Amegbetɔwo Ƒe Dzɔgbese Didi

NUKATAE dzɔgbese dzixɔsea bɔ alea gbegbe ɖo? Le amegbetɔwo ƒe ŋutinyawo katã me la, amegbetɔwo dze agbagba be yewoase agbe me nya ɣaɣlãwo gɔme eye be yewoake ɖe tameɖoɖo si le nusiwo dzɔna ŋu. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Helmer Ringgren gblɔ be: “Afisiae dzixɔse vovovowo abe ‘mawu’, ‘dzɔgbese’, kple ‘nuɖoɖiname’ doa mo ɖa le, eye enɔa te ɖe nusi na nuawo dzɔna dzi, eɖanye ame aɖe ƒe ŋusẽ me wòtso, ɖoɖo aɖe si menye ame o gbɔe wòtso, alo be ɖoɖo aɖeke mele eŋu kura o.” Ŋutinya yɔ fũ kple dzixɔsewo, xotutuwo, kple glitoto siwo ku ɖe dzɔgbese kple nuɖoɖiname ŋu.

Blema Asur kple Babilon ŋununyala Jean Bottéro gblɔ be: “Mesopotamiatɔwo ƒe ŋkuʋuʋu kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe mía dekɔnuwo ƒe akpa sia akpa dzi,” egblɔ kpee be blema Mesopotamia alo Babilɔntɔwo ye míekpɔ “ameƒomea ƒe nuwɔna kple nuŋububu xoxotɔ si ku ɖe ŋusẽ si gbɔ dzɔdzɔmetɔ ŋu le, si nye mawusubɔsubɔ nuɖoanyi tɔxɛ xoxotɔ si wode dzesi.” Afisia hãe dzɔgbese ŋu nyawo dze egɔme tsoe.

Dzɔgbese Dzɔtsoƒe le Blema

Blematomenukulawo ke ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔ xoxotɔ siwo amegbetɔwo kpɔ kpɔ la dometɔ aɖewo ŋu le blema Mesopotamia ƒe dudowo me, le afisi nye Iraq fifia. Blemanuŋlɔɖikpe akpe geɖe siwo wofɔ na míenya alesi wonɔ agbee le blema du siwo nye Sumer kple Akkad kpakple Babilon-dugã xɔŋkɔa me. Blematomenukula Samuel N. Kramer gblɔ be Sumeriatɔwo “tsi dzi ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe fukpekpe ƒe kuxia ŋu, vevietɔ ɖe kuxiawo dzɔtsoƒe si womenya o ŋu.” Ŋuɖoɖowo didi na wova xɔ dzɔgbese nukpɔsusua dzi se.

Blematomenukula Joan Oates gblɔ le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Babylon me be: “mawu alo mawunɔ nɔ Babilontɔ ɖesiaɖe si.” Babilontɔwo xɔe se be mawuawo “ɖo dzɔgbese na ameƒomea katã, ame ɖekaɖekawo kple ƒuƒoƒowo siaa.” Kramer gblɔ be Sumeriatɔwo xɔe se be “mawu siwo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe xexeame dzie wɔ ɖoɖo ɖe vɔ̃ɖinyenye, alakpadada kple ŋutasesẽ ŋu heɖoe anyi be wòanye ŋkuʋuʋu ƒe akpa vevi aɖe.” Ðzɔgbese dzixɔsea keke ta, eye wode asixɔxɔ eŋu ale gbegbe.

Babilontɔwo bui be woate ŋu anya mawuawo ƒe ɖoɖowo to afakaka me​—“aɖaŋu si dzi wotona ƒoa nu na mawuawo.” Afakaka fia agbagbadzedze be woagblɔ etsɔme ɖi to ŋkuléle ɖe nu ŋu, dzesidede nu, kple nyawo kpakple nudzɔdzɔwo me ɖeɖe. Nusi wolɔ̃a wɔwɔ koŋue nye drɔ̃ewo, lãwo ƒe nuwɔna, kple lãwo ƒe dɔmenuwo me dzodzro. (Tsɔe sɔ kple Ezekiel 21:​21; Daniel 2:​1-⁠4.) Woŋlɔa nuɖiɖeamewo alo nudzɔdzɔ wɔnuku siwo wogblɔ be woɖea etsɔme fiana la ɖe nuŋlɔkpewo dzi.

