Lelo kusokwelwa—i kwa kutyina’ni nansha i kwa kukulupila?

“Pano Kusokwelwa kekukidipo’nka kintu kilombwelwe mu Bible, ino ke mwanda ukokeja kulongeka binebine.”

—Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, mulembi mukatampe wa kala wa Kitango kya Bumo bwa Mizo.

BANTU pobemvwananga bendeji ba ntanda banena kino kishima “kusokwelwa” belanga milangwe yabo ku bintu byobamonanga mu mafilime, mu mitwe ya myanda ya mabuku, ya mapepala ne mu misapu ya majulunale. Kobadi kidi na buluji bwa konakanibwa kwa umbuo onso. Lelo kishima kine “kusokwelwa” kishintulula namani? Ne nakampata, i musapu’ka mwine udi mu mukanda wa Bible utelwa bu Kusokwelwa?

Kishima “kusokwelwa” kitamba ku kishima kya Kingidiki kishintulula “kusokola” nansha “kupūtula.” I bika bipūtwilwe nansha bilombwelwe patōka mu mukanda wa mu Bible utelwanga bu Kusokwelwa? Lelo i musapu wa byamalwa byonka na byonka, ulombola’nka bonakani bwampikwa nansha muntu umo upanda’ko? Jean Delumeau mulembi wa mānga, umo wa mu bamfumu batala Masomo mu Franse, pobamwipangwile mwalangila pangala pa Kusokwelwa, wanene amba: “I mukanda upāna busengi ne lukulupilo. Bantu’ko bo batyityijanga myanda idi’mo bipite kipimo, bemanina’nka pa byamalwa bisambilwe’mo kete.”

Bene kidishitu babajinji ne kusokwelwa

Lelo “bene Kidishitu” babajinji bādi bamona muswelo’ka Kusokwelwa ne lukulupilo lulombwelwe’mo lwa Umbikalo wa Myaka Kanunu ukabikala Kidishitu pano pantanda? Mulembi wa mānga umo yenka wanene amba: “Ami mongyukile, bene Kidishitu ba mu myaka tutwa tubajinji bādi betabije, abo bonso kya pamo, lufundijo lwa myaka kanunu. . . . Mu bene Kidishitu ba mu myaka tutwa tubajinji bādi betabije Myaka Kanunu mudi bidi Papias, eveke wa mu Hierapolis mu Azia Minele, . . . Justin Utokele, mubutwilwe mu Paleshitina, wāipaīlwe pangala pa lwitabijo lwandi mu Loma mu myaka ya 165, Irénée Utokele, eveke wa mu Lyon wāfwile mu 202, Tertullien, wāfwile mu 222, ne . . . Lactance mulembi mukatampe.”

Dibuku dimo (The Catholic Encyclopedia) dinena pa mwanda utala Papias, ushele usekununwa amba wāipailwe pangala pa lwitabijo lwandi mu Pengamume shi mu mwaka wa 161 shi mu wa 165 K.K., amba: “Eveke Papias wa mu Hierapolis, mwanā-bwanga wa Yoano Utokele, bimweka patōka amba wādi mubingiji wa lufundijo lwa myaka kanunu. Wādi unena’mba wātambwile luno lufundijo ku bantu ba mu lukongo lwa Batumibwa, Irénée nandi usekununa amba ‘Bapresbiteri’ bakwabo, bāmwene mwanā-bwanga Yoano, bāmwivwana ne kumwivwana, ne lukulupilo lwine lwa myaka kanunu i aye yenka wēbafundije’lo amba i kipindi kya lufundijo lwa Mfumwetu. Mungya mulombwela Eusèbe . . . Papias i munene mu dibuku dyandi amba lusangukilo lwa bafwe lukalondwa na myaka kanunu ya bulopwe bwa Kidishitu bwa ntumbo, bumweke na meso, pano pantanda.”

Le bino bitulombola lupusa’ka lwādi na mukanda wa Kusokwelwa pa betabije babajinji? Lelo wādi wibazakaja’ni nansha wādi wibapa lukulupilo? Ivwana mwanda, balembi ba mānga batelanga bene Kidishitu ba ñanjilo bu bakiliashite, uno mwityilo utambile ku kishima kya Kingidiki khiʹli·a eʹte (myaka kanunu). I amo, mwanda bavule umbukata mwabo bādi bayukilwe bu bantu bakulupile amba Umbikalo wa Kidishitu wa Myaka Kanunu udi’ko, ukaleta būmi bulumbuluke mu paladisa pano pantanda. Kifuko kimo kete mu Bible kilombwelwe’po patōkelela luno lukulupilo lwa myaka kanunu i mu Kusokwelwa. (20:1-7) Nanshi Kusokwelwa kekwādipo kuzakaja betabije, ino kwādi kwibapa lukulupilo lwa kutendelwa. Cecil Cadoux, polofesele wa ku Oxford wa mānga ya kipwilo, usonekele mu dibuku dyandi (The Early Church and the World) amba: “Mimweno ya bakiliashite, nansha byoyāpelelwe mwenda myaka, yo yādi isambakene bininge mu Kipwilo mu bula bwa kitatyi kilampe, ifundijibwa ne kufundijibwa na balembi balēmekibwe bulēme bukatampe.”

