Kathartɔwo​—Kristotɔ Xɔsetakukulawoe Wonyea?

“MIWU wo katã; Mawu akpɔ Etɔwo adze sii.” Le ƒe 1209 ƒe dzomeŋɔli ŋkeke ma dzi la, wowu amesiwo le dziehe France ƒe du si nye Béziers me ŋutasesẽtɔe. Saɖaganunɔla Arnold Amalric si woɖo papa teƒenɔlae ɖe Katolikotɔwo ƒe atitsogaʋawɔlawo nu la mekpɔ nublanui kura o. Esi etɔwo biae be aleke yewoawɔ anya amesi nye Katolikotɔ kple amesi nye aglãdzela hã la, eƒe nya vloe si le etamee wobe wòtsɔ ɖo eŋu na woe. Katolikotɔ ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo tɔ tsie wòva zu: “Migatsi dzi o. Mexɔe se be wo dometɔ ʋee aɖewo koe atrɔ dzi me.” Aleke wòɖaɖo eŋui o, nusi do tso emee nye be atitsogaʋawɔla 300,000 siwo Katolikoha teƒenɔlawo nɔ ŋgɔ na la wu ŋutsu, nyɔnu, kple ɖevi 20,000.

Nukae na wowu amewo ŋutasesẽtɔe alea? Albitɔwo ƒe Atitsogaʋa si Papa Innocent III ho ɖe amesiwo woyɔna be aglãdzelawo siwo le Languedoc, France, ƒe dziehetitina ŋu ƒe gɔmedzedze koe nye ma. Hafi aʋaa nake le abe ƒe 20 ene megbe la, amesiwo ade ame miliɔn ɖeka—Kathartɔwo, Waldotɔwo, kple Katolikotɔ geɖe gɔ̃ hã—ye bu woƒe agbe.

Subɔsubɔ ƒe Vovototo le Europa le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo Me

Asitsatsa ƒe takeke kabakaba le ƒe alafa 11 M.Ŋ. he tɔtrɔ gãwo va Europa ƒe hadomegbenɔnɔ kple ganyawo me le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me. Wotso duwo be aɖaŋudɔwɔlawo kple nudzrala siwo nɔ agbɔ sɔm ɖe edzi la nanɔ wo me. Esia na susu yeyewo te dodo. Subɔsubɔ ƒe vovototo va xɔ anyinɔ ɖe Languedoc, afisi mɔɖeɖeɖenuŋu kple ŋkuʋuʋu ƒe ŋgɔyiyi ɖedzesiwo dze edzi le wu afisiafi le Europa. Toulouse si le Languedoc ye nye dugã siwo kpɔ ho wu le Europa ƒe etɔ̃lia. Enye teƒe si henɔ siwo dometɔ aɖewo ƒe hakpanyawo ƒo nu tso dunyahehe kple subɔsubɔnyawo ŋu la bɔ ɖo.

Esi Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuse nɔ nu ƒom tso alesi mawusubɔsubɔnyawo nɔ le ƒe alafa 11 kple 12 lia me ŋu la, egblɔ be: “Le ƒe alafa 12 lia me, abe alesi wònɔ le ƒe alafa si do ŋgɔ nɛ me ene la, woyi edzi nɔ nu ƒom tsi tre ɖe osɔfowo ƒe agbenɔnɔ, kesinɔnuwo, zãnuxɔxɔ, kple agbegbegblẽnɔnɔ ŋu, gake woƒe kesinɔnuwo kple ŋusẽ, woƒe ɖekawɔwɔ kple dziɖulawo, kple woƒe asikpekpe ɖe wo ŋu ɖe tameɖoɖo aɖe ta koŋue wonɔ ɖeklemi ɖemii.”

Mawunyagblɔla Tsatsalawo

Papa Innocent III gɔ̃ hã kpɔe be nufitifitiwɔwɔ ƒe agbogbododo ɖe sɔlemeha la me gbɔe wòtso be aglãdzelawo, mawunyagblɔla tsatsalawo va nɔ agbɔ sɔm ɖe Europa ɖo, vevietɔ le France ƒe dziehe kple Italia ƒe anyiehe. Amesiawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ nye Kathartɔwo alo Waldotɔwo. Enyra ɖe nunɔlawo dzi be womele nyateƒea fiam amewo o, be: “Ðeviawo le abolo dim evɔ míegbe ekaka na wo.” Gake le esi teƒe be Innocent nado Biblia tsɔtsɔ he amewoe ɖe ŋgɔ la, egblɔ be “Mawu ƒe Ŋɔŋlɔawo me goglo ale gbegbe be menye ame tsɛwo alo ame manyagbalẽwo ɖeɖeko o, ke nunyalawo kple agbalẽnyalawo ke hã, medze adi egɔmesese o.” Wode se be ame aɖeke megaxlẽ Biblia la o negbe nunɔlawo ko, gake ema hã le Latingbe ɖeɖeko me.

