Kupititsa Patsogolo Maopareshoni Opanda Mwazi pa Mboni za Yehova

M’ZAKA zaposachedwapa, pakhala nkhani zambiri zonena za Mboni za Yehova chifukwa cha kukana kwawo kuthiridwa mwazi. Ngakhale kuti chifukwa chawo chachikulu nchozikidwa Pamalemba, palinso maupandu akuthupi ozindikiridwa. (Genesis 9:3, 4; Levitiko 17:10-12; Machitidwe 15:28, 29) Kaimidwe kawo kawapangitsa kuyang’anizana ndi adokotala, zipatala, ndi makhoti. Mboni zachikulire zamanidwa maopareshoni chifukwa chakuti zinakana kuthiridwa mwazi; ana awo akakamizidwa kugonjera mwakuwawopseza ndi lamulo la khoti.

Koma zinthu zikusintha tsopano ponena za kuthiridwa mwazi. Kaŵirikaŵiri mwazi woperekedwa umakhala woipitsidwa. Matenda, ena akupha, amapatsiridwa mwa kuthiridwa mwazi. Umbombo wakhala chochititsa chachikulu pamene mwazi wakhala malonda aakulu ndipo kuugwiritsira ntchito mwanthaŵi zonse kumalimbikitsidwa—kuwonjezera upandu ku maopareshoni.a Pazifukwa zimenezi ndi zina, ambiri kuwonjezera pa Mboni za Yehova akusintha maganizo pakuvomereza kuthiridwa mwazi kwanthaŵi zonse.

Mboni za Yehova zachita mbali yaikulu m’zonsezi. Zikwi zambiri zinachitidwa maopareshoni ndipo m’zochitika zambiri zinachira mofulumira kuposa anthu amene anavomera kuthiridwa mwazi. Zochitika za Mboni zimasonyeza kuti asing’anga akhoza kupanga opareshoni ndi kutaikiridwa mwazi wochepa chabe ndikuti m’zochitika zina chiŵerengero cha mwazi chikhoza kutsika kuposa pamlingo umene anaulingalira kuti utapyoledwa munthu sangakhale moyo. Ndiponso, zokumana nazo zawo zikusonyeza kuti njira zina ziripo tsopano, chotero kumachepetsa zowonongedwa ndi upandu wa kuthiridwa mwazi. Zipambano zawo za m’makhoti zimasonyezanso chiyeneretso chakuti ziri kwa odwala kuvomereza kapena kukana njira zina zamankhwala.

Mboni za Yehova zakwaniritsa zambiri m’zimenezi mwakugwirizana ndi adokotala ndi zipatalala. M’zaka zaposachedwapa iwo akhazikitsa dipatimenti yotchedwa Hospital Information Services (HIS) ku malikulu awo adziko lonse. Oimira a dipatimenti imeneyi ayendera maiko m’mbali zambiri za dziko, kuchititsa masemina pa maofesi ena anthambi a Watch Tower Society ndi kupanga Makomiti Ogwirizanitsa ndi Chipatala amene amakambitsirana ndi zipatala ndi adokotala patakhala chifuno. Pamene akuchezera maofesi anthambi aakulu, oimira a HIS amakhazikitsanso desiki la Hospital Information Services limene limapitiriza ntchitoyo iwo atachoka.

Maseminaŵa amaphunzitsa makomiti amenewo kulankhulana ndi adokotala ndi ogwira ntchito m’zipatala, kukambitsirana njira zina zoyenerera mmalo mwa kuthiridwa mwazi ndi kulongosola kuti maluso osamalitsa ochitira opareshoni akhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri kutaikiridwa mwazi. Chomalizira, ziŵalo zochezetsa za HIS zimaphunzitsira pantchito makomiti ogwirizanitsa atsopano mwakuwapereka kukalankhula ndi adokotala ndi akuluakulu a zipatala.