Fransetɔ blemaŋkuʋuʋu ŋuti nunyala Édouard Dhorme gblɔ be “ne míeku Mesopotamiatɔwo ƒe ŋutinya me la, míake ɖe etsɔmegblɔɖilawo kple afakaka ƒe dzixɔsea ŋu.” Afakaka nye woƒe agbenɔnɔ ƒe akpa vevi aɖe. Le nyateƒe me la, Nufialagã Bottéro gblɔ be “wote ŋu dzroa nu ɖesiaɖe me hebunɛ be woate ŋu anɔ te ɖe edzi awɔ afakaka me nyametsotsowo . . . Wotsɔ xexeame katã be enye kpeɖodzi si dzi woate ŋu anɔ te ɖo anya etsɔme le mɔ aɖe nu ne wolé ŋku ɖe eŋu nyuie.” Eyata Mesopotamiatɔwo lɔ̃a ɣletivimefakaka vevie wònye mɔ si dzi wotona be yewoagblɔ etsɔme ɖi.​—Tsɔe sɔ kple Yesaya 47:⁠13.

Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, Babilontɔwo zãa aɖidakpeviwo alo nudzidzenuwo hã le afakaka me. Deborah Bennett ɖe eme le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Randomness me be, “wozãa nusiawo be woatsɔ aɖe alesi wòanya wɔ be amegbetɔ natrɔ nuwoe la ɖa eye wòanye mɔnu nyui aɖe si dzi mawuawo ato aɖe woƒe lɔlɔ̃nu afia.” Gake womebua mawuawo ƒe nyametsotsowo be enye nusi womate ŋu atrɔ o. Ne woƒo koko na mawuawo la, woate ŋu akpe ɖe ame ŋu wòaƒo asa na dzɔgbese madeamedzi.

Dzɔgbese le Blema Egipte

Le ƒe alafa 15 lia D.M.Ŋ. me la, ƒomedodo kplikplikpli aɖe nɔ Babilonia kple Egipte dome. Subɔsubɔnuwɔna siwo do ƒome kple dzɔgbese nɔ dekɔnu siwo wosrɔ̃ tso wo nɔewo gbɔ dome. Nukatae Egiptetɔwo da asi ɖe dzɔgbese dzixɔsea dzi? John R. Baines si nye blema Egipte ŋuti nufialagã le Oxford Yunivɛsiti gblɔ be, “agbagbadzedze be woase nuɖiɖeamewo kple nu madeamedzi siwo dzɔna me ahawɔ nu ɖe enu ŋue [Egiptetɔwo] ƒe mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe akpa gã aɖe ku ɖo.”

Le Egipte-mawu gbogboawo dome la, wogblɔ be Isis ye nye “agbenɔnɔ ƒe aƒenɔ, si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe dzɔgbese kple nuɖoɖiname dzi.” Egiptetɔwo kpɔa gome le afakaka kple ɣletivimefakaka me hã. (Tsɔe sɔ kple Yesaya 19:⁠3.) Ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe gblɔ be: “Aɖaŋu vovovo siwo seƒe meli na o nɔ wo si wotsɔ dia nyatakaka tso mawuawo gbɔe.” Gake menye Egipte koe xɔ dzixɔsea tso Babilontɔwo gbɔ o.