Papa da asi ɖe edzi be woaɖo Saɖaganunɔla Mawunyagblɔlawo ƒe Habɔbɔ alo Dominiktɔwo atsɔ xe mɔ ɖe aglãdzelaawo ƒe mawunyagbɔgblɔ le teƒeteƒewo nui. To vovo na Katoliko-nunɔla kesinɔtɔawo la, saɖaganunɔla siawo anye mawunyagblɔla tsatsala siwo woade dɔ asi na be woaʋli Katolikoha ƒe nufiafiawo ta le ‘aglãdzela’ siwo le dziehe France la ta. Papa dɔ eteƒenɔlawo be woalé susu aɖewo kpɔ kple Kathartɔwo eye woadze agbagba atrɔ wo ava Katolikoha la me. Esi Innocent III ƒe afɔɖeɖe siawo do kpo nu eye wogblɔ be aglãdzelawo dometɔ aɖee wu eteƒenɔla ɖeka ta la, eɖe gbe be woaho Atitsogaʋa ɖe Albitɔwo ŋu le ƒe 1209 me. Albi nye du siwo me Kathartɔwo de ha ɖo la dometɔ ɖeka, eyata sɔlemeha la ƒe ŋutinyaŋlɔlawo yɔ Kathartɔwo be Albitɔwo (Fransegbe, Albigeois) eye wozã nyagbe sia tsɔ ŋkɔ na “aglãdzelawo” siwo katã le nuto ma me, kple Waldotɔwo hãe. (Kpɔ aɖaka si le ete.)

Amekawoe Nye Kathartɔwo?

Helagbe me nya ka·tha·rosʹ si gɔmee nye “dzadzɛ” mee woɖe nya “kathar” tsoe. Tso ƒe alafa 11 vaseɖe 14 lia me la, Kathartɔwo ƒe ha la kaka vevietɔ le Lombardy, anyiehe Italia, kple Languedoc. Kathartɔwo ƒe dzixɔse tsaka kple Ɣedzeƒetɔwo ƒe nuevedzixɔse, kple Ðeɖekpɔkpɔ to Nunya Dzi ƒe nufiafia, si ɖewohĩ dutasitsalawo kple mawunyadɔgbedelawo tsɔ vɛ. The Encyclopedia of Religion ɖe Kathartɔwo ƒe nuevedzixɔse gɔme be enye “gɔmeɖose eve: nyuitɔ si ɖua gbɔgbɔmenuwo katã dzi, kple vɔ̃ɖitɔ si ɖua ŋutilãmexexea kple amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã dzi” la ƒe dzixɔse. Kathartɔwo xɔe se be Satanae wɔ ŋutilãmexexe sia si woɖo ɖi na tsɔtsrɔ̃ la. Woƒe mɔkpɔkpɔe nye be yewoadzo le ŋutilãmexexe vɔ̃ɖi sia me.

Hatsotso eve mee Kathartɔwo mã ɖo, ame deblibowo kple xɔsetɔwo. Gbɔgbɔ me tsidetakɔnu si woyɔna be consolamentum ye wotsɔ ɖoa ame debliboawoe. Wowɔ esia to asidada ɖe wo dzi le wo dodokpɔ ƒe ɖeka megbe dzi. Wobui be kɔnu sia ɖea dodokpɔtenɔla la le Satana ƒe ŋusẽ te, eklɔa nuvɔ̃wo katã le eŋu, henaa gbɔgbɔ kɔkɔe lae. Esia na wotsɔ dzesideŋkɔ “ame deblibo” na ŋkutatɔ ʋee siwo nye osɔfowo ɖe xɔsetɔwo dzi. Ame debliboawo ka nutsitsri, dzadzɛnɔnɔ, kple ahedada ƒe atam. Ne srɔ̃ le ame deblibo aɖe si la, ele be wòaɖe asi le eŋu elabena Kathartɔwo xɔe se be gbɔdɔdɔe nye nuvɔ̃ gbãtɔ si wowɔ.

