Ukuhlolisisa Uhulumeni
Ingxenye 1b—Ingabe Siyawudinga Ngempela Uhulumeni?
UKUNGABI-NAHULUMENI (“ANARCHY”): ukungabikho kwanoma iluphi uhlobo lwegunya elingokombangazwe, okuphumela emphakathini wabantu abangenahulumeni, abazisholo ukuthi banenkululeko ephelele.
ISAZI sefilosofi esingumGreki uAristotle wathi zonke izinhlobo zohulumeni babantu ziyantengantenga futhi ziyaguquguquka ngokwemvelo. Ngokomunye umlobi, wathi “ukuqina kwayo yonke imibuso konakaliswe amandla akhukhulayo esikhathi.”
Uma kubhekwa izimo ezinjalo, akumangalisi ukuthi abanye abantu baye basekela ukuba kungabikho hulumeni nhlobo, noma okungenani kube khona igunya elincane likahulumeni ngangokunokwenzeka. Kodwa ukusekela ‘ukungabikho kukahulumeni’ empeleni kuwukufuna ianarchy, okuyigama elihunyushwe egameni lisuselwa lesiGreki elisho “ukungabi nambusi.”
Igama elithi “anarchy” lasetshenziswa ngo-1840, eminyakeni engu-150 edlule, uPierre-Joseph Proudhon, umlobi wezombangazwe ongumFulentshi. Kodwa ifilosofi yokungabikho kukahulumeni yachazwa ngokucacile indoda eyiNgisi uGerrard Winstanley. Njengoba kuchazwa kuyiNew Encyclopædia Britannica, “uWinstanley wamisa lokho kamuva okwaba izimiso eziyisisekelo kubantu abasekela ukungabikho kukahulumeni: ukuthi amandla ayonakalisa; ukuthi impahla ayihambelani nenkululeko; ukuthi kokubili igunya nempahla kuyimbangela yobugebengu; nokuthi kusemphakathini ongenabo ababusi kuphela, lapho umsebenzi nemikhiqizo yayo okuhlanganyelwa khona, lapho abantu bengakhululeka khona futhi bajabule, bangenzi ngokwemithetho emiswe phezulu kodwa benze ngokonembeza babo.”
Kodwa ingabe lokho okuhlangenwe nakho akusifundisi yini ukuthi wonke amaqembu adinga imingcele ukuze asebenze phakathi kwayo? IWorld Book Encyclopedia iyaphawula: “Kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambili, uhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni beluyingxenye ebalulekile yawo wonke umphakathi.” Ichaza ukuthi “iqembu ngalinye labantu—kusukela emkhayeni kuye esizweni—linemithetho yokuziphatha elawula ukuphila kwawo wonke amalungu alo.” Belingazifeza kanjani izinhloso zalo ngokwenzuzo yamalungu alo ngenye indlela?
Ngaleyondlela abantu abaningi bayowamukela kalula umqondo wokuthi izinhlangano ezithile zinelungelo elingokomthetho lokusebenzisa igunya nokwenza izinqumo ngokwenzuzo yabo bonke. Kungekho hulumeni wokwenza izinqumo zomphakathi, wonke umuntu ubengayekwa ukuba alandele lokho akutshelwa unembeza wakhe, njengoba kwasikisela uWinstanley. Ingabe lokhu kwakuyobuthuthukisa ubunye? Noma ingabe umuntu ngamunye ubengenakuthambekela yini ekuphishekeleni izithakazelo zakhe siqu, ngokuvamile kulimale amalungelo angokomthetho ngokufanayo abanye?
Ukuhlola ukungabikho kukahulumeni kuhlulekile ukuthuthukisa lokho okumiselwe isintu. Imizamo yamaphekula alelikhulu lama-20 leminyaka yokukhinyabeza umphakathi, ukuqeda lokho abathi kuyabaqeda, ayizange iphumelele kangcono.
Kalula nje, ‘ukungabikho kukahulumeni’ kuletha izinhlekelele. Khona-ke, umbuzo awukhona ukuthi ‘uhulumeni noma ukungabikho kukahulumeni?’ kodwa, kunalokho, uwukuthi ‘uhlobo olunjani lukahulumeni olungaletha imiphumela engcono kakhulu?’
Isiqalo Sokubusa Komuntu
Ukubusa kukaNkulunkulu kwakuyisibonelo sokuqala asibekela umuntu ensimini yase-Edeni eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha edlule. UMdali wagcizelela ukwencika komuntu kuye nasesiqondisweni sakhe ezintweni ngokuvumelana nesimiso esashiwo kamuva eBhayibhelini: “Akukuyo indoda ukuba ihambe, iqondise izinyathelo zayo.” (Jereminya 10:23) Noma njengoba isaga sesiShayina sigomela: “Ngaphandle kosizo lwaseZulwini umuntu ngeke akwazi ngisho nokuthi nyaka.”