Hela Kple Roma

Jean Bottéro gblɔ be le mawusubɔsubɔnyawo gome la, “Babilontɔwo kpɔ ŋusẽ gã aɖe ɖe blema Helatɔwo tɔ dzi.” Nufialagã Peter Green ɖe nusita dzɔgbese dzixɔsea bɔ ɖe Hela nenema gbegbe la me be: “Se si mawuawo tsɔ dɔa ame [alo dzɔgbese si mawuawo ɖona] nye mɔ si dzi wotona wɔa ɖoɖo ɖe etsɔme ŋu na ame le kakaɖedzimanɔamesi ƒe xexeme, afisi ame geɖe wu medi be yewoatsɔ yewo ŋutɔ ƒe nyametsotsowo ƒe agba o, eye le nyateƒe me la, wobua wo ɖokui zi geɖe be ame aɖe ƒe asi mee yewole eye be Dzɔgbese ƒe nudidi sesẽ siwo me womate ŋu adzro o la trɔa yewoƒe etsɔme tso nɔnɔme ɖeka me yia bubu me ɣesiaɣi. Ne aɖaŋu alo nunya tɔxɛ le ame aɖe si la, ate ŋu agblɔ nusi Dzɔgbese ɖo ɖi na ame. Manye nya si ƒomevi wodi be woase ya o; gake ne woɖo afɔ afɔta na ame la, ate ŋu adze aʋa ɖi.”

Tsɔ kpe ɖe kakaɖedzi nana amewo le etsɔme ŋu la, tameɖoɖo vɔ̃ɖi geɖe hã nɔ dzɔgbese ŋu. Dzɔgbese dzixɔsea na wote ŋu ɖu ame geɖewo dzi eye le esia ta ŋutinyaŋlɔla F. H. Sandbach gblɔ be, “dzixɔse si nye be xexeame katã le Mawuawo ƒe mɔfiame te asɔ na ŋusẽtɔ siwo le ame bubuwo dzi ɖum.”

Nukatae? Nufialagã Green gblɔ be dzixɔse sia “de nu geɖe dzi​—agbenyuinɔnɔ, mawuŋununya, kple gbewo nyanya​—le hadomegbenɔnɔ kple dunyahehe me ɖoɖo si woɖo ɖi me: enye ayemedɔwɔnu si kpɔ ŋusẽ wu ɖesiaɖe si Hela-dziɖulawo to vɛ kpɔ. Ne nusianu nya dzɔ ko la, ɖe woɖoe be wòadzɔ; eye esi dzɔdzɔme dea amegbetɔwo dzi ta la, nusi woɖo ɖi la anye nu nyuitɔ godoo.” Ne míagblɔe ŋutɔŋutɔ la, ede “ɖokuitɔdidi ŋutasesẽtɔe dzi.”

Kpeɖodzi si li be ame geɖe xɔ dzɔgbese dzi se la dze le Helatɔwo ƒe agbalẽwo me. Ðoɖo siwo nu woŋlɔa nu ɖo le blema la dometɔ aɖewoe nye ame xɔŋkɔ ŋutinya, xotutu, kple avuwɔwɔ ŋutinya​—eye dzɔgbese wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le wo me. Le Helatɔwo ƒe glitotowo me la, wogblɔ be mawunɔ etɔ̃ siwo woyɔ be Moirai lae tsi tre ɖi na amegbetɔ ƒe dzɔgbese. Clotho ye tua agbe ƒe ka la, Lachesis ye dzidzea ɣeyiɣi ƒe didime si ame anɔ agbee, eye Atropos ɖea amea ƒe agbe ɖa ne ɣeyiɣi si wona amea de. Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ sia ƒomeviwo le Romatɔwo hã si si woyɔna be Parcae.

Romatɔwo kple Helatɔwo di vevie be yewoanya nusi anye yewoƒe dzɔgbese. Eyata wosrɔ̃ ɣletivimefakaka kple afakaka tso Babilontɔwo gbɔ hetrɔ asi le wo ŋu. Romatɔwo yɔ nya siwo wozãna tsɔ gblɔa etsɔme ɖi be portenta, alo dzesiwo. Woyɔa gbedasi siwo dzesi siawo nana la be omina. Kaka ƒe alafa etɔ̃lia D.M.Ŋ. naɖo la, ɣletivimefakaka bɔ ɖe Hela, eye le ƒe 62 D.M.Ŋ. me la, Helatɔwo ƒe dziɣiɣletivimefakanu gbãtɔ do. Nufialagã Gilbert Murray gblɔ be Helatɔwo tsɔ ɖe le ɣletivimefakaka me ale gbegbe be ɣletivimefakaka “kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Helatɔwo ƒe susu dzi abe alesi dɔléle yeye kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe amesiwo le saɖagaƒukpo aɖe dzii ene.”

