Yerusalem le Biblia Ɣeyiɣiwo Me—Nukae Blematomenukuku Ðe Fia?

BLEMATOMENUKUKU vevi lédziname aɖewo yi edzi le Yerusalem, vevietɔ tso ƒe 1967 me. Woɖe mɔ amewo te ŋu va kpɔa tomenukuƒeawo dometɔ geɖe azɔ, eyata mina míaɖi tsa ayi wo dometɔ aɖewo teƒe akpɔ alesi blematomenuwo wɔ ɖeka kple Biblia ƒe ŋutinyae ɖa.

Fia Dawid ƒe Yerusalem

Teƒe si Biblia yɔ be Zion-to, si dzi wotu blema Dawid ƒe Du ɖo la menye teƒe vevi aɖeke le egbegbe Yerusalem-dugã me o. Tomekuku si nufialagã Yigal Shiloh nɔ ŋgɔ na wowɔ le Dawid ƒe Du la me le ƒe 1978-85 na woke ɖe atrakpuikpe gã aɖe, alo gli aɖe ŋu le togbɛa ƒe ɣedzeƒekpa dzi.

Nufialagã Shiloh gblɔ be anye gɔmeɖokpegli gã gbadza siwo dzi Yebusitɔwo (amesiwo nɔ afima hafi Dawid va si wo) tu mɔ̃ aɖe ɖo ƒe akpa aɖee wònye. Eɖe eme be atrakpuikpe sia si yekpɔ le gli gbadza siawo dzi la nye mɔ̃ yeye si Dawid tu ɖe Yebusitɔwo ƒe mɔ̃ teƒe ƒe akpa aɖe. Míexlẽ le Samuel II, 5:9 be: “Dawid va nɔ mɔ̃ la me hena ŋkɔe be Dawid ƒe du; eye Dawid ɖo gli ƒo xlãe va kpe tso Milo to anyigba gome.”

Dugã la ƒe blema tsimɔwo ƒe mɔnu te ɖe kpe sia ŋu, eye edze abe Dawid ŋɔli ye woɖe wo dometɔ aɖewo ene. Nya aɖewo siwo wogblɔ tso Yerusalem ƒe tsimɔwo ŋu le Biblia me la fɔ biabia aɖewo ɖe te. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Dawid gblɔ na eƒe amewo be “amesi asi Yebusitɔwo” la, nakpe kple futɔawo “heva ke ɖe tsiʋu la gbɔ.” (Samuel II, 5:8) Nu mae Dawid ƒe aʋafia Yoab wɔ. Nya “tsiʋu” gɔme koŋ ɖe?

Wobia nya bubuwo hã tso Siloam Tɔʋu xɔŋkɔ si anye Fia Xizkiya ƒe mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔlawoe ɖee le ƒe alafa enyilia D.M.Ŋ. me ŋu eye woƒo nu tso eŋu le Fiawo II, 20:20 kple Kronika II, 32:30. Aleke tɔʋuɖelawo ƒe ha eve siwo nɔ eɖem tso akpa si kple kemɛ la wɔ va do go? Nukatae wogɔdɔ̃ tɔʋua ale be wòva didi wu alesi wòanɔ ne ɖe woɖee wòdzɔ tẽ hafi? Vevietɔ esi wònye akaɖi si me wodea amii ye wozã ta la, aleke wowɔ hafi kpɔ ya si asu na wo la gbɔ?

Magazine si nye Biblical Archaeology Review na biabia mawo ƒe ŋuɖoɖo aɖewo. Wobe anyigbaŋutinunyala, Dan Gill, amesi wobia gbee tso tomenukuku sia wɔwɔ ŋu la gblɔ be: “Karst nyui aɖe ɖo ɖe Dawid ƒe Dua ƒe to me. Karst nye anyigbaŋutinunya me nya aɖe si fia do lubui, do gã kple mɔ lubui siwo tometsi ɖe esi wòle tsatsam to kpewo me le to me. . . . Anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe numekuku si míewɔ le tometsimɔ si le Dawid ƒe Dua ƒe to me fia be dzɔdzɔmedo (karst-do) lubuiwo kple dzɔdzɔmevudoe amegbetɔ keke ɖe nu wozu tsidzɔƒe siwo wozãna.”