Umbhangqwana wokuqala wabantu waphetha ngendlela ehlukile. Wakhetha ukuhamba “ngaphandle kosizo lwaseZulwini” futhi kamuva waphoqeleleka ukuba uhambe ngendlela yawo ngaphandle kwasePharadesi uNkulunkulu ayewunike lona. Kamuva, njengoba umkhaya wesintu ukhula, isidingo semithetho kahulumeni yokuqinisekisa ukuthula nokuhleleka phakathi kwalelilungiselelo naso sakhula. Lapho ukubusa kukaNkulunkulu sekwenqatshiwe, ukubusa komuntu, okwakudingeka, kwangena kwavala isikhala esivulekile.—Genesise 3:1-5.
Yonke Iyefana—Kodwa Yehlukahlukene
Kusukela kulesiqalo esingesihle, ohulumeni babantu baye baba izinhlobo eziningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bayinkimbinkimbi noma abasiyo, bonke banezinto ezithile abafana ngazo. Nazi ezimbalwa:
Ohulumeni banakekela izidingo zezikhonzi zabo. Uhulumeni ohlulekayo ukwenza lokhu ulahlekelwa ukwamukeleka kwawo ngokomthetho.
Ohulumeni bamisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha, okuthi uma izikhonzi zabo zinganamatheli kuzo, kuphumele esijezisweni. Lezindinganiso zakhiwa imithetho, kanye namasiko athuthukiswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Ngokwengxenye enkulu izakhamizi ziyazilalela lezindinganiso zokuziphatha ngenxa yokuthi ziyazibona izinzuzo ezizithola ngokwenza kanjalo, noma ngenxa yokuthi zinomuzwa wokuthi ‘kuyinto okumelwe ziyenze,’ ngenxa yokuthi zingaphansi kokucindezelwa abantu abakanye nazo, noma ngenxa nje yokuthi zizojeziswa uma zingakwenzi.
Ohulumeni benza izinkonzo zokushaya imithetho, ukuphatha, kanye nokwahlulela ngohlobo oluthile lwezimiso ezingokwenhlangano. Imithetho iyenziwa, kukhishwe ukwahlulela, futhi kwakhiwe izinkambiso.
Ohulumeni balondoloza ubuhlobo obuqinile obungokomnotho nezwe lezentengiselwano.
Ohulumeni futhi ngokuvamile bazihlanganisa nohlobo oluthile lwenkolo, abanye ngokuseduze kakhulu kunabanye. Benza lokhu ukuze banikeze ukubusa kwabo ukwamukeleka okuthile—‘isibusiso sasezulwini’—abangeke basithole ngenye indlela.
Njengoba ungase ulindele, ohulumeni futhi bayehluka. Izazi zesayensi ezingokombangazwe zibahlela ngezindlela eziningi. INew Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona umehluko ongokwesiko phakathi kohulumeni ngokwenani lababusi—ukubusa komuntu oyedwa (isimiso samakhosi noma umashiqela), ukubusa kwabambalwa (umbuso wohlanga noma umbuso osezandleni zabayingcosana), kanye nokubusa kweningi (umbuso wentando yeningi).”
Ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni bahlelwa ngokwezinhlangano zabo eziyinhloko (iphalamende, isigungu sikahulumeni), ngokwezimiso zabo eziyisisekelo zegunya elingokombangazwe (eziyisiko, ezingokwenkolo), ngokokwakheka kwabo okungokwezomnotho, noma ngokusebenzisa kwabo kahle noma kabi amandla. Lencwadi yezikhombo iphawula ukuthi “nakuba ungekho ohlanganisa konke, isimiso ngasinye sokuhlaziya sinobuqiniso obuthile.”
Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyihlukanisa kanjani, into ebalulekile ukuba siyikhumbule ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokubusa komuntu—ngothi lwazo—manje zibekwa ezilinganisweni. Lokhu kuzoba nemiphumela efinyelela kude ngathi sonke.
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 6]
Ebhala ngeziphathimandla zikahulumeni eziye zabusa kuze kube kulesikhathi sanamuhla, umphostoli uPawulu wabhala: “Akube-yilowo nalowo azithobe phansi kwamandla ombuso.” (Roma 13:1, 7) Ngaleyondlela, amaKristu alandela isiqondiso seBhayibheli ngobuqotho alalela yonke imithetho yezwe ahlala kulo, ngaphandle kokuba kudingeka ephule umthetho kaNkulunkulu, ongophakeme.
[Isithombe ekhasini 7]
Uhulumeni uyadingeka—njengoba nje kudingeka ukulawulwa kwezimoto—ukuze kuvinjelwe izingozi