Le agbagbadzedze be yewoanya nusiwo adzɔ le etsɔme me la, Helatɔwo kple Romatɔwo zã afakalawo alo ŋɔliyɔlawo ale agbegbe. Woxɔe se be mawuawo toa amesiawo dzi ƒoa nu kpli amegbetɔwo. (Tsɔe sɔ kple Dɔwɔwɔwo 16:​16-19.) Nukae nye dzixɔse sia me tsonuwo? Xexemenunyala Bertrand Russell gblɔ be: “Vɔvɔ̃ xɔ ɖe mɔkpɔkpɔ teƒe; taɖodzinu si le agbe ŋu va zu asaƒoƒo na dzɔgbevɔ̃e boŋ tsɔ wu be woawɔ nu nyui siwo dea ame dzi.” Nya siawo tɔgbe va zu nusi ŋu woʋlia nya le le Kristodukɔa me.

“Kristotɔwo” Le Nya Ʋlim le Dzɔgbese Ŋu

Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo nɔ amesiwo dome Helatɔwo kple Romatɔwo ƒe dzixɔse siwo nye nuɖoɖiname kple dzɔgbese kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo vevie la dome. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, amesiwo woyɔna be Sɔlemefofowo zã Hela-xexemenunyala siwo ƒe ɖewoe nye Aristotle kple Plato ƒe agbalẽwo ale gbegbe. Kuxi ɖeka si wodze agbagba be yewoakpɔ ta nae nye, Aleke Mawu si nya nuwo katã, amesi nye ŋusẽkatãtɔ, “amesi ɖe nuwuwu fia le gɔmedzedzea me ke” la nanye lɔlɔ̃ ƒe Mawu? ( Yesaya 46:​10; Yohanes I, 4:⁠8) Wosusui be ne Mawu nya nuwuwu tso gɔmedzedze ke la, ke ɖikeke mele eme o be enya nu tso amegbetɔwo ƒe nuvɔ̃ me dzedze kple afɔku siwo ado tso eme ŋu.

Origen si nye Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo ƒe nuŋlɔla nyuitɔwo dometɔ ɖeka gblɔ be nu vevitɔ siwo wòle be wòanɔ susu me na mí dometɔ ɖekae nye tiatiawɔblɔɖe ƒe susua. Eŋlɔ be: “Le nyateƒe me la, mawunyakpukpui gbogbo aɖewo siwo ƒo nu tso tiatiawɔblɔɖe ƒe anyinɔnɔ ŋu eme kɔ nyuie la le Ŋɔŋlɔawo me.”

Origen gblɔ be gbɔgblɔ be ŋusẽ makpɔmakpɔ aɖe gbɔe míaƒe nuwɔnawo katã tso la “menye nyateƒe o eye susu mele eme hã o, ke boŋ enye amesiwo di be yeawoagblẽ tiatiawɔblɔɖe ƒe susua me ƒe nyawo.” Origen gblɔ be togbɔ be Mawu ate ŋu anya nusiwo ate ŋu adzɔ ɖe ɖoɖo si nu woadzɔ ɖo hã la, esia mefia be eyae nana be nusiawo dzɔna alo woɖoe ɖi koŋ be nu mawo adzɔ godoo o. Gake menye amewo katãe lɔ̃ ɖe nya sia dzi o.

