Umphefumulo

Incazelo: EBhayibhelini, elithi “umphefumulo” lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi neʹphesh nelesiGreki elithi psy·kheʹ. Ukulisebenzisa kweBhayibheli kubonisa ukuthi umphefumulo ungumuntu noma isilwane noma ukuphila umuntu noma isilwane esikujabulelayo. Nokho, kubantu abaningi, elithi “umphefumulo” lisho ingxenye yomuntu ehlukile noma engumoya esindayo ekufeni komzimba wenyama. Abanye bawuqonda njengoyisimo nje sokuphila. Kodwa lemibono yamuva ayizona izimfundiso zeBhayibheli.

Yini eshiwo iBhayibheli esisiza ukuba siqonde ukuthi umphefumulo uyini?

Gen. 2:7: “UJehova uNkulunkulu wambumba umuntu ngomhlabathi, waphefumulela emakhaleni akhe umoya wokuphila; umuntu waba-kanjalo umphefumulo ophilayo.” (Phawula ukuthi lapha akushiwo ukuthi umuntu wanikezwa umphefumulo kodwa kuthiwa waba ngumphefumulo, umuntu ophilayo.) (Ingxenye yegama lesiHeberu lapha elihunyushwe ngokuthi “umphefumulo” ngelithi neʹphesh. IKJ, AS, neDy ziyavumelana nalokhu kuhumusha. IRS, JB, NAB, neKx zithi “umuntu.” INE ithi “isidalwa.”)

1 Kor. 15:45: “Kanjalo futhi kulotshiwe ukuthi umuntu wokuqala uAdamu waba-ngumphefumulo ophilayo; uAdamu wokugcina waba-ngumoya ophilisayo.” (Ngakho imiBhalo yamaKristu yesiGreki iyavumelana nemiBhalo yesiHeberu ngokuthi umphefumulo uyini.) (Igama lesiGreki lapha elihunyushwe ngokuthi “umphefumulo” lingumenziwa ka-psy·kheʹ. IKJ, AS, Dy, JB, NAB, neKx nazo zifundeka ngokuthi “umphefumulo.” IRS, NE, neTEV zithi “umuntu.”

1 Pet. 3:20: “Ezinsukwini zikaNowa . . . abasindiswa ngawo abayingcosana, okungukuthi abayisishiyagalombili [“imiphefumulo eyisishiyagalombili,” NW] ngawo amanzi.” (Igama lesiGreki lapha elihunyushwe ngokuthi “imiphefumulo” ngelithi psy·khaiʹ, ubuningi belithi psy·kheʹ. IKJ, AS, Dy, neKx nazo zithi “imiphefumulo.” IJB, TEV, RS, NE, neNAB zithi “abantu.”)

Gen. 9:5, Esd: “Igazi lenu, elokupila kwenu [noma “elemiphefumulo”; ngesiHeberu, elivela kwelithi neʹphesh], ngi qinisile, ngi ya kulibiza.” (Lapha umphefumulo unegazi.)

Josh. 11:11: “Bachitha bonke [ngesiHeberu, neʹphesh] ababekulo ngosiko lwenkemba.” (Umphefumulo lapha uboniswa njengokuthile okungase kuthintwe ngenkemba, ngakho lemiphefumulo kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi iyimimoya.)

Kukuphi lapho iBhayibheli lithi khona izilwane ziyimiphefumulo?

Gen. 1:20, 21, 24, 25: “UNkulunkulu wathi: Amanzi mawagcwale uswebezane lwezilwane* eziphilayo . . . uNkulunkulu wadala imikhomo emikhulu nezilwane zonke eziphilayo ezihambayo, amanzi agcwala zona ngezinhlobo zazo, nezinyoni zonke ezinamaphiko ngezinhlobo zazo. . . . UNkulunkulu wathi: Umhlaba mawuveze izilwane eziphilayo ngezinhlobo zazo, . . . UNkulunkulu wazenza izilo zomhlaba ngezinhlobo zazo, nezinkomo ngezinhlobo zazo, nezilwanyana zonke ezinwabuzelayo emhlabeni ngezinhlobo zazo.” (*NgesiHeberu igama elilapha ngelithi neʹphesh. IRo neNW zithi “umphefumulo.” Ezinye izinguqulo zihumusha ngokuthi “izidalwa.”)

Lev. 24:17, 18: “Oshaya umuntu [NgesiHeberu, neʹphesh] aze afe wobulawa nokubulawa. Oshaya inkomo [NgesiHeberu, neʹphesh] ize ife uyakuyikhokha, kube ngukuphila ngokuphila.” (Phawula ukuthi igama lesiHeberu elifanayo elisho umphefumulo lisetshenziswa kukho kokubili abantu nezilwane. KumaHubo 74:19 leligama lesiHeberu elithi neʹphesh, lihunyushwe ngokuthi “umphefumulo.”)

IsAm. 16:3: “Lwase luba-yigazi elinjengelofileyo, nakho konke okuzwayo* okuphila elwandle kwafa.” (Ngakho nemiBhalo yamaKristu yesiGreki ibonisa ukuthi izilwane ziyimiphefumulo.) (*Igama lesiGreki lapha lithi psy·kheʹ. IKJ, AS, NW, neDy zilihumusha ngokuthi “umphefumulo.” Abanye abahumushi basebenzisa igama elithi “isidalwa” noma “into.”)

Ingabe ezinye izazi ezingebona oFakazi BakaJehova ziyavuma ukuthi ilokhu iBhayibheli elithi umphefumulo uyikho?

“Akukho ukwehlukaniswa komzimba nomphefumulo eT[estamenteni] E[lidala]. UmIsrayeli wayezibheka izinto zizonke, ngokuphelela kwazo, ngakho abantu wayebacabangela njengabantu hhayi nje njengezinhlanganisela. Igama elithi nepeš [neʹphesh], nakuba lihunyushwe ngelethu elithi umphefumulo, alisho neze umphefumulo ohlukile emzimbeni noma kumuntu ngamunye. . . . Leligama [psy·kheʹ] liyigama leT[estamente] E[lisha] elihambisana nelithi nepeš. Lingase lisho isimo nje sokuphila, ukuphila ngokwakho, noma umuntu ophilayo.”—New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967), Umq. XIII, kk. 449, 450.

“Igama lesiHeberu elisho ‘umphefumulo’ (nefesh, lokho okuphefumulayo) lasetshenziswa nguMose . . . , lichaza ‘okuphilayo’ futhi lisebenza ngokufanayo nasezilwaneni. . . . Ukusetshenziswa kwelithi psychē (‘umphefumulo’) eTestamenteni Elisha kwakuqhathaniseka nelithi nefesh.”—The New Encyclopædia Britannica (1976), Macropædia, Umq. 15, k. 152.

“Inkolelo yokuthi umphefumulo uyaqhubeka uphila ngemva kokuphela komzimba iyindaba yokucabangela kwefilosofi noma kwezazi zenkolo kunokuba kube ukholo oluvamile nje, futhi akukho ndawo lapho kufundiswa ngokusobala emiBhalweni eNgcwele.”—The Jewish Encyclopedia (1910), Umq. VI, k. 564.

Ungafa yini umphefumulo womuntu?

Hez. 18:4: “Bheka, yonke imiphefumulo ingeyami, umphefumulo kayise njengomphefumulo womntwana; ingeyami; umphefumulo* owonayo uyakufa.” (*NgesiHeberu kuthi “ineʹphesh.” IKJ, AS, RS, NE, NW, neDy zilihumusha ngokuthi “umphefumulo.” Ezinye izinguqulo zithi “umuntu.”)

Math. 10:28: “Ningabesabi ababulala umzimba bengenamandla okubulala umphefumulo [noma “ukuphila”]; kepha kakhulu mesabeni onamandla okubhubhisa nomphefumulo* nomzimba esihogweni [eGehena].” (*IsiGreki sinomenziwa welithi psy·kheʹ. IKJ, AS, RS, NE, TEV, Dy, JB, NW, neNAB zonke zilihumusha ngokuthi “umphefumulo.”)

IzE. 3:23: “Kuyakuthi wonke umuntu [“umphefumulo,” NW; ngesiGreki, psy·kheʹ] ongayikumlalela lowomprofethi uyakuchithwa kubantu.”

Kungenzeka yini ngemiphefumulo engabantu (abantu) ukuba iphile phakade?

Bheka amakhasi 314-318, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Ukuphila.”

Ingabe umphefumulo uyefana nomoya?

UmSh. 12:7: “Uthuli lubuyele emhlabathini, njengokuba lwalunjalo, umoya [noma, amandla okuphila; ngesiHeberu, ruʹach] ubuyele kuNkulunkulu owawunikayo.” (Phawula ukuthi igama lesiHeberu elisho umoya ngelithi ruʹach; kodwa igama elihunyushwe ngokuthi umphefumulo ngelithi neʹphesh. Lombhalo awusho ukuthi ekufeni umoya uyahamba uye kuNkulunkulu uqobo; kunalokho, noma imaphi amathemba omuntu okuphila futhi akuNkulunkulu. Ekukhulumeni okuvamile, singase sithi, uma umthengi wendawo ethile engayikhokhi inkokhelo, leyondawo “ibuyela” kumniniyo.) (IKJ, AS, RS, NE, NW, neDy wonke ahumusha elithi ruʹach ngokuthi “umoya.” INAB ithi “ukuphefumula kokuphila.”)