Xɔsetɔawoe nye amesiwo lɔ̃ ɖe Kathartɔwo ƒe nufiafia dzi togbɔ be womedo kɔ na wo ɖokui o gake. Xɔsetɔa dzea klo dea bubu ame debliboa ŋu le kɔnuwɔwɔ si woyɔna be melioramentum me tsɔ biaa nuvɔ̃ tsɔtsɔke kple yayra. Be xɔsetɔawo nanɔ agbe abe ame bubuwo ke ene la, wowɔa convenenza, alo nubabla kple ame debliboawo bene woade gbɔgbɔmetsi alo consolamentum ta na yewo le kuba dzi.

Woƒe Nuwɔna Ðe Biblia Ŋu

Togbɔ be Kathartɔwo yɔa nya tso Biblia me vevie hã la, kpɔɖeŋunyagbɔgblɔ kple xotutuwo koe wobunɛ. Wobui be Abosam gbɔe Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ tso. Wozãa Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe akpa aɖewo, abe mawunyakpukpui siwo ƒo nu tso vovototo si le ŋutilã kple gbɔgbɔ dome ŋu ene, tsɔ ɖoa kpe woƒe ŋutilã kple gbɔgbɔ ŋuti nufiafia la dzii. Le Aƒetɔ ƒe Gbedodoɖa la me la, “míaƒe nuɖuɖu si de ŋgɔ wu ŋutilã me tɔ,” (si fia “gbɔgbɔmenuɖuɖue”) wodoa gbe ɖa biana ɖe ‘míaƒe gbesiagbenuɖuɖu’ teƒe elabena nyawuamenu koe ŋutilãmenuɖuɖu nye le wo gbɔ.

Kathartɔwo ƒe nufiafia geɖe tsi tre ɖe Biblia ŋu tẽ. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, woxɔ luʋɔ makumaku kple gbugbɔgadzɔ nufiafia dzi se. (Tsɔe sɔ kple Nyagblɔla 9:5, 10; Xezekiel 18:4, 20.) Wotu woƒe dzixɔsewo ɖe agbalẽ siwo dzi womeda asi ɖo be wotso gbɔgbɔ me o me nyawo hã dzi. Ke hã la, alesi gbegbe Kathartɔwo ɖe Ŋɔŋlɔawo gɔme ɖe degbewo me wɔe be vaseɖe afi aɖe la, wona Biblia zu agbalẽ si wonya nyuie wu le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me.

Menye Kristotɔwoe Wonye O

Ame debliboawo bu wo ɖokui apostoloawo yomenɔla siwo dze, esia ta woyɔ wo ɖokui be “Kristotɔwo,” eye wotea gbe ɖe esia dzi to “nyateƒe” alo “nyui” tsɔtsɔ kpee me. Gake le nyateƒe me la, Kathartɔwo ƒe dzixɔse geɖe mesɔ kple Kristotɔwo tɔ o. Togbɔ be Kathartɔwo lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be Mawu ƒe Vie Yesu nye hã la, wogbe be menye ŋutilã me wòva le o eye wogbe eƒe ameɖevɔsa hã. Esi woɖe Biblia ƒe fɔbubu ŋutilã kple xexeame gɔme bubui ta la, wobu nusianu si le ŋutilã me be vɔ̃ɖitɔ la mee wòtso. Eyata wogblɔ be gbɔgbɔ me ŋutilã koe nɔ Yesu si eye be esime wònɔ anyigba dzi la, ɖeko wòdze wokpɔ abe ŋutilã mee wòle ene. Abe ƒe alafa gbãtɔ me xɔsegbelawo ene la, Kathartɔwo nye amesiwo “meʋua me bena, Yesu Kristo va le ŋutilã me o.”—Yohanes II, 7.

M. D. Lambert ŋlɔ le eƒe agbalẽ Medieval Heresy me be Kathartɔwo “tsɔ ameɖokuidzizizi ɖo Kristotɔ ƒe agbenyuinɔnɔ teƒe, . . . woɖe fexexeɖeta ɖa to [Kristo ƒe ku] ƒe ameɖeŋusẽ gbegbe me.” Esusui be “ame debliboawo ƒe srɔ̃ɖenyawo ŋutɔŋutɔ tso Ɣedzeƒe nufiala kɔnyilawo, China alo India ƒe saɖagaxɔmenɔlawo kple nukunuwɔlawo, Orpheus ƒe nyaɣaɣla detoawo, alo Ðeɖekpɔkpɔ to Nunya Dzi fialawo gbɔ.” Le Kathartɔwo ƒe dzixɔse me la, ɖeɖekpɔkpɔ menɔ te ɖe Yesu Kristo ƒe tafevɔsa dzi o, ke boŋ consolamentum, alo tsidedeta ɖe gbɔgbɔ kɔkɔe me dzie wònɔ te ɖo. Eyata ku ana amesiwo ŋu wokɔ la navo tso ŋutilã me.