Esia ate ŋu akpe ɖe mía ŋu míanya alesi wowɔ ɖe Siloam Tɔʋuae. Ðewohĩ tsimɔ lubui dzɔdzɔmetɔ si gɔdɔ̃ to toa gɔme mee woɖee toe. Ðewohĩ amesiwo nɔ doa ɖem tso akpa si kple kemɛ la trɔ do gã siwo le toa me wozu tɔʋu si woazã gbɔ. Emegbe woɖe tsimɔ si ɖi abu bene tsia natsa tso Gixon-tsidzɔƒea ayi ɖe Siloam Ta, si ɖewohĩ enɔ dua me la me. Nusia nye mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔ gã aɖe vavã elabena togbɔ be tsimɔa ƒe nugbɔ evea dome didi meta 533 hã la, sentimeta 32 pɛ koe akpa ɖeka tsɔ le kɔkɔƒe wu akpa kemɛa.

Agbalẽnyalagãwo dze sii tso gbaɖegbe ke be Gixon-tsidzɔƒeae blemadua kpɔa tsi tsonɛ. Enɔ dua godo gake ete ɖe eŋu ale gbegbe be wote ŋu ɖe tɔʋu kple vudo si goglo meta 11, ale be mahiã be dua me tɔwo nayi glia godo hafi adu tsi o. Wotsɔ Charles Warren, amesi ke ɖe eŋu le ƒe 1867 me ƒe ŋkɔ nɛ be Warren ƒe Vudo. Gake ɣekaɣie woɖe tɔʋua kple vudoa? Ðe wonɔ anyi le Dawid ŋɔlia? Tɔʋu siae Yoab zã? Dan Gill ɖo eŋu be: “Be míanya ne do si dzɔ le eɖokui sie Warren ƒe Vudoa nye la, míedo akalokpe kakɛ si fo tso eƒe gliwo ŋu kpɔ be carbon-14 le eme hã. Míekpɔ ɖeke le eme o, si fia be kpe kakɛa axɔ ƒe 40,000 kple edzivɔ: Ena kpeɖodzi si ŋu ɖikeke aɖeke mele o be manye amegbetɔe ɖe vudoa o.”

Nusiwo Tsi Anyi tso Xizkiya Ŋɔli

Ɣeyiɣi si me Asur-dukɔa nɔ dukɔ ɖesiaɖe sim ye Fia Xizkiya nɔ anyi. Asurtɔwo si Samaria, si nye to ewo ƒe fiaɖuƒea ƒe fiadu le eƒe dziɖuɣi ƒe ƒe adelia me. Asurtɔwo gatrɔ va le ƒe enyi megbe (ƒe 732 D.M.Ŋ.) va nɔ ŋɔdzi dom na Yuda kple Yerusalem. Kronika II, 32:1-8 gblɔ nusi Xizkiya wɔ tsɔ ʋli wo ɖokui tae. Ðe ɣeyiɣi sia me ƒe kpeɖodzinu aɖewo li woakpɔa?

Ẽ, Nufialagã Nahman Avigad fɔ ɣeyiɣi sia me ƒe nu xoxo aɖewo le ƒe 1969 me. Woku to me eye woke ɖe gli gã aɖe ƒe akpa aɖe ŋu si ƒe akpa gbãtɔ didi meta 40, ekeke meta 7, eye, le akɔntabubuwo nu la, ekɔkɔ meta 8. Woɖo glia ƒe akpa aɖe ɖe agakpe dzi eye eƒe akpa aɖe hã le xɔ yeye siwo wogbã dzi. Amekae ɖo glia eye ɣekaɣie? Blemanuŋutinunya ƒe magazine aɖe gblɔ be: “Nyafɔkpe eve siwo le Biblia mee kpe ɖe Avigad ŋu be wònya ɣeyiɣi si woɖo glia kple susu si ta woɖoe.” Nyafɔkpe siawo xlẽ be: “Eglã eɖokui, eye wòɖɔ gli la ƒe gbagbãƒewo katã ɖo, etu xɔ tsralawo ɖe wo dzi, eye woɖo gli bubuwo ɖe egodo.” (Kronika II, 32:5) “Miegbã xɔawo, be miatsɔ ali ke gliawoe.” (Yesaya 22:10) Egbea la, tsaɖilawo ate ŋu akpɔ nusi woyɔna be Gli Gbadza la ƒe akpa aɖe le Yudatɔwo ƒe Nuto si le Du Xoxoa Me la me.