UmSh. 3:19: “Okwehlela amadodana abantu kwehlela nezilwane, into inye ikwehlela kokubili: njengalokhu kufa lokho, kuyafa nalokhu; kunomphefumulo [“umoya,” NW; ruʹach, ngesiHeberu] munye.” (Ngaleyondlela kokubili abantu nezilwane kuboniswa ukuthi kune-ruʹach, noma umoya ofanayo. Mayelana nokukhulumela emavesini 20, 21, bheka ikhasi 372.)

Heb. 4:12: “Izwi likaNkulunkulu liphilile, linamandla, libukhali kunezinkemba zonke ezisika-nhlangothi zombili, lihlaba kuze kwahlukaniswe umphefumulo [ngesiGreki, psy·khesʹ; “ukuphila,” NE] nomoya [ngesiGreki, pneuʹmatos], amalungu nomnkantsha, lahlulela imicabango nezizindlo zenhliziyo.” (Phawula ukuthi igama lesiGreki elisho “umoya” alifani negama elisho “umphefumulo.”

Ingabe umuntu uyaqhubeka ephila ngemva kokuba umoya usushiye umzimba?

IHu. 146:4: “Umoya [ngesiHeberu, ruʹach] wakhe uyaphuma, yena abuyele emhlabathini wakhe; ngalona lolosuku amacebo akhe ayaphela.” (INAB, Ro, Yg, neDy [145:4] lapha zihumusha elithi ruʹach ngokuthi “umoya.” Ezinye izinguqulo zithi “ukuphefumula.”) (NeHubo 104:29)

Uyini umsuka wenkolelo yeLobukholwa emphefumulweni ohlukile emzimbeni, ongafi?

“Umqondo wobuKristu ngomphefumulo ongokomoya owadalwa uNkulunkulu wafakwa emzimbeni ekukhulelweni ukuze umuntu enziwe into ephilayo uyisithelo sokukhula kwefilosofi endala yobuKristu. Kwaze kwaba kuOrigen [owafa ngo-c. 254 C.E.] eMpumalanga noSt. Augustine [owafa ngo-430 C.E.] eNtshonalanga lapho kwaqiniswa khona ukuthi umphefumulo uyinto engokomoya kanye nomqondo wefilosofi owakha isimo sawo. . . . Imfundiso yakhe [uAugustine] . . . yathola okuningi (kuhlanganise namaphutha athile) kwekaNeoplato.”—New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967), Umq. XIII, kk. 452, 454.

“Umqondo wokungafi ungumkhiqizo wokucabanga kwamaGreki, kanti ithemba lovuko lingelomqondo wamaJuda. . . . Ngemva kokunqoba kuka-Alexander ubuJuda kancane kancane bamukela imiqondo yamaGreki.”—Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de la Bible (Valence, France; 1935), eyahlelwa nguAlexandre Westphal, Umq. 2, k. 557.

“Ukungafi komphefumulo kungumcabango wamaGreki owenziwa emahlelweni ayimfihlo asendulo wandiswa isazi sefilosofi uPlato.”—Presbyterian Life, May 1, 1970, k. 35.

“Ingabe siyakholelwa ukuthi kunento enjengokufa? . . . Ingabe akukhona ukwehlukana komphefumulo nomzimba? Futhi ukufa kuwukufezeka kwalokhu; lapho umphefumulo uziphilela ngokwawo, ukhululeka emzimbeni nomzimba ukhululeka emphefumulweni, kuyini-ke lokho uma kungekhona ukufa? . . . Futhi ingabe umphefumulo uyakwamukela ukufa? Lutho. Khona-ke ingabe umphefumulo awufi? Yebo.”—I“Phaedo” kaPlato Izingx. 64, 105, njengoba yakhishwa kwethi Great Books of the Western World (1952), eyahlelwa nguR. M. Hutchins, Umq. 7, kk. 223, 245, 246.

“Njengoba sesibonile, inkinga yokungafi komphefumulo, yathatha ukunakekela okungathi sína kwezazi zenkolo zaseBabiloni. . . . Abantu noma abaholi bomqondo ongokwenkolo abazange bavume ukuthi kungenzeka ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalokho okwakuke kwaphila. Ukufa kwakuwukudlulela kolunye uhlobo lokuphila.”—The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898), M. Jastrow, Jr., k. 556.

Bheka futhi amakhasi 276-278, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Ukufa.”