Ubhanana—Isithelo Esiphawulekayo
NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EHONDURAS
MAGREKI nama-Arabhu asibiza ngokuthi “isihlahla sezithelo esiphawulekayo.” Ngo-327 B.C.E., satholwa eNdiya amabutho ka-Alexander Omkhulu. Ngokwendaba yakudala, izihlakaniphi zaseNdiya zaphumula emthunzini waso zadla izithelo zaso. Ngakho uye wabizwa ngokuthi “isithelo sabantu abahlakaniphile.” Siyini? Phela, ubhanana!
Kodwa wasuka kanjani e-Asia waya eCaribbean? Nokho, abahwebi bakuqala abangama-Arabhu basuka nezimpande zesihlahla sikabhanana e-Asia baya ogwini olusempumalanga Afrika. Ngo-1482, abasePortugal ababehambe behlola amazwe bathola isihlahla sikabhanana sikhula lapho base bethatha izimpande, negama laso lase-Afrika, elithi bhanana, baya nakho kumakoloni asePortugal eziQhingini zaseCanary. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kwaba uhambo olunqamula e-Atlantic oluya eNew World. Lokho kwenzeka ngo-1516, eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kohambo lukaColumbus. Izithunywa zevangeli zaseSpain zayisa izihlahla zikabhanana eziqhingini nasezweni elishisayo laseCaribbean. Ngakho, lesisihlahla sezithelo esiphawulekayo kwadingeka sijikeleze umhlaba ukuze sifike eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu.
Kubikwa ukuthi ngo-1690 ubhanana wayiswa ngokokuqala ngqá eNew England usuka eziQhingini zaseCaribbean. AmaPuritan asibilisa lesisithelo ayengasazi kodwa awazange asithande. Nokho, emazweni aseMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu, nakwamanye amazwe ashisayo, izigidi zabantu zibilisa ubhanana ongakavuthwa oluhlaza futhi ziwujabulele lapho ziwudla.
Amasimu Kabhanana
Phakathi no-1870 no-1880, ithuba lokuthumela ubhanana kwamanye amazwe laqala ukuthakazelisa abathengisi abahlukahlukene baseYurophu nabaseNyakatho Melika. Basungula izinkampani futhi balima amasimu kabhanana, abizwa ngokuthi ama-finca. Ukuze kufezwe lenjongo, izisebenzi nonjiniyela kwadingeka bagawule amahlathi, bakhe imigwaqo, basungule imizila yesitimela nezimiso zokuxhumana. Kwakhiwa amadololobhana anezindlu zokuhlala, izikole, ngisho nezibhedlela zezisebenzi nemikhaya yazo. Kwasungulwa imizila yemikhumbi ehamba ngesitimu ukuze kuthunyelwe ubhanana emhlabeni wonke. Njengoba lemboni yayikhula, izinkampani zathenga indawo eyengeziwe emazweni ubhanana okhula kuwo.
Namuhla, amazwe aseLatin America akhiqiza amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-90 kabhanana odliwa eNyakatho Melika. IBrazil ihamba phambili ekuwuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe. IHonduras ingeyesithupha ohlwini, ithumela amakhilogremu kabhanana angaba izigidi eziyinkulungwane minyaka yonke.
Indlela Ubhanana Okhula Ngayo
Isihlahla sikabhanana asiwona umuthi. Asinayo imicu yokhuni. Kunalokho, siyisithombo esikhulu esifana nesihlahla sesundu. Isimo sezulu nomhlabathi yikhona okunquma ukuthi sizokhula yini nokuthi sizoba sikhulu kangakanani. Ubhanana ukhula kangcono esimweni sezulu esishisayo nesiswakeme futhi uyavuma emhlabathini ovundile, oyisihlabathi esixube ubumba omunca amanzi. Ukuze ukhule kangcono, izinga lokushisa akufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-20° C kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isikhathi eside kangakanani.
Ukuze usitshale lesisilimo, kumelwe utshale izingxenye ezisikiwe, ezibizwa ngokuthi imixhantela, ezisikwe eziqwini ezingaphansi zezihlahla ezikhulile. Kumbiwa imigodi ibe ngamasentimitha angu-30 ukujula bese iqhelelana ngamamitha amahlanu. Emasontweni amathathu kuya kwamane, siyahluma, futhi kuvela amacembe aluhlaza asongene aya evuleka njengoba sikhula. Izihlahla zikabhanana zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, ngamasentimitha acishe abe mathathu ngosuku. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyishumi, lesisihlahla sisuke sesikhule ngokuphelele futhi sinjengesihlahla sesundu, singamamitha amathathu kuya kwayisithupha ubude.
Esihlahleni esesikhule ngokuphelele, umqumbe omkhulu onamacembe amancane ansomi uyakhula usuka emacembeni asongana abe yisigaxa. Khona-ke kuvela izixheke zezimbali ezincane. Isihlahla siveza isixha esisodwa sikabhanana, esinesisindo samakhilogremu angu-30 kuya ku-50 futhi sinezixheke zikabhanana eziphakathi kuka-9 no-16. Isixheke ngasinye, esibizwa ngokuthi isandla, siveza ubhanana osukela koyishumi kuya ku-20. Ngakho, ubhanana ubizwa ngokuthi iminwe.
Ubhanana uqale ukhule ubheke phansi, emhlabathini, bese ubheka eceleni andukuba ubheke phezulu, okwenza ubhanana ugobe ngendlela owaziwa ngayo. Kuthiwani ngokondleka nokuvikeleka kwawo lapho usakhula? Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isisebenzi siyafika sisuse umqumbe ukuze ubhanana uthole wonke amandla avela esihlahleni. Khona-ke simboza izithelo ngesaka le-polyethylene ukuze livimbele izinambuzane. Njengoba ubhanana ukhula ubheka phezulu futhi uya usinda kakhulu, isihlahla siboshelwa ezansi ezihlahleni eziseduze ukuze kuvinjelwe umoya noma isisindo sezithelo ukuba kungasiwisi. Ekugcineni, umucu onombala uboshelwa esembozweni ukuze ubonise ukuthi izithelo ziyokulungela nini ukuvunwa.
Nsuku zonke, izindiza zidlula phezu kwensimu kabhanana ukuze zifafaze amacembe alezizihlahla. Lokhu kuwavikela ezifweni ezintathu ezinkulu. Esinye isifo iPanama, esenza ukuba isikhunta sonakalise ezinye zezihlahla. Kodwa esikhundleni salezizihlahla kutshalwa izinhlobo ezingamelana nalesisifo. Esinye isifo iMako, esibangelwa ama-bacterium. Silawulwa ngokususa izihlahla ezinalesisifo nanoma yiziphi izimbali ezibiza izinambuzane ezithile ezisakaza izifo. Bese kuba nesifo i-Sigatoka, esonakalisa amacembe esihlahla kodwa esingawenzi lutho ubhanana uma izifutho zamakhemikhali zisetshenziswe ngokushesha ngokwanele. Ubhanana udinga amanzi amaningi, owathola ngokunisela ngenkasa nangezimiso zokufafaza ezinamandla kakhulu. Kungase kwenezelwe nokuthi insimu kabhanana igcinwa ingenatshani nakhula.
Ukusuka Ensimini Uze Uyofika Etafuleni Lakho
Lapho umbala womucu usubonisa ukuthi ubhanana usulungele ukuvunwa, uqale ukalwe ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi mkhulu ngendlela efanele ukuba usikwe. Elinye iphuzu eliphawulekayo ukuthi ubhanana awulokothi uyekwe ukuba uvuthwele esihlahleni, ngisho nakuba uzosetshenziswa khona lapho utshalwe khona. Kungani kunjalo? Ngoba ungaba duma. Ngaphambi kokunquma ukuthi uvunwa nini, kumelwe kucatshangelwe ukuthi indawo ozothunyelwa kuyo ikude kangakanani kanye nohlobo lwento yokuthutha. Khona-ke isisebenzi sinquma izixha ngocelemba waso, bese zithunyelwa endaweni ezifakwa kuyo emabhokisini. Yini-ke eyenziwayo ngesihlahla sikabhanana lapho sesivuniwe? Siyanqunywa ukuze sivundise izihlahla ezintsha ezizokhula esikhundleni saso.
Endaweni ofakwa kuyo emabhokisini, ubhanana uyagezwa, bese kususwa noma yiziphi izithelo ezilimele, ezizodliwa izisebenzi nemikhaya yazo. Ubhanana omncane uyosetshenziselwa ukunandisa nokwenza ukudla kwabantwana. Ubhanana omuhle ufakwa ube ngamakhilogremu angu-18 ebhokisini bese uthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngezitimela nemikhumbi eneziqandisi.
Esikhumulweni semikhumbi, kubhekwa izinga lezithelo, futhi kuhlolwe nezinga lazo lokushisa. Lapho sesikhiwe, lesisithelo kumelwe sihlale siluhlaza size sifike emakethe. Njengoba ubhanana uyinto eyonakalayo, kumelwe ukhiwe, uthunyelwe, bese uthengiswa ezitolo kungakedluli izinsuku eziyishumi kuya kwezingu-20. Lesisithelo sigcinwa sibanda ngezinga lika-12° kuya ku-13° C ukuze singavuthwa. Ngenxa yezinto zokuthutha zanamuhla, ubhanana ungathunyelwa usuka eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu uya endaweni ekude njengeCanada neYurophu ngaphandle kwenkinga.
Ukubaluleka Nokuba Nempilo
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zikabhanana eziyikhulu noma ngaphezulu. Uhlobo oluvamile ubhanana omfushane, ngokuyinhloko othunyelwa eYurophu, eCanada, nase-United States. Izinhlobo ezincane, ezinamakhasi alula ukuba zingathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, zingatholakala ziziningi eHonduras. Lezi zaziwa ngokuthi i-manzana (i-Apula) nangokuthi iJamaica Ebomvu.
Amakhasi kabhanana anemicu ewusizo esetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukahlukene emazweni ashisayo. Lapho eya emakethe, ngokuvamile umuntu ubona amakhasi anqwatshelaniswe emgwaqweni ukuze athengiselwe ukusonga ama-tamale ababayo, ukudla okuthandwa kakhulu emazweni ahlukahlukene.
Abantu abaningi eHonduras bathanda ukudla ukhova nokudla kwabo. Ukudla okumnandi ogwini olusenyakatho yeHonduras kubizwa ngokuthi i-machuca. Lapho kuphekwa, ukhova oluhlaza ugaywa ngesigqulo, kwenezelwa izinongo, futhi lengxube iphekwa nezinkalankala emafutheni kakhukhunathi.
E-United States, kudliwa ubhanana ongaba izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-11 minyaka yonke. Omningi uya eCanada naseBrithani nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Yimuphi umsoco otholakala ngokudla lesisithelo? Ubhanana unamavithamini A no-C, ama-carbohydrate, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium.
Ubhanana ungasetshenziselwa izinto eziningi! Uyakufanelekela ukudliwa nokudla okulula, ukudla okusanhlamvu, iziphuzo ezenziwe ngenhlanganisela yezithelo, ophaya, amakhekhe, yebo, kanye ne-banana boat. Kodwa lapho uphinde udla ubhanana ovuthiwe, cabanga ngezici zawo ezivelele. Lesisithelo sineyaso into yokusisonga. Sinamavithamini amaningi nokusansimbi. Yebo, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ubhanana uye wajikeleza umhlaba wonke ukuze ufinyelele kuwe.