Tomenukuku vovovowo ɖee fia hã be Yerusalem lolo tsã wu alesi wosusu be ele fifia, eye anye alesi sitsoƒedilawo tso dziehe fiaɖuƒe me va bibibi esime Asurtɔwo si wo la tae. Nufialagã Shiloh bu akɔnta be Yebusitɔwo ƒe dua lolo de agbleka 15 lɔƒo. Elolo agbleka 40 kloe le Salomo ŋɔli. Le Fia Xizkiya ŋɔli si nye ƒe 300 megbe la, dua ƒe akpa si ŋu woɖo gli sesẽ ƒo xlã la keke ɖo agbleka 150.

Gbedoxɔ Gbãtɔa Ŋɔli ƒe Ameɖiƒewo

Ameɖiƒe siwo nɔ anyi tso Gbedoxɔ Gbãtɔ ŋɔli hafi Babilontɔwo va tsrɔ̃ Yerusalem le ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ. me la nye nyatakakatsoƒe bubu. Woke ɖe nu tɔxɛ aɖewo ŋu esime woku kpeto aɖewo siwo me woɖia ame ɖo le Hinnom Bali me le ƒe 1979/80 me. Blemanuŋutinunyala Gabriel Barkay gblɔ be: “Le blemanuwo ŋuti numekuku siwo katã wowɔ kpɔ le Yerusalem me la, esiae nye Gbedoxɔ Gbãtɔa ƒe nudzraɖoƒe si ŋu woke ɖo eye nusianu gakpɔtɔ le eme. Nu akpe ɖeka kple edzivɔ gale eme.” Eyi edzi be: “Nusi blemanuŋutinunyala ɖesiaɖe si le dɔ wɔm le Israel, eye vevietɔ le Yerusalem, kpɔ mɔ na vevie enye be yeake ɖe nuŋlɔɖi aɖe ŋu.” Nukae wokpɔ le klosalo gbadzɛ sue eve siwo wofɔ dzi?

Barkay ɖe eme be: “Esi meke ɖe klosalo lalɛ̃a ŋu eye mekpɔe le nukpɔmɔ̃ me la, mekpɔ ŋɔŋlɔdzesi si wotsɔ nu ɖaɖɛ aɖe ŋlɔe ɖe klosalo gbadzɛ bɔbɔe la dzi beléletɔe la le edzi. . . . Wozã Hebri-ŋɔŋlɔdzesi ene si nye blema Hebri nuŋɔŋlɔ, yod-he-waw-he, tsɔ ŋlɔ Mawu ƒe Ŋkɔ wòdze nyuie le nuŋlɔɖia me.” Barkay gblɔ le agbalẽ aɖe si wota emegbe me be: “Ewɔ nuku na mí be woŋlɔ yayranyawo ɖe klosalo gbadzɛ evea siaa dzi wòde Nunɔlawo ƒe Yayranya siwo le Biblia me la ɖi ge.” (Mose IV, 6:24-26) Esiae nye zi gbãtɔ si wokpɔ Yehowa ƒe ŋkɔ le nuŋlɔɖi aɖe si wofɔ le Yerusalem me.