Atitsogaʋa Makɔmakɔe Wònye

Esi nunɔlawo ƒe adzodada kple nugbegblẽwɔwɔ si bɔ va ti kɔ na ame tsɛwo ta la, ena Kathartɔwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ va dze wo ŋu. Ame debliboawo yɔa Katolikoha la kple eƒe haŋgɔnɔlawo be ‘Satana ƒe ƒuƒoƒe me tɔwo’ kple ‘gbolowo dada,’ siwo ŋu Nyaɖeɖefia 3:9 kple 17:5 ƒo nu tsoe. Kathartɔnyenye nɔ afɔ tsɔm nyuie henɔ ke ɖem le sɔlemeha la te le dziehe France. Afɔ si Papa Innocent III ɖe enye be ena woho aʋa si woyɔna be Albitɔwo ƒe Atitsogaʋa si nye atitsogaʋa gbãtɔ si Kristodukɔa me tɔwo ho ɖe amesiwo gblɔna be Kristotɔwoe yewonye ŋu la hedo alɔe.

Papa la to lɛtawo kple amedɔdɔwo dzi ɖe kpe na Katoliko-megãwo, fiagãwo, dziɖulagãwo, kple ŋkutatɔwo le Europa. Edo nuvɔ̃ tsɔtsɔke le ŋutiklɔdzo me kple Languedoc ƒe kesinɔnuwo ƒe ŋugbe na amesiwo katã “ato mɔ sia mɔ dzi” aɖe aglãdzelawo ɖa. Womedo toku eƒe biabia la o. Katoliko-bisiɔpwo kple saɖagaxɔmenɔlawo nɔ ŋgɔ na atitsogaʋawɔlawo ƒe aʋakɔ nyadri aɖe ho tso France, Flanders, ƒe anyiehe kple Germania to Rhône Balia me ɖo ta dziehe gome.

Amesiwo nɔ Béziers tsɔtsrɔ̃e dze aʋa si tsrɔ̃ Languedoc le dzo kple ʋu kɔtɔɔ me la gɔme. Du siwo nye Albi, Carcassonne, Castres, Foix, Narbonne, Termes, kple Toulouse, katã dze atitsogaʋawɔla siwo ʋukɔkɔɖi dzɔ dzi na la si me. Wotɔ dzo ame deblibo alafa nanewo le Kathartɔwo ƒe du vevi siwo nye Cassès, Minerve, kple Lavaur me, ɖe ati ŋuti. Saɖaganunɔla ŋutinyaŋlɔla Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay gblɔ be atitsogaʋawɔlawo ‘tsɔ dzidzɔ tɔ dzo ame debliboawo agbagbee.’ Le ƒe 1229 me, ƒe 20 le Languedoc ƒe fukpekpe kple tsɔtsrɔ̃ megbe la, Franse Dziɖuɖua va ɖu wo dzi. Gake wo wuwu metɔ haɖe o.

Ŋutasẽʋɔnua Tsrɔ̃ Wo Ða Kura

Papa Gregory IX ɖo papa ƒe Ŋutasẽʋɔnu anyi le ƒe 1231 me be wòado alɔ aʋawɔwɔa.a Fɔbuame kple ameteteɖeanyi wotsɔ dze ŋutasẽʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃a gɔmee gbã, eye emegbe wòva zu funyafunyawɔame ŋutɔŋutɔ. Eƒe taɖodzinue nye be wòatsrɔ̃ nusi yi mete ŋu ɖe ɖa o la keŋkeŋ. Papa la koe ŋutasẽʋɔnudrɔ̃lawo—siwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ nye Dominiktɔ kple Francistɔ saɖagaxɔmenɔlawo la—bua akɔnta na. Dzotɔtɔ ame koŋue wotsɔ wu aglãdzelawoe. Ŋutasẽʋɔnudrɔ̃lawo ƒe zãzɛnyahehe kple ŋutasesẽ dzi ŋɔ ale gbegbe be ena amewo va dze aglã le Albi kple Toulouse tsɔ kpe ɖe teƒe bubuwo ŋu. Le Avignonet la, wowu Ŋutasẽʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea me tɔwo katã.