Kyāpelelwe lukulupilo ludi mu kusokwelwa

Mungya mulombwela mānga, kepadipo kyalakanwa, bene Kidishitu babajinji bavule, kutadije abo bonso, bādi bakulupile amba Umbikalo wa Myaka Kanunu wa Kidishitu mu paladisa pano pantanda udi’ko, penepo mwanda waka “mimweno ya bakiliashite” “yāpelelwe mwenda myaka”? Bantu bamo bāikele kwibatopeka na bubinga, mwanda, bidi pamo’nka na munenena mufundi Robert Mounce amba, “i kishoto, bakiliashite bavule bāikele kuvudija mifwatakanyo yabo ne kumona myaka kanunu bu kitatyi kya kukapeta bituntwa bya miswelo yonso ne kwisangaja kupitepite.” Mimweno mipite kipimo ya uno muswelo yādi ikokeja kulemununwa pambulwa kupela lukulupilo lwabine lwa Myaka Kanunu.

Kintu kitulumukwa i muswelo wāikele kukalakanibwa luno lufundijo lwa myaka kanunu na bakinkwa nalo. Dibuku dimo (Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique) dinena myanda ya Caius, mukata wādi wendeja Kipwilo kya Loma (ku mfulo kwa myaka tutwa tubidi, ne ku ngalwilo kwa myaka tutwa tusatu), amba “pa kusaka kushinda lufundijo lwa myaka kanunu, wātunine patōkelela amba [mukanda wa] Kusokwelwa ke wabinepo, ne Evanjile ya Yoano Utokele mine.” Dino dibuku dibweja’ko amba Dionisusa, eveke wa mu Alexandria mu myaka tutwa tusatu, wāsonekele mukanda wa kupatanya lufundijo lwa myaka kanunu, “mwanda wa kukankaja boba bādi belungile ku uno mulangwe baleke kulama lukulupilo lwabo lwādi lwimanine pa mukanda wa Kusokwelwa wa Yoano Utokele, wēutuna pambulwa nansha kwishisa, amba ke wabinepo.” Lwana lwa owa muswelo lwa kupatanya ku nshikani lukulupilo lwa madyese akeselwa ntanda mu myaka kanunu lwākolomwene bimyanda bya munshimunshi byādi bilenga byanzwe umbukata mwa bafundi ba teoloji ba mu mine myaka’ya.

Polofesele Norman Cohn usonekele mu dibuku dyandi (The Pursuit of the Millennium) amba: “Mu myaka ya tutwa tusatu mo mwāshilwile bantu musunsa mubajinji kufutulula lufundijo lwa myaka kanunu, paānjile Origène, kutadije ye aye wādi na lupusa kupita bafundi ba teoloji bonso ba mu Kipwilo kya pa kala, kulombola mukekadila Bulopwe, amba ke kintupo kikalongeka mu kitatyi kampanda nansha mu kifuko kansangwa, mhm, ino i mu mityima ya betabije kete.” Origène wādi mukulupile mu filozofi ya Bangidiki pa kyaba kya kukulupila mu Bible, wāzubulula lukulupilo lwa kutendelwa lwa madyese akeselwa bantu pano pantanda mu Bulopwe bwa Meshiasa, amba i “kintu kidi . . . mu mityima ya betabije.” Léon Gry mulembi mwine Katolika wāsonekele amba: “Lupusa lwa filozofi ya Bangidiki lwādi lutāle . . . lo lwāfikije bityebitye milangwe ya Bakiliashite ku kupona.”

“Kipwilo kibajimija musapu wakyo wa lukulupilo”

Pampikwa ne kutatana kwine, Augustin, ye Shandya Kipwilo wālongele bukomo bwa kusobakanya filozofi ya Bangidiki na bwine Kidishitu bwa kiñenga bwa mu yabo myaka’ya. Wāpela kwitabija mulangwe o-onso wa kwiya kwa Umbikalo wa Myaka Kanunu wa Kidishitu pano panshi, aye muntu wādi dibajinji mubingiji mupyasakane wa lufundijo lwa myaka kanunu. Wāpa Kusokwelwa shapita 20 buluji bunyengakane.