Aleke agbalẽnyalagãwo wɔ nya ɣeyiɣi na klosalo kakɛawo? Blematomenu siwo wofɔ kpe ɖe wo ŋu koŋ dzie wonɔ te ɖo. Wokpɔ ze kakɛ 300 kple edzivɔ siwo wonya ɣeyiɣi na la le nudzraɖoƒea si fia asi ƒe alafa adre kple alafa ade D.M.Ŋ. me. Ne wotsɔ nuŋɔŋlɔa sɔ kple nuŋɔŋlɔ bubu siwo wonya ɣeyiɣi na la, efia be ɣeyiɣi ɖeka ma ke me nuwoe wonye. Woda nuŋlɔɖiawo ɖe Israel ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe le Yerusalem.

Yerusalem Tsɔtsrɔ̃ le Ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ. Me

Biblia ƒo nu tso Yerusalem tsɔtsrɔ̃ le ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ. me ŋu le Fiawo ƒe Agbalẽ II ta 25, Kronika II ta 36, kple Yeremya ta 39, eye wògblɔ be Nebukadnezar ƒe asrafowo tɔ dzo dua. Ðe nyitsɔ laa ƒe tomenukukuwo ɖo kpe ŋutinya sia dzia? Le Nufialagã Yigal Shiloh ƒe nya nu la, “blematomenu siwo ŋu kpɔtsɔtsɔ mele o la wɔ ɖeka kple . . . [Babilontɔwo ƒe nutsɔtsrɔ̃ ƒe] nya si le Biblia me; nusianu ƒe tsɔtsrɔ̃ gbidigbidi, kple dzo si bi xɔawo ƒe akpa vovovo siwo nye ati.” Egagblɔ kpee be: “Woke ɖe tsɔtsrɔ̃ sia ƒe dzesiwo ŋu le tomekuku ɖesiaɖe si yi edzi le Yerusalem la me.”

Amedzrowo ate ŋu akpɔ tsɔtsrɔ̃ sia si dzɔ ƒe 2,500 kple edzivɔe nye sia la ƒe nu xoxowo. Israel-viwo ƒe Mɔ̃, Xɔ Fiafiã, kple Anyikpewo ƒe Xɔ wonye tomenukuƒe nyanyɛ aɖewo siwo wolé be na eye woɖe mɔ amewo va kpɔa teƒe mawo la ƒe ŋkɔwo. Blemanuŋutinunyala siwo nye Jane M. Cahill kple David Tarler gblɔe kpokploe le agbalẽ si nye Ancient Jerusalem Revealed me be: “Menye nu bidzo gbogbo siwo woɖe tso to me le xɔ abe Xɔ Fiafiã kple Anyikpewo ƒe Xɔ me koe ɖe Yerusalem ƒe tsɔtsrɔ̃ gã la fia o, ke xɔ siwo mu dze anyi ƒe kpe gbagbã gbogbo siwo le to ŋu le ɣedzeƒekpa dzi hã ɖee fia. Alesi Biblia ɖɔ dua ƒe tsɔtsrɔ̃e la . . . wɔ ɖeka kple nusiwo wokpɔ tso blematomenukuku me.”

Eyata nusiwo blematomenukulawo fɔ le ƒe 25 siwo va yi me la ɖo kpe alesi Biblia ɖɔ Yerusalem tso Dawid ŋɔli vaseɖe esime wotsrɔ̃e le ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ. me la dzi. Ke ƒe alafa gbãtɔ M.Ŋ. me Yerusalem ya ɖe?

Yerusalem le Yesu Ŋɔli

Tomenuwo kuku, Biblia, ƒe alafa gbãtɔ me Yudatɔ ŋutinyaŋlɔla Josephus, kple nu bubuwo kpe ɖe agbalẽnyalagãwo ŋu wokpɔ alesi Yerusalem nɔ le Yesu ŋɔli hafi Romatɔwo va tsrɔ̃e le ƒe 70 M.Ŋ. me la le susu me. Ɣesiaɣi si wogaku tomenu yeye aɖe ko la, wogbugbɔ trɔa asi le eƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖe si wotsɔ ɖo agbae le amedzrodzeƒe gã aɖe godo le Yerusalem ŋu. Nusi ɖe dzesi le dua ŋue nye Gbedoxɔ ƒe To si Herodes gagbugbɔ tu wòlolo zi gbɔ zi eve wu esi nɔ anyi le Salomo ŋɔli. Enye gɔmeɖoanyi gãtɔ kekeake si amegbetɔ wɔ kpɔ le blema si didi meta 480 eye ekeke meta 280. Xɔtukpe aɖewo ƒe kpekpeme de tɔn 50, ɖeka tɔ de tɔn 400 kloe eye agbalẽnyalagã aɖe gblɔ be “ɖeke melolo de enu le teƒe aɖeke le blema o.”