Monga poyambira, masemina 18 anachitidwa mu United States. Pambuyo pa zimenezo, anayi anachitidwa m’dera la Pacific, imodzi m’lirilonse la maikoŵa, Australia, Japani, Philippines, ndi Hawaii, akutumikira nthambi zisanu ndi zitatu za Watch Tower Society m’maderawo.b Mu November ndi December 1990, ziŵalo zitatu za HIS zinachititsa masemina ena khumi ku Ulaya, Latin America, ndi ku Caribbean. Lotsatirali ndilipoti la zotulukapo za maseminawo.

Asanu anachitidwa ku Ulaya—imodzi ku Mangalande, Sweden, Falansa, Jeremani, ndi Spanya. Masemina asanu ameneŵa anatumikira nthambi za Watch Tower Society zokwanira 20 ndi kuphunzitsa akulu oposa 1,700 kudzagwira ntchito ya Komiti Yogwirizanitsa ndi Chipatala.

Sing’anga wina Wachifalansa anavomereza kuti Mboni za Yehova, mwa kaimidwe kawo kolimba pamwazi, zathandiza ntchito ya zamankhwala kupita patsogolo m’kuchita maopareshoni opanda mwazi. Iye anati palibe chipembedzo china chimene chapanga kuyesayesa koteroko m’kuthandiza anthu ake kuchita ndi nkhani zovuta.

Chipatala chopita patsogolo koposa m’Madrid, Spanya, chinali chankhanza kwa Mboni pankhani imeneyi. Mlongo wina anafunikira opareshoni kumsana koma anamanidwa chithandizo chifukwa chakuti anakana kuthiridwa mwazi. Pamene iye anakana kuchoka m’chipatalamo, iwo anamkakamiza kuchoka mwakumumana chakudya ndi madzi. Komabe, ziŵalo za HIS zinalinganiza kukumana nawo ndipo anakhala ndi msonkhano wa maola aŵiri ndi dokotala wamkulu ndi mkulu wa maopareshoni. Chotulukapo? Iwo anavomereza kuchita opareshoniyo ndipo anatuma foni kwa Mboni yothamangitsidwayo kubweranso ku opareshoni.

Mboni mu Italiya zinabwerako ku semina ndipo posapita nthaŵi zinayang’anizana ndi nkhani ya kukakamiza kuthira mwazi khanda losakhwima. M’kunena kwawo zinati: “Mwakugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha ku semina, tinakhoza kuthetsa nkhaniyo, ndipo mwanayo anachiritsidwa bwino lomwe popanda mwazi.”

Apita ku Latin America ndi Caribbean

Masemina asanu otsatira anachitidwira mu Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, ndi Puerto Rico. Nthambi za Watch Tower Society zokwanira makumi atatu mphambu ziŵiri zinatumikiridwa ndi masemina asanu ameneŵa.

Mkulu wa nyumba yosungira mwazi ya ku Mexico City ananena kuti Mboni za Yehova zinapititsa patsogolo maopareshoni opanda mwazi ndikuti tsopano pali akatswiri okwanira m’gawolo kotero kuti enanso angapindule ndi zoyesayesa zimenezo. Iye anapenda chipepala cha HIS chokhala ndi ndandanda ya njira zina zochiritsira kukha mwazi.c Kenako anati: ‘Ndifuna kupanga makope a zimenezi opereka kwa mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani za chipatala chirichonse mu Mexico City. Ndidzapempha adokotala kuzijambula kuti adziŵe zimenezi. Ndiyeno, mtsogolo, pamene adzabwera kuno kunyumba yosungira mwazi kudzafuna mwazi, choyamba tidzaŵapempha kutulutsa chipepala chimenechi, ndiyeno tidzawafunsa kuti, “Kodi munagwiritsira ntchito ichi? Kodi munayesa kugwiritsira ntchito ichi?” Ngati iwo sanayambe agwiritsira ntchito njira zina zimenezi, sadzatenga mwazi kwa ife kufikira pamene adzachita zimenezo! ’

