Isinaphi Undab’ Uzekwayo

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EFRANCE

“KUBI ngempela ukuba abesifazane ababili abangamaNgisi, izakhamuzi zombuso omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni, behliselwe ezingeni eliphansi lokuba badle inyama yabo ethosiwe ngaphandle kwesinaphi!” Abantu baseDenmark, abaphakathi kwabaphuma phambili ngokudla isinaphi emhlabeni wonke, bangakuqonda ukukhungatheka kwalamaqhawekazi encwadi yesiFulentshi ecaphunwe ngenhla.a

AmaGreki asendulo ayebiza isinaphi ngokuthi siʹna·pi, “lokho okukhathaza iso.” Mhlawumbe ayecabanga ngomuntu odla isidlo, ngenxa yokuba edle ngokweqile, athole amehlo akhe esechiphiza izinyembezi. Igama elithi “mustard” (isinaphi) lithathelwe kwesinye sezithako zesinongo sasendulo, i-mustum (isiphuzo samagilebhisi esingabilisiwe). Leli gama lingabhekisela esitshalweni, ezimbewini zaso, noma esinongweni esingabangela ukuba ubuso bakho bujuluke.

Nakuba ingoni lutho lapho yomile, imbewu yayo ikhipha into eshoshozelayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-allyl isothiocyanate lapho isilwe namanzi. Lowoyela ohwamuka kalula oshoshozelayo, oyimbangela yokubaba kwesinaphi, uyababa olwelwesini lwamafinyila, kanjalo ukhiphe izinyembezi emehlweni odlayo kanye nomenzi wesinaphi. Akungabazeki ukuthi lokhu kunikeza isizathu sokuba i-yperite, isikhali samakhemikhali esasisetshenziswa eMpini Yezwe I, ibizwe ngokuthi igesi yesinaphi, nakuba yayingenayo nencane isinaphi.

Imbewu Encane Kodwa Enamandla

Imbali ephuzi ebukeka imsulwa efihle lembewu ebabayo ingaphanjaniswa kalula nembewu ye-rape, noma i-colza. Kokubili isinaphi nembewu ye-rape kuwuhlobo lwama-Cruciferae, okuthiwa lunezinhlobo ezifinyelela ku-4000, ezingu-40 zazo okungamasinaphi. Evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu isinaphi emhlophe (Brassica hirta), eyamaNdiya noma isinaphi ensundu (Brassica juncea), nesinaphi emnyama (Brassica nigra), leyo ekhipha uketshezi olunobuthi kakhulu olungabangela amabhamuza esikhunjeni.

Lapho izimilela, isinaphi emnyama ikhula kahle endaweni enamatshe naseduze kwezindlela nemifula e-Afrika, eNdiya, naseYurophu. Iyachuma nasemimmangweni eluhlaza yasoLwandle lwaseGalile, e-Israel. Lapho ihlakulelwe kahle, ikhula ngokushesha futhi ingakhula ifinyelele “ubude bemithi yezithelo zethu eMpumalanga, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho naseningizimu yeFrance.”—I-Dictionnaire de la Bible kaVigouroux.

Okumangazayo ukuthi “uhlamvu lwesinaphi” emnyama luncane kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sikaJesu lwaluyimbewu encane kunazo zonke ezazivame ukutshalwa e-Israel. (Marku 4:31) Lunobubanzi obungaba imilimitha elilodwa, okwenza lukufanelekele ukusetshenziswa njengesilinganiso esincane kunazo zonke kuyi-Talmud.—Berakhot 31a.

Umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwembewu encane yesinaphi nesitshalo esikhulu esikhule ngokuphelele esigcina sinikeza izinyoni zezulu indawo yokuhlala kwenza ukuba imfundiso kaKristu ephathelene nokukhula ‘kombuso wamazulu’ iqondakale. (Mathewu 13:31, 32; Luka 13:19) UKristu wabuye wasebenzisa umfanekiso oshukumisayo egcizelela indlela ukholo, ngisho noma luluncane, olungafeza okuningi ngayo, ethi: “Ngiqinisile ngithi kini, Uma ninokholo olulingana nohlamvu lwesinaphi, . . . akukho lutho olungeke lwenzeke kini.”—Mathewu 17:20; Luka 17:6.