Eme kɔ be ewɔ mo yaa na ame aɖewo esi wose Yesu gblɔ be: “Mimu mawuxɔ sia, eye le ŋkeke etɔ̃agbe la magagbugbɔe atu.” Togbɔ be “eƒe ŋutilã ƒe mawuxɔ” gblɔm wònɔ hã la, woawo ya susu be gbedoxɔ gã la gblɔm wònɔ. Eyata wogblɔ be: “Mawuxɔ sia tutu xɔ ƒe blane vɔ ade sɔŋ, eye wò la àgagbugbɔe atu le ŋkeke etɔ̃agbe mahã?” (Yohanes 2:19-21) Tomekuku siwo wowɔ le teƒe siwo ƒo xlã Gbedoxɔ ƒe Toa wɔe be tsaɖilawo ate ŋu akpɔ glia ƒe akpa aɖewo kple xɔtutu ƒe nanewo siwo nɔ anyi tso Yesu ŋɔli eye woate ŋu alia atrakpui siwo ɖewohĩ wòlia hafi ɖo gbedoxɔa ƒe agbo siwo le anyiehe gome nu gɔ̃ hã.

Tomenukuƒe eve siwo nɔ anyi tso ƒe alafa gbãtɔ M.Ŋ. me, siwo wogagbugbɔ dzra ɖo nyuie eye wotsɔ ŋkɔ na be Xɔ Bidzo kple Herodestɔwo ƒe Nutome la le afisi te ɖe Gbedoxɔ ƒe To la ƒe ɣetoɖoƒegli ŋu le Yudatɔwo ƒe Nuto si le Du Xoxoa Me la me. Esi woke ɖe Xɔ Bidzoa ŋu vɔ megbe la, blemanuŋutinunyala Nahman Avigad ŋlɔ be: “Eme va kɔ keŋ azɔ be Romatɔwoe tɔ dzo xɔ sia le ƒe 70 M.Ŋ. me, esime wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem. Tso esime wodze tomenuwo kuku gɔme le du sia me la, esiae nye zi gbãtɔ si woke ɖe blemanu aɖe si wɔ dɔ ɖe ame dzi eye wònye kpeɖodzinu si na eme kɔ ƒã be wotɔ dzo dua kpɔ la ŋu.”—Kpɔ foto siwo le axa 12 lia.

Nufɔfɔ siawo dometɔ aɖewo kɔ nanewo siwo dzɔ le Yesu ƒe agbe me la me. Xɔawo nɔ Dzigbedu me, afisi Yerusalem kesinɔtɔwo kple nunɔlagãwo nɔ. Wofɔ tsilegba gã gbogbo aɖewo siwo wozãna le kɔnu nu le xɔawo me. Agbalẽnyalagã aɖe gblɔ be: “Tsilegba gã gbogboawo ɖo kpe ŋutikɔklɔ le kɔnu nu ƒe se siwo dzi Dzigbedua me tɔwo wɔna ɖo vevie le Gbedoxɔ Evelia ŋɔli la dzi. (Woŋlɔ se siawo ɖe Mishnah, si ƒe ta ewoawo katã ɖe mikveh me tsitotsito la me.)” Nya siawo kpe ɖe mía ŋu míese nya siwo Yesu gblɔ na Farisitɔwo kple agbalẽfialawo le kɔnu siawo ŋu gɔme.—Mateo 15:1-20; Marko 7:1-15.

Wofɔ kpezɔ gbogbo wɔmoyaa aɖewo hã le Yerusalem. Nahman Avigad gblɔ be: “Ke nukata míeke ɖe wo ŋu kpoyi alea le agbɔsɔsɔ gbogbo me le Yerusalem-ƒea me? Nyaŋuɖoɖoa le halakhah, Yudatɔwo ƒe ŋutikɔklɔ kɔnu ƒe sewo ŋutinyawo me. Mishnah na míenya be kpezɔwo mate ŋu azu nu makɔmakɔwo o. . . . Kpuie ko la, kpe nye nusi mate ŋu aƒo ɖi le kɔnu nu o.” Wobe anye susu sia tae tsi si Yesu trɔ wòzu wein la nɔ kpezɔwo me ke menye anyizewo me o ɖo.—Mose III, 11:33; Yohanes 2:6.

Àkpɔ ƒuɖaka tɔxɛ eve le Israel ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe ne èyi afima. Biblical Archaeology Review ɖe eme be: “Anɔ ƒe alafa ɖeka si do ŋgɔ na ɣeyiɣi si me Romatɔwo va tsrɔ̃ Yerusalem le ƒe 70 M.Ŋ. me koŋ ye wozãa ƒuɖakawo. . . . Wodaa ame kukua ɖe do si woɖe ɖe kpeto si me woɖia ame ɖo la ƒe gli ŋu me; ne eƒe ŋutilã vo vɔ la, wolɔa ƒuawo eye wodaa wo ɖe ƒuɖaka me—enye akalogo si woɖo atsyɔ̃ na.” November 1990 mee wofɔ eve siwo wotsɔ ɖo agbae la le ameɖikpeto aɖe me. Blemanuŋutinunyala Zvi Greenhut ka nya ta be: “Esiae nye zi gbãtɔ si wokpɔ nya . . . ‘Caiapha’ si le ƒuɖakawo dometɔ eve ŋu le kpetoa me le afisia le blemanuŋutinusrɔ̃nyawo me. Anye Nunɔlagã Kayafa si ŋkɔ woyɔ . . . le Nubabla Yeyea me . . . ƒe ƒomeŋkɔ ye. Eƒe aƒeme si le Yerusalem ye wokplɔ Yesu tsoe hafi va dee asi na Roma mɔ̃mefia Pontio Pilato.” Ŋutsu aɖe si xɔ anɔ ƒe 60 la ƒe ƒuwoe le ƒuɖaka ɖeka me. Agbalẽnyalagãwo susu be anye Kayafa ƒe ƒuwoe wonye. Agbalẽnyalagã ɖeka gblɔ be Yesu ŋɔli me nuwoe nufɔfɔawo nye: “Herodes Agrippa (ƒe 37-44 M.Ŋ.) ye tso gaku aɖe si wofɔ le ƒuɖakawo dometɔ kemɛ me. Anye ƒe alafa ma ƒe gɔmedzedze me nuwoe Caiaphas ƒuɖaka eveawo nye.”

William G. Dever si nye nufialagã le Near Eastern blamanuŋutinusrɔ̃ƒe le Arizona ƒe Yunivɛsiti gblɔ tso Yerusalem ŋu be: “Nyemada alakpa o ne megblɔ be míesrɔ̃ nu geɖe le teƒe vevi sia ƒe blematomenuwo ƒe ŋutinya ŋu le ƒe 15 siwo va yi me wu ƒe 150 siwo do ŋgɔ nɛ katã me.” Blematomenukudɔ gã geɖe siwo wowɔ le Yerusalem le ƒe siwo va yi nyitsɔ laa me la na wofɔ nusiwo kɔ Biblia ƒe ŋutinyawo me nyateƒe.

[Nɔnɔmetata Tsoƒe si le axa 9]

Alesi Yerusalem Dugã nɔ le Gbedoxɔ Evelia ŋɔli ƒe tata – ele Holyland Amedzrodzeƒe, Yerusalem

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 10]

Tame: Yerusalem Gbedoxɔ ƒe Toa ƒe anyieheɣetoɖoƒe dzogoe dzi

Nuɖusime: Zɔzɔ to Warren ƒe Tɔʋua me