Mkulu wa nyumba yosungira mwazi kumpoto kwa Argentina anathandizanso. M’deralo, muli lamulo lakuti aliyense wobwera kuchipatala cha Boma ayenera kulinganiza kuti achibale ake kapena mabwenzi apereke mwazi wokwanira pafupifupi mayuniti aŵiri pasadakhale apo phuluzi amakana kumpatsa chithandizo. Mboni sizikachita zimenezo ndipo iwo ankakana kuchita opareshoni pa izo. Pamene tinafotokoza malingaliro athu otsimikiza mtima ponena za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mwazi, mkuluyo anapanga makonzedwe akusintha lamulo limeneli pamene likakonzedwanso. Pakali pano, Mboni zimene zimasonyeza khadi lawo la Advance Medical Directive pamene zisungidwa m’chipatala sizimauzidwa kupereka mwazi.

Mu Ecuador muli sing’anga wotchuka kwambiri amene wagwiritsira ntchito njira zochitira opareshoni zoposa 2,500 pa Mboni ndi osakhala Mboni popanda kugwiritsira ntchito mwazi. Iye ananena kuti akulinganiza kuyamba ndawala ya kulimbikitsa kuchita maopareshoni opanda mwazi m’dzikomo chifukwa cha maupandu ambiri kwa wodwala ochokera ku mwazi woperekedwa.

Pambuyo pa semina mu Ecuador, sing’anga amene anapezekapo pakukambitsirana anati: “Ngati anthuŵa ali okhoza kupeza luso limeneli m’kufufuza mankhwala, ziyenera kusonyeza chinachake ponena za kuphunzira kwawo Baibulo ndipo kumandipangitsa kulingalira kuti chipembedzo chawo nchoyenerera kuchifufuza.”

Kusintha kwabwino kwa kaimidwe kamaganizo kunachitika mu Puerto Rico. Nthaŵi zina kale, Mboni zachikulire zinkamangiriridwa ndi kukakamiza mwazi pa izo; zina zinamwalira pambuyo pake. Oimira HIS anakumana ndi onse aŵiri wachiŵiri kwa prezidenti ndi loya wa Puerto Rico Hospital Association; loyayo analinso nduna ya chipatala. Mwamsanga pambuyo pakulonjerana ndipo oimira a HIS asanayambe kulankhula, loyayo anati anali ndi chinachake chonena. Mozidabwitsa Mbonizo, iye anayamba kufotokoza makonzedwe amene anali nawo akuwongolera ziyeneretso za odwala m’zipatala za pachilumbacho, ndipo anakhudza mfundo zazikulu za kukumanako! Anapemphanso chilolezo cha kupanga makope a zina za chidziŵitso chimene anamusiira; iye anafuna kuziphatikiza m’nkhani yokonzedwera magazini ofalitsidwa ndi gulu la chipatala.

Mapindu Opezedwa mu United States

Dokotala wina—James J. Riley, tcheyamani wa dipatimenti ya opareshoni pachipatala chake—ananena mawu ofunika kwa komiti yogwirizanitsa kuti: “Amunanu, mmene ndikuwonera ine, muli patsogolo kwenikweni m’kupereka chidziŵitso chalamulo ndi cha mankhwala pa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mwazi.”

Pachipatala chachikulu m’dera la ku Washington, D.C., Komiti Yogwirizanitsa ndi Chipatala inakumana ndi gulu la akuluakulu ndi ogwira ntchito zamankhwala amene anapereka chichirikizo chawo ndi kusonyeza chiyamikiro chawo chachikulu “pa kudzipereka kwa Watchtower kuthandiza anthu ake m’nthaŵi ya kusoŵa mwa chichirikizo cha makonzedwe ameneŵa.”

Mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti yosamalira odwala pa chipatala m’Wisconsin anafotokoza lingaliro lake lolakwa ponena za Mboni za Yehova. Mkaziyo analimbikitsa Komiti Yogwirizanitsa ndi Chipatala “kupitirizabe kupereka uthenga wake kwa onse ogwira ntchito zopatsa mankhwala.”