Umkhiqizo Wesinaphi WaseFrance

Ngisho noma isinaphi emnyama ethandwa kakhulu eFrance yayitshalwa nase-Alsace, empumalanga yeFrance, kwaba idolobha laseDijon, eliseBurgundy, elaziwa njengedolobha lesinaphi elivelele eFrance. Lapha, isinaphi yayitshalwa emhlabathini ohlala uvundiswe umkhiqizo wamalahle ezinkuni. Isithako esisemhlabathini esivela emlotheni walawo malahle ezinkuni sasinikeza izimbewu zesinaphi ukubaba okukhetheke kakhudlwana.

Ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, ngenxa yokushintsha kwezindlela zokulima nokuqina kokuncintisana komhlaba wonke, ukutshala isinaphi kwaya ngokuya kuncipha eBurgundy futhi kwanda i-colza. Namuhla, iFrance ithenga amaphesenti angu-95 embewu yesinaphi eyidingayo kwamanye amazwe, futhi amaphesenti angu-80 ayo avela eCanada. Nakuba igama elithi isinaphi yaseDijon lingabonisi indawo evela kuyo kodwa indlela yokwenziwa kwayo, amaphesenti angu-70 emboni yezithako yaseFrance asatholakala eDijon. Muva nje kuye kwenziwa umzamo wokuvuselela ukutshalwa kwesinaphi eBurgundy.

Umlando Omude

Kakade isinaphi eyimpuphu, njenge-pepper, noma isinongo, yayivusa izifiso zokudla ezikhathini zasendulo. AmaRoma ayeyisebenzisela ukunonga amasobho ababayo, njenge-garum (amathumbu nezinhloko zenhlanzi i-mackerel okufakwe emanzini anosawoti) ne-muria (inhlanzi i-tuna efakwe emanzini anosawoti). U-Apicius, ingcweti yezokudla eyeqisayo yaseRoma, wasungula eyakhe indlela yokuthaka ehlanganisa izimbewu zesinaphi, usawoti, uvinika, noju, enezela izinhlamvu zama-almondi neze-pine lapho kunamadili.

Kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi kuze kube ikhulu le-19 leminyaka, isinaphi eyenziwe ekhaya yenza kwaba namabhizinisini asemakhaya. EFrance inhlangano yabenzi besinaphi enovinika yathuthukisa izindlela zokuthaka, yaqinisekisa inhlanzeko efanele, yalawula imakethe, futhi yahlawulisa izaphula-mthetho. Njengoba yayithengiswa iwuketshezi noma iyizigaxa ezincibilikiswa kuvinika, isinaphi yaphelelisa ukunambitheka kwenhlanzi njengoba nje yayenza ngenyama. Ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka, uJeremiah Colman, oyiNgisi, wathonya cishe wonke uMbuso omkhulu waseBrithani ukuba usebenzise isinaphi yakhe eyimpuphu, eyayixutshwa namanzi, nobisi, noma nobhiya ngezikhathi zokudla.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umkhiqizo wamafektri wathatha isikhundla samabhizinisi asekhaya futhi wandisa umkhiqizo ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ngo-1990, eFrance, umkhiqizi ophambili waseYurophu, wenza amathani angaba ngu-70-000 esinaphi namathani angu-2000 ezinye izinongo ezihlukahlukene.

Izindlela Zanamuhla Zokukhiqiza

Ukubaba kwesinaphi kuxhomeke ezithakweni nasezindleleni zokukhiqiza. Izimbewu ziyahlungwa, zigezwe, zomiswe, futhi zixutshwe ngezilinganiso ezigcinwa ziyimfihlo. Ngezinye izikhathi izimbewu ziyasilwa ngaphambi kokuba zicwiliswe kuyi-cider, kuvinika, noma esiphuzweni esimuncu (isiphuzo samagilebhisi esimuncu) amahora afinyelela ku-24. Inhlese yamagilebhisi amnyama isetshenziselwa ukwenza amasinaphi athanda ukuba bomvu. Zonke izithako ziyagaywa—zingagayisiswa ukuze kwenziwe amasinaphi angokwesiko—bese zihlukaniswa ngomshini ukuze kukhishwe amakhoba futhi kujiyiswe ngokwengeziwe uwoyela ohwamuka kalula. Ukuthi iyobaba kakhulu noma kancane kuxhomeke ekutheni lenhlanganisela isefwe kahle kangakanani.

Ukuxova kukhipha noma imaphi amabhamuza omoya angase axubane nalenhlanganisela, ibe isibila emgqonyeni omkhulu amahora angu-48. Khona-ke iyazishintshela ibe sengathi ifakwe izinongo, kuyilapho ukubaba kwayo kuphela. Ukunezela izinto zombala, ufulawa, noma izinongo kungadambisa noma kwandise ukubaba. Ngemva kwalokho kunezelwa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezinephunga elimnandi: evamile (i-Roquefort, i-tarragon), ezingavamile (ubhanana, ukhari), noma ezikhethekile (i-cognac, i-champagne). Iphunga elimnandi lesinaphi yaseMeaux liyinhlanganisela yamaphunga okungenani angu-11.

Ukufakwa kwayo emabhodleleni kubalulekile ukuze kuqedelwe inqubo, ngoba umoya wenza lenhlanganisela ibe nsundu kanti ukushisa kubangela ukuba amafutha ayo ahwamuka kalula ahwamuke. Ngakho-ke kungcono kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugcina isinaphi endaweni epholile nemnyama. Amabhodlela esinaphi epulasitiki noma engilazi, avame ukuhlotshiswa ngamapheshana enzelwe wona ngokukhethekile, aye athatha isikhundla sezitsha zakudala zetshe, zobumba, noma ezilula zobumba ezenziwe kahle, manje ezikhathini eziningi ezitholakala zihlobise ezindaweni zokubukisa ngezinto zakudala nasezintweni eziqoqwe abantu ngabanye. Izingcweti zachitha isikhathi esiningi ekubukekeni kwangaphandle kwezitsha zazo, ngenhloso yokuzigcina zibukeka njengakuqala “okwakwenza ukuba zikwazi ukuzihlukanisa lapho nje zizithi nhlá.”

Isitshalo Esiphansi Esisetshenziselwa Okuningi

Izitsha ezikhangayo ezake zahlobisa amakhemisi zazinempuphu yesinaphi esetshenziselwa ukwelapha. Ngenxa yokuba nezakhi ezilwisana nesifo sokuthamba kwezinsini, awukho umkhumbi waseNetherlands owawuhamba ungenayo endaweni yawo yokugcina impahla. Isinaphi yayisetshenziselwa ukugeza noma ukuthoba.

Amacembe esitshalo sesinaphi emhlophe afakwa emasaladini, aphinde abe ukudla kwemfuyo. Uwoyela odliwayo okhishwe ezimbewini awonakali kalula. E-Asia wandisa amafutha okukhanyisa emboni futhi unandisa nezidlo eziningi.

Kuye kwakhulunywa ngalembali yezwe encinyane kuyizaga ezimbalwa. ENepal naseNdiya, “ukubona izimbali zesinaphi” kusho ukudiyazela ngemva kokushaqeka. EFrance, “ukungenwa isinaphi ekhaleni” kusho ukuthukuthela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani—imbali, isinongo, imbewu, uwoyela, noma impuphu—isinaphi ingenza ukuphila kwakho kuthakazelise.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Isithombe ekhasini 23]

Isinaphi ingezinhlobo eziningi