-vitamin, nezakhi ezibalulekile ekukhuleni kosana okunempilo phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala zokuphila.

Akukhona nje ukuthi ubisi lwebele luwukudla okungcono kunakho konke kwabantwana abasanda kuzalwa kodwa futhi luwukuphela kokudla abakudingayo. I-World Health Assembly yaphinda yaqinisekisa ngo-May 1992 ukuthi “phakathi nezinyanga ezine zokuqala kuya kweziyisithupha zokuphila akukho ukudla noma uketshezi ngaphandle kobisi lwebele, hhayi ngisho namanzi, okudingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimfuneko ezivamile zosana zokudla okunomsoco.” Ubisi lwebele lunamanzi anele okuqeda ukoma komntwana ngisho nasezimweni zezulu ezishisayo nezomile. Ukuncelisa umntwana ibhodlela elinamanzi amaningi noma iziphuzo ezinoshukela akukhona ukuthi akudingekile nje kuphela kodwa kungabangela umntwana ukuba ayeke ngokuphelele ukuncela ibele, njengoba ngokuvamile abantwana bakhetha ubulula ngokuqhathaniswa bokunceliswa ibhodlela. Yebo, ngemva kwezinyanga zokuqala ezimbalwa zokuphila, okunye ukudla nokuphuzwayo kudingeka kunezelwe kancane kancane ekudleni komntwana.

Akukho okunye okunikeza ngokulinganisela kahle kangaka izithako ezikhuthaza ukukhula okunempilo nokwakheka kwezinsana. Incwadi ethi Reproductive Health—Global Issues iyaphawula: “Imizamo yokusebenzisa okunye esikhundleni sobisi lwebele ibilokhu ingaphumeleli. Izincwadi zomlando eziphathelene nokondla izinsana zigcwele ubufakazi bokuthi izinsana ezinganceliswa ibele zisengozini enkulu yokungenwa izifo nokungondleki kahle kunezinsana ezinceliswa ibele.”

Ukuncelisa Ibele Kusindisa Ukuphila

Ngokwe-WHO (World Health Organization), ukufa kwezinsana eziyisigidi emhlabeni wonke bekungagwenywa unyaka ngamunye ukuba bonke omama bebencelisa abantwana babo ubisi lwebele kuphela phakathi nezinyanga ezine zokuqala kuya kweziyisithupha zokuphila. Umbiko we-UNICEF i-State of the World’s Children 1992 uyaphawula: “Umntwana onceliswa ibhodlela emphakathini ompofu kungenzeka cishe izikhathi ezingu-15 ukuba abulawe yisifo sohudo futhi kungenzeka izikhathi ezine ukuba abulawe i-pneumonia kunomntwana onceliswa ibele ngokukhethekile.”

Kungani kunjalo? Esinye isizathu siwukuthi ubisi oluyimpuphu, ngaphandle kokuba kwalo ukudla okungenamsoco kunobisi lukamama, ngokuvamile luxutshwa namanzi amaningi futhi angahlanzekile ngokwanele bese lufakwa emabhodleleni okuncelisa angabulawanga amagciwane. Ngakho ubisi lwebhodlela lungonakaliswa kalula ama-bacterium namagciwane abangela isifo esiphathelene nohudo nezifo zokuphefumula, okuyizinto eziyinhloko ezibulala izingane emazweni asathuthuka. Ngokuphambene, ubisi oluphuma ebeleni ngokuqondile alonakali kalula, aludingi ukuxutshwa, alonakalisi, futhi alunakuxutshwa namanzi amaningi.

Isizathu sesibili esenza ukuncelisa ibele kusindise ukuphila ukuthi ubisi lukamama lunezakhi ezivikela usana ezifweni. Ngisho nalapho izifo eziphathelene nohudo noma ezinye ziba khona, ngokuvamile azibi yingozi kakhulu futhi kulula ukuba zelapheke ezinsaneni ezinceliswa ibele. Futhi abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi abantwana abanceliswa ubisi lwebele abekho engozini yokuba nezifo zamazinyo, umdlavuza, isifo sikashukela, nokungezwani komzimba nezinto ezithile. Futhi ngoba kudinga ukumunca ngamandla, ukuncelisa ibele kungakhuthaza ukwakheka okufanele kwamathambo obuso nezicubu ezinsaneni.

Izinzuzo KoMama

Ukuncelisa ibele akuzuzisi umntwana kuphela; kuzuzisa nomama ngokufanayo. Phakathi kokunye, ukuncela komntwana ibele kushukumisa ukukhishwa kwe-hormone i-oxytocin, engasizi nje kuphela ekukhishweni nasekugelezeni kobisi kodwa futhi ebangela ukuba isibeletho sifinyele. Lapho isibeletho sifinyela ngokushesha ngemva kokubeletha, ukopha okuthatha isikhathi eside cishe akwenzeki. Futhi ukuncelisa kubambezela ukwakheka kwamaqanda nokuya esikhathini. Lokhu kuthambekele ekubambezeleni ukukhulelwa okulandelayo. Ukudlula kwesikhathi eside phakathi kokukhulelwa ngakunye kwenza omama nabantwana abanempilo.

Enye inzuzo enkulu yabesifazane ukuthi ukuncelisa ibele kunciphisa ingozi yomdlavuza wesibeletho namabele. Abanye ochwepheshe bathi ingozi yomdlavuza webele kowesifazane oncelisa usana lwakhe ibele iyingxenye yalokho ebingaba yikho ukuba ubengaluncelisi lona.