Sɔlemefofo Augustine (354-430 M.Ŋ.) si dzi amewo ka ɖo tɔtɔ nya la esi wòɖe akpa si tiatiawɔblɔɖe le le nudzɔdzɔwo me dzi kpɔtɔ. Augustine ye di mawuŋununya me kpeɖodzi na nuɖoɖiname le Kristodukɔa me. Eƒe agbalẽwo, vevietɔ De libero arbitrio, va zu nusi ŋu woʋlia nya le le Tinaɣeyiɣiawo me. Mlɔeba la, nyaʋiʋlia nu va sẽ ɖe edzi le Ðɔɖɔɖoɣia me eye Kristodukɔa me ma vevie le nuɖoɖiname ƒe nya la ta.a

Dzixɔse si Bɔ

Gake menye Ɣetoɖoƒe nutowo me koe dzɔgbese dzixɔsea le o. Moslemtɔ geɖewo ɖee fia be yewoxɔ dzɔgbese dzi se to gbɔgblɔ be “mektoub”​—woŋlɔe ɖi​—ne afɔku aɖe dzɔ ɖe wo dzi. Togbɔ be enye nyateƒe be subɔsubɔha akpa gãtɔ siwo le Ɣetoɖoƒenyigbawo dzi tea gbe ɖe edzi be ame ŋutɔ wɔa akpa aɖe le eya ŋutɔ ƒe dzɔgbese me hã la, nuɖoɖiname dze le woƒe nufiafiawo me.

Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Karma si nye Hindu kple Buddha subɔsubɔhawo ƒe nufiafia fia be ame mate ŋu asi le dzɔgbese nu tso nusi wòwɔ le agbenɔnɔ tsãtɔ me o. Klogo siwo wozãna le afakaka me dzie wokpɔ Chinatɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ gbãtɔwo le. Dzɔgbese nye Amerika-nyigba dzi tɔwo ƒe dzixɔsewo ƒe akpa aɖe. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Aztektɔwo wɔ afakaɣletigbalẽ siwo wotsɔ fiaa amewo ƒe dzɔgbese. Dzɔgbese dzixɔsea bɔ ɖe Afrika hã.

Alesi dzɔgbese dzixɔse bɔe ɖee fia le nyateƒe me be didi vevie aɖe le amegbetɔwo me be woaxɔ ŋusẽ triakɔ aɖe dzi ase. John B. Noss gblɔ le eƒe agbalẽ si nye Man’s Religions me be: “Subɔsubɔhawo katã gblɔna le mɔ aɖe nu be amegbetɔ mele eɖokui si o eye mate ŋu anɔ eɖokui si hã o. Ƒomedodo vevi aɖe le eya kple Dzɔdzɔme kpakple Hadome ŋusẽ siwo mele eya ŋutɔ me o la dome eye woawo dzie eƒe agbenɔnɔ nɔ te ɖo gɔ̃ hã. Ekpɔnɛ alo eme kɔna nɛ ƒã be menye ŋusẽ si le eɖokui si tso xexeame gbɔe yenye o.”

Tsɔ kpe ɖe didi si le mía me be míaxɔ Mawu dzi ase ŋu la, míedina vevie hã be míase nusiwo le edzi yim ƒo xlã mí la gɔme. Gake dzesidedee be Wɔla triakɔ aɖe li la to vovo tso edzixɔxɔ ase be eɖoa dzɔgbese ɖi na mí matrɔmatrɔe gbɔ. Akpa ka koŋue míewɔna le nusi ava dzɔ ɖe mía dzi me? Akpa kae Mawu hã wɔna?

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔ]

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 5]

Babilontɔwo ƒe ɣletivimefakagbalẽ aɖe, le ƒe 1000 D.M.Ŋ. me

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 7]

Helatɔwo kple Romatɔwo xɔe se be mawunɔ etɔ̃ ye ɖoa amegbetɔ ƒe dzɔgbese ɖi

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 7]

Egiptetɔwo ƒe mawunɔ Isis, si “kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe dzɔgbese kple nuɖoɖiname dzi”

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 8]

Wozã Chinatɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ gbãtɔ siwo nɔ klogowo dzi tsɔ kaa afae

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 8]

Ɣletinyigbawo toƒe ƒe dzesiwo dze le Persiatɔwo ƒe aɖaka sia dzi

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taipei

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum