Ukuhlinza Ngaphandle Kwegazi—Izinzuzo Zako Ziyaqashelwa

NGO-1996 iRoyal College of Surgeons yaseNgilandi yanyathelisa incwajana ebizwa ngokuthi i-Code of Practice for the Surgical Management of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Kuleyo ncwajana, lab’odokotela bathi: “Izingozi zokumpompela igazi zikwenza kufaneleke ukucabangela izindlela ezihlukile noma nini lapho kungenzeka khona.”

I-AHA NEWS, enyatheliswa yi-American Hospital Association, nayo yabika isizathu esenza ukuba ukuhlinza ngaphandle kwegazi kuqashelwe. Leli phephabhuku lamasonto onke laphawula: “Okwaqala kuyinkolelo engokwenkolo sekuphenduka indlela yokwelapha ekhethwayo nobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukwelapha nokuhlinza ngaphandle kwegazi, okwabangelwa ikakhulu yizimfundiso zoFakazi BakaJehova, akusasebenzi ezidingweni zenhlangano engokomoya kuphela kodwa nasemagumbini okuhlinza ezweni lonke.”

Ukuthi kungani odokotela abaningi bekhuthaza ukuhlinza ngaphandle kwegazi kwakuyisihloko sohlelo lwasekwindla ka-1997 sesenezelo sikamagazini i-Time. Lesi sihloko sathi: “Ukwesaba ingculaza kungesinye isizathu.” Sabika ikakhulukazi ngomsebenzi owenziwa e-New Jersey Institute for the Advancement of Bloodless Medicine and Surgery eSibhedlela sase-Englewood, eNew Jersey.

I-Time yaphawula: “Lesi sikhungo sihamba phambili phakathi kwezingaphezu kuka-50 e-United States esezihlinza abantu ngaphandle kwegazi. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa nelincane igazi elinikelwe, sinezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlinza ngokuvamile ebezingahlanganisa nokumpompela igazi, kanye nezinqubo ezikunciphisa kakhulu, noma ezikunqanda ngokuphelele ukopha.”

Kuyaphumelela Futhi Kuphephile

Isethulo salesi sihloko se-Time sasilandisa ngoHenry Jackson, owopha kakhulu ngaphakathi walahlekelwa amaphesenti angu-90 egazi futhi isilinganiso se-hemoglobin yakhe sehla saba sezingeni elisongela ukuphila, elingamagremu angu-1,7 i-deciliter ngayinye. UJackson wathunyelwa eSibhedlela sase-Englewood esuswa kwesinye isibhedlela saseNew Jersey, esasingeke simelaphe ngaphandle kokummpompela igazi.

Esibhedlela sase-Englewood, ngaphansi kokunakekela kukaDkt. Aryeh Shander, uJackson wanikezwa “izithasiselo zokusansimbi ezinamandla kakhulu namavithamini, kuhlanganise ‘nesilinganiso esiphakeme’ sesidakamizwa esakha igazi, i-erythropoietin yokuzenzela, esishukumisa umnkantsha ukuba ukhiqize amangqamuzana egazi abomvu. Ekugcineni, wafakwa uketshezi ngemithambo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukujikeleza kwegazi elincane elase lisele emzimbeni.”

I-Time ibika ukuthi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, “abasesibhedlela sokuqala bashaya ucingo bebuza ukuthi uJackson wayesaphila yini noma cha. Engakufihli ukwaneliseka kwakhe, uShander wabatshela, ‘Akukhona nje ukuthi usaphila, kodwa uwumqemane futhi usekulungele ukukhishwa esibhedlela, futhi maduzane uzobe esephila ngendlela evamile.’”

Engxoxweni yethelevishini ngo-November 28, 1997, uDkt. Edwin Deitch, umqondisi wezokwelapha wohlelo olungalisebenzisi igazi e-University Hospital, eNewark, eNew Jersey, wachaza indlela okwaqala ngayo ukucwaninga ngokuhlinza ngaphandle kwegazi: “OFakazi BakaJehova . . . benza umzamo omkhulu wokuthola abantu ababengahlinza ngaphandle kwegazi. Eminye imiphumela yalokho kuhlola yabonisa ukuthi babelulama kangcono kunokuba kwakulindelekile, [kangcono] kunabantu ababempontshelwe igazi.”

UDkt. Deitch wanezela: “Igazi lingawohloza isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni futhi libangele izinkinga zokugula ngemva kokuhlinzwa; lingandisa amathuba okuba umuntu abe nomdlavuza ngokuphindelela, ngakho igazi, nakuba lalisiza kwezinye izimo, kubonakala linemiphumela emibi.” Ekhuluma ngokuhlinza ngaphandle kwegazi, uDkt. Deitch waphetha ngokuthi: “Ngokusobala kuthuthukisa isimo sogulayo ngaphandle kwezinkinga eziningi, futhi akubizi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kuyazuzisa kuzo zonke izimo.”

Ngakho, njengoba kwasho i-Time, “iziguli eziningi ngokwandayo zikhalela izindlela eziphephile neziphumelelayo ezingahileli ukumpontshelwa.” Lo magazini wabika nokuthi: “Ngokwezibalo ezithile, ukumpontshelwa igazi okungu–25% e-United States akudingekile. Kukhona nobufakazi bokuthi iziguli azinakuwabekezelela amazinga e-hemoglobin aphakeme njengoba kwakucatshangwa ngaphambili nokuthi intsha ikakhulukazi inomthombo wegazi owakhelwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni. . . . [UShander] uyaqiniseka ukuthi ukungalisebenzisi igazi kuyindlela ephumelelayo nekhethwa yiziguli eziningi.”

Nakuba ukuthola izifo ngokumpontshelwa igazi kuyiyona ngozi enkulu, zikhona nezinye. “Igazi eligciniwe, ngemva kokuba selipholile futhi lahlala, alinawo amandla okuthwala umoya-mpilo alingana nawegazi elisemzimbeni,” kuchaza uDkt. Shander. “Sesiqala ukuqonda ukuthi yini ngempela esiyenzayo lapho simpompela umuntu igazi.”

‘Indinganiso Enhle Yokwahlulela’

I-Time yaphetha: “Ekugcineni, kunezindleko: njengoba kudla imali engaba ngu-$500 [R2485] ukumpontshelwa igazi ngakunye, kanye nezinto ezenezelwayo, ingqikithi yemali iba phakathi kwama-dollar ayizigidi ezingu-1000 [amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-4970] nama-dollar ayizigidi ezingu-2000 [amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-9900] ngonyaka, okuyisizathu esanele sokucabangela ezinye izindlela.” Izindleko ezishaqisayo zokumpompela igazi manje zibonakala ziyisizathu esiyinhloko esiye senza ukuhlinza ngaphandle kwegazi kwathandwa kangaka.

USharon Vernon, umqondisi we-Center for Bloodless Medicine and Surgery, eSt. Vincent Charity Hospital, eCleveland, e-Ohio, washo lokhu ngokwelashwa kweziguli ngaphandle kokusebenzisa igazi: “Kuyanda ngoba odokotela bayaqaphela ukuthi ukwelapha ngaphandle kwegazi kuyindinganiso enhle yokwahlulela uma kuziwa ekongeni imali. Siye sathola ukuthi ngisho nezinkampani zomshuwalense ngokuvamile ezingasebenzelani nathi, zithumela abantu kithi, ngoba kuzongela imali.”

Ngokusobala, ukuhlinza ngaphandle kwegazi kuqashelwa ngokusheshayo emkhakheni wezokwelapha, futhi lokho kungenxa yezizathu eziningi.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 11]

Izinqumo Zezinkantolo Muva Nje

Izinqumo ezimbili zezinkantolo ezakhishwa esifundazweni sase-Illinois, e-U.S.A., ngo-November nango-December 1997 zaziphawuleka. Kwesokuqala, uMary Jones, ongomunye woFakazi BakaJehova, wanikezwa u-$150 000 (R745 500) wesinxephezelo ngoba wayempontshelwe amaphayindi egazi amabili ngo-1993 naphezu kokuba ayeyenqabe ngokuqondile le ndlela yokwelapha. Lena imali eningi kakhulu eyake yatholwa uFakazi ngenxa yokulimala ngokomzwelo okwabangelwa ukumpontshelwa igazi engafuni.

Icala lesibili lalihilela uFakazi owayekhulelwe ngaleso sikhathi uDarlene Brown, owampontshelwa ngenkani ukuze kusindiswe umbungu ayewuthwele owawunamasonto angu-34. Ngo-December 31, 1997, iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-Illinois yachaza isinqumo sayo ngokuthi “ukumpompela igazi kuyindlela yokwelapha eyisiphazamiso ephazamisa ukusebenza kahle komzimba womuntu osekhulile.” Le Nkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yafingqa isinqumo sayo ngokuthi “ngaphansi komthetho walesi siFundazwe, . . . asinakumcindezela ngokomthetho owesifazane okhulelwe ukuba avume indlela yezokwelapha eyisiphazamiso.”

Ngo-February 9, 1998, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseTokyo yahoxisa isinqumo senkantolo ephansi, eyayinqume ukuthi udokotela wayenze okulungile ngokumpompela uMisae Takeda igazi lapho ehlinzwa ngo-1992. Le Nkantolo Ephakeme yathi “ilungelo lesiguli lokuzikhethela indlela yokwelashwa kufanele lihlonishwe. Kwakuwukweqa umthetho ukumpompela igazi.” UMisae Takeda wakhokhelwa isinxephezelo sama-yen angu-550 000 (R21 000).