Okungamelwe kunganakwa uma kubalwa izinzuzo zokuncelisa ibele ubuhlobo obuba phakathi komntwana nomama. Njengoba ukuncelisa kungahileli ukupha ukudla nje kuphela kodwa futhi nokuthinta ngomlomo, ukuthintana kwesikhumba nesikhumba, nokufudumala okungokomzimba, ukuncelisa kungasiza ekwakheni isibopho esibalulekile phakathi kukamama nomntwana futhi kungaba nengxenye ekukhuleni komntwana ngokomzwelo nangokwenhlala-kahle.

Ukunquma Ukuncelisa Ibele

Cishe bonke omama bangakwazi ngokomzimba ukunikeza izinsana zabo ubisi olwanele uma bengahlangabezana nezimfuneko ezithile. Ukuncelisa ibele kufanele kuqale ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngemva kokubeletha, phakathi nehora lokuqala ngemva kokubelethwa komntwana. (Ubisi lwebele lokuqala ngqá, uketshezi olushubile oluphuzi olubizwa ngokuthi i-colostrum, lulungele abantwana futhi lusiza ekubavikeleni ezifweni.) Ngemva kwalokho, abantwana kufanele banceliswe lapho belambile, kuhlanganisa nasebusuku, futhi kungabi ngesimiso esihleliwe. Indlela eqondile yokuhlalisa umntwana esifubeni nayo ibalulekile. Umeluleki onokuhlangenwe nakho nonozwela anganikeza usizo ngokuphathelene nalokhu.

Yebo, ukuthi umama unquma ukuluncelisa usana lwakhe ibele noma cha kuxhomeke kokungaphezu nje kwamandla akhe omzimba ukwenza kanjalo. I-State of the World’s Children 1992 iyabika: “Omama badinga ukusekela kwezibhedlela ukuze banikeze izingane zabo isiqalo esingcono kunazo zonke; kodwa ukuze baqhubeke bencelisa, bayodinga futhi ukusekela kwabaqashi, izinyunyane, imiphakathi—kanye nokwamadoda.”

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 13]

Ukuncelisa Ibele Ezweni Elisathuthuka

1. Ubisi lwebele lulodwa nje luwukudla nokuphuzwayo komntwana okungcono kunakho konke okungatholakala ezinyangeni ezine zokuqala kuya kweziyisithupha zokuphila.

2. Abantwana kufanele baqale ukuncela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngemva kokuzalwa. Cishe bonke omama bangabancelisa abantwana babo.

3. Ukuncela ngokuphindaphindiwe kuyadingeka ukuze kukhiqizwe ubisi lwebele olwanele izidingo zomntwana.

4. Ukuncelisa ibhodlela kungaholela ekuguleni okungathi sína nasekufeni.

5. Ukuncelisa ibele kufanele kuqhubekele ngalé impela konyaka wesibili wokuphila komntwana futhi nangaphezulu uma kungenzeka.

Umthombo: Facts for Life, enyatheliswe ngokubambisana i-UNICEF, i-WHO, ne-UNESCO.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 14]

Ukuncelisa Ibele Nengculaza

Ngo-April odlule ngo-1992, i-WHO ne-UNICEF yahlanganisa ndawonye iqembu lezizwe zonke lochwepheshe ukuze licabangele ukuhlobana phakathi kwengculaza nokuncelisa ibele. Isidingo salomhlangano sachazwa uDkt. Michael Merson, umqondisi woHlelo Lwembulunga Yonke lwe-WHO ngokuphathelene nengculaza. Wathi: “Ukuncelisa ibele kuyisici esibalulekile sokusinda komntwana. Ingozi yomntwana yokubulawa ingculaza ngenxa yokuncela ibele kumelwe iqhathaniswe nengozi yokuba abulawe ezinye izimbangela uma enganceli ibele.”

Ngokwe-WHO, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabo bonke abantwana abazalwa omama abanegciwane i-HIV nayo iyalithola. Nakuba okuningi kokuthathelwana kwalesifo sisuka kumama siya kumntwana kwenzeka phakathi nokukhulelwa nokubeletha, kunobufakazi bokuthi kungenzeka futhi ngokuncelisa ibele. Nokho, kuphawula i-WHO “iningi labantwana abanceliswa omama abanegciwane i-HIV alibangeni ngenxa yokunceliswa ibele.”

Iqembu lochwepheshe laphetha: “Lapho izifo ezithathelwanayo nokungondleki kahle kuyizimbangela eziyinhloko zokufa kwezinsana futhi nezinga lokufa kwezinsana liphakeme, ukuncelisa kufanele kube iseluleko esivamile esinikezwa abesifazane abakhulelwe, kuhlanganise nalabo abanegciwane i-HIV. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ingozi yokuba umntwana wabo angenwe yigciwane i-HIV ngobisi lwebele cishe incane kunengozi yokuba afe ngenxa yezinye izimbangela uma enganceliswa ibele.

“Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezimweni lapho imbangela eyinhloko yokufa kwezinsana kungezona izifo ezithathelwanayo futhi nezinga lokufa kwezinsana liphansi, . . . iseluleko esivamile kwabesifazane abakhulelwe abaziwayo ukuthi banegciwane i-HIV kufanele sibe ukusebenzisa enye indlela ephephile yokondla umntwana wabo kunokuba kube ukuncelisa ibele.”