Dibuku dimo (The Catholic Encyclopedia) dinena’mba: “Augustin wāfudile ku kwikala na kikulupiji amba myaka kanunu keidi’kopo. . . . Lusangukilo lubajinji lutelelwe mu uno shapita, mungya kunena kwandi, lufunkilanga pa kubutulwa dipya kumushipiditu mu lubatyijo; ebiya sabado ya myaka kanunu ilonda myaka tununu tusamba ya mānga i būmi bwanyeke bonso butuntulu.” Dibuku dikwabo (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) dinena’mba: “Mushintulwilo wa myaka kanunu wāletele Augustin wāikele ke lufundijo lwa kipwilo lwitabijibwe na bonso . . . Bene Mishoni balamine bisela byāselwile ba Luther, Calvin, ne bene Mishoni bakwabo . . . bālamete nyeke ku ino mimweno ya Augustin.” Enka namino, bantu ba mu Bipwilo bya Ki-kidishitu bābulwa lukulupilo lwa myaka kanunu.

Pakwabo kadi, mungya munenena Frédéric de Rougemont mufundi wa teoloji mwine Suise, “[Augustin] pa kupela lwitabijo lwandi lubajinji lwa umbikalo wa myaka kanunu, wāletele musala keuneneka ku Kipwilo. Dijina dyandi byodyādi na lupusa, wāitabije kilubo kyābudije [Kipwilo] mulangwe wakyo mwendele’mo wa kwikala pano panshi.” Adolf Harnack, mufundi wa teoloji mwine Alemanye wafudile ku kunena’mba kuno kupelwa kwāpelelwe lukulupilo lwa Myaka Kanunu i kubudije bantu “mutōtelo obevwanija,” pa kyaba kya “lwitabijo lwa tamba kala ne nkulupilo ya tamba kala” abo abapingakenya’po “lwitabijo lokebakokejapo kwivwanija.” Kushala kushele mu bipwilo mutupu bantu dyalelo mu matanda mavule i bubinga bulombola patōka amba bantu basakilwa lwitabijo ne lukulupilo lobevwanija.”

Mubandaudi umo wa Bible, George Beasley-Murray, usonekele mu dibuku dyandi (Highlights of the Book of Revelation) amba: “Na lupusa lukatampe lwāingidije Augustin koku, kwitabijibwa kwa lufundijo lwa myaka kanunu na tutango nako koku, bene Katolika ne bene Mishoni i bekutyile mu bumo bwa kupela’lo. Pobepangulwanga amba i lukulupilo’ka lukwabo ludi na muntu mu ino ntanda, kilondololwa i: Keludi’kopo. Ntanda ikonakanibwa pakāya Kidishitu kutūla’ko diulu ne kalunganyembo byanyeke mukavulaminwa bantu mānga yo-yonso. . . . Bine, kipwilo kibajimija musapu wakyo wa lukulupilo.”

Lukulupilo lwa kutendelwa lwa mu kusokwelwa lukidi lūmi!

Batumoni ba Yehova abo basumininwe amba milao ya kutendelwa itala pa Myaka Kanunu ikafikidilanga. Mulembi wa mānga mwine Franse Jean Delumeau, pobamwipangwile ku televijo mu Franse pa mutwe wa mwanda unena’mba “Mwaka wa 2000: Moyo wa Byamalwa bya mu Kusokwelwa,” wanene’mba: “Batumoni ba Yehova balondanga mu ditabula ne ditabula dishinda dya lufundijo lwa myaka kanunu, mwanda banenanga amba panopano ponka . . . batwe—ko kunena amba, shi tubapu kupita mu byamalwa—tusa kutwela mu myaka 1 000 ya būmi bwa nsangaji.”

Kino kyo kyāmwene mutumibwa Yoano mu kimonwa, wēkishintulula ne kwikishintulula mu mukanda wandi wa Kusokwelwa. Amba: “Namwene ne diulu dipya, ne ntanda nayo impya . . . Kadi naivwene diwi dikatampe dyalupuka mu lupona’mba: Talaipo bidi, kipema kya Leza byo kidi pa bantu, ne ukēkalanga nabo, nabo bakēkala bantu bandi, ne Leza mwine ukēkala nabo, ke Leza wabo kadi. Kadi Leza ukapampula impolo yonso mu meso abo; ne lufu nalo kelukēkalakopo dikwabo kadi, mhm, nansha kuyoyokota miyoa, nansha kudila kwine, nansha misongo mīne mpika. Bintu bibajinji bibatukidila.”—Kusokwelwa 21:1, 3, 4.

Batumoni ba Yehova bengilanga mwingilo wa kufundija Bible kujokoloka ntanda yonso mwanda wa kukwasha bantu bavule nabo bekale na luno lukulupilo. Bakasangela kukukwasha nobe uyukile’ko bintu bivule.

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Papias wētelele amba wātambwile lufundijo lwa Myaka Kanunu ku bantu ba mu lukongo lwa batumibwa

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Tertullien wādi ukulupile mu Umbikalo wa Myaka Kanunu wa Kidishitu

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© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

“[Augustin] pa kupela lwitabijo lwandi lubajinji lwa umbikalo wa myaka kanunu, wāletele musala keuneneka ku Kipwilo”

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Paladisa pano pantanda ilailwe mu Kusokwelwa i kintu kifwaninwe kukulupilwa byabinebine