Montségur ƒe mɔ̃ gã si le to dzi, afisi ame debliboawo ƒe aʋasila mlɔeawo be ɖo, ƒe tanana le ƒe 1244 me ye tsrɔ̃ Kathartɔwo keŋkeŋ. Wotɔ dzo ŋutsu kple nyɔnu siwo ade 200 katã ɖe ati ŋu. Esi ƒeawo va nɔ yiyim la, Ŋutasẽʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea va ke ɖe Kathartɔ mamlea ŋu. Wogblɔ be ati ŋue wotɔ dzo Kathartɔ mamlea ɖo le Languedoc le ƒe 1330 me. Agbalẽ si nye Medieval Heresy gblɔ be: “Kathartɔwo tsɔtsrɔ̃e nye nu ɖedzesi vevitɔ si Ŋutasẽʋɔnua wɔ.”

Kathartɔwo menye Kristotɔ vavãwo kura o. Gake ɖe woƒe ɖikeke Katolikoha la na amesiwo gblɔna be Kristotɔwoe yewonye ƒe wo tsɔtsrɔ̃ ŋutasesẽtɔe la sɔa? Katolikotɔ siwo nye wo yometilawo kple wo wulawo trɔ Kristotɔnyenye vavãtɔ bu anyi esi wotsɔ funyafunyawɔwɔ aglãdzela akpeakpe mawo kple wo wuwu do vlo Mawu kple Kristoe.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔ]

[Aɖaka si le axa 28]

WALDOTƆWO

Le ƒe alafa 12 M.Ŋ. ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo la, Pierre Valdès, alo Peter Waldo si nye asitsala kesinɔtɔ aɖe si tso Lyons la xe fe woɖe Biblia ƒe akpa aɖewo gɔme zi gbãtɔ ɖe Provençal si nye gbe si wodona le France ƒe dziehe kple dzieheɣedzeƒe gome la ƒe gbegbɔgblɔ vovovowo me. Enye Katolikotɔ veviedonula si ɖe asi le eƒe asitsadɔ ŋu hetsɔ eɖokui de Mawunyagbɔgblɔ me. Esi nunɔla nufitifitiwɔlawo ƒe nuwɔna nyɔ ŋu na Katolikotɔ bubuwo hã ta la, wodze eyome eye wova zu mawunyagblɔla tsatsalawo.

Eteƒe medidi o afima nunɔlawo sẽ ŋuta le Waldo ŋu, eye woƒoe ɖe papa la nu be wòaɖo asi eƒe dutoƒoɖaseɖiɖidɔa dzi. Wogblɔ be eɖo eŋu be: “Ele be míaɖo to Mawu awu amewo.” (Tsɔe sɔ kple Dɔwɔwɔwo 5:29.) Waldo ƒe tamanamana na woɖee le ha me. Eyomedzela siwo woyɔna be Waldotɔwo, alo Lyons ƒe Ame Dahewo, tsɔ dzonɔameme ʋli be yewoasrɔ̃ eƒe kpɔɖeŋua, womãna eveve ɖia ɖase na amewo le aƒewo me. Esia na woƒe nufiafia kaka ɖe France ƒe dziehe, ɣedzeƒe, kple anyiehe ƒe akpa aɖewo, kpakple Italia ƒe anyiehe kabakaba.

Tɔtrɔ ɖe Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo ƒe dzixɔsewo kple nuwɔnawo ŋu koŋue woɖe gbeƒãe. Nufiafia siwo ŋu wotsi tre ɖo ƒe ɖewoe nye ŋutiklɔdzo, gbedodoɖa ɖe ame kukuwo ta, Maria subɔsubɔ, gbedodoɖa na “ame kɔkɔewo,” bubudede atitsoga ŋu, nuvɔ̃ tsɔtsɔke le ŋutiklɔdzo me, Kɔmiuniɔnxɔxɔ, kple tsidedeta na vidzĩwo.b

Waldotɔwo ƒe nufiafia tsi tre ɖe Kathartɔwo, si amewo buna zi geɖe be wonye, ƒe nuevedzixɔse ŋuti nufiafia si mesɔ kple Kristotɔwo tɔ o la ŋuti tẽ. Katolikotɔ glãkahela siwo bua te kpɔ be yewoatsɔ Waldotɔwo ƒe mawunyagbɔgblɔ asɔ kple Albitɔwo alo Kathartɔwo ƒe nufiafia la gbɔ koŋue tɔtɔ sia tso.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔ]

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 29]

Ame 7,000 ku le St. Mary Magdalene ƒe Gbedoxɔ me le Béziers, afisi atitsogaʋawɔlawo wu ŋutsu, nyɔnu, kple ɖevi 20,000 le