Ntchito ina ya HIS ndiyo kutumiza nkhani za mankhwala ndi zamalamulo kwa adokotala, ku zipatala, ndi ku mabungwe a zipatala ndi a zamankhwala. Yankho lochokera kwa nduna yoimira chipatala m’zaupandu pachipatala cha ku Baltimore, Maryland, inanena kuti: “Zikomo kwambiri kaamba ka nkhani yatsatanetsatane imene munanditumizira yonena za kuthirira mwazi ndi Mboni za Yehova. Chidziŵitsochi chidzakhala chaphindu kwambiri m’kuthandizira chipatala chathu kukonzanso malamulo athu akuchiritsa Mboni za Yehova.”

Mu United States mokha, pafupifupi adokotala 10,000 ali pandandanda ya awo ofunitsitsa kuchita maopareshoni opanda mwazi kwa Mboni za Yehova.

Pakali pano, chifukwa cha masemina 32 amene achitidwa kufikira leroli, makomiti ogwirizanitsa akhazikitsidwa m’maofesi anthambi okwanira 62 kuti afikire zosoŵa za Mboni za Yehova m’mbali zosiyanasiyana za dziko. Ameneŵa tsopano ali okonzekera kusamalira mamiliyoni a Mboni za Yehova. Zotulukapo zikusonyeza kuti Yehova akuchirikizadi zoyesayesa za HIS.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 28]

Kuchinjiriza ndi Kuleketsa Kukha Mwazi Popanda Kuthira Mwazi

1. Ziŵiya Zopangira Opareshoni:

a. Electrocautery

b. Laser surgery

c. Argon beam coagulator

d. Gamma knife radiosurgery

2. Njira ndi Ziŵiya Zopezera ndi Kuleketsa Kukha Mwazi Kwamkati:

a. Endoscopy yopezera malo akukha mwazi m’thupi

b. Flexible suction coagulator electrode (Papp, J. P., JAMA, November 1, 1976, masamba 2076-9)

c. Kutseka mtsempha waukulu (JAMA, November 18, 1974, masamba 952-3)

d. Kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa mwazi (kufikira pamene kukha mwazi kulekeka)

e. Tissue adhesives (Dr. S. E. Silvas, MWN, September 5, 1977)

3. Njira Zochitira Opareshoni ndi Kuziziritsa Thupi:

a. Hypotensive anesthesia (kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa mwazi)

b. Hypothermia (kutsitsa mlingo wa kutentha kwa thupi)

c. Kuchepetsako maselo m’mwazi pochita opareshoni

d. Makina osungitsa mwazi pochita opareshoni, mwachitsanzo, “cell-saver”

e. Luso lakuya loleketsa kukha mwazi ndi lopangira opareshoni

f. Kuchulukitsa antchito kuchepetsako nthaŵi yochita opareshoni

4. Ziŵiya Zopima Mlingo:

a. Chiŵiya chopima oxygen yoloŵa m’thupi

b. Oximeter (chiŵiya chopima mosalekeza mlingo wa oxygen m’mwazi woyenda m’thupi)

5. Zowonjezera Mlingo wa Mwazi:

a. Ma Crystalloids

(1) Ringer’s lactate (Eichner, E. R., Surgery Annual,   January 1982, masamba 85-99)

(2) Madzi amchere

b. Ma Colloids

(1) Dextran

(2) Gelatin (Howell, P. J., Anaesthesia, Jan-   uary 1987, masamba 44-8)

(3) Hetastarch

6. Zoletsa Kukha Mwazi Zamakemikolo:

a. Avitene

b. Gelfoam

c. Oxycel

d. Surgicel

e. Zina zambiri

7. Zochiritsa Kuchepa kwa Hemoglobin:

a. Oxygen

b. Hyperbaric oxygen chamber (Hart, G. B., JAMA, May 20, 1974, masamba 1028-9)

c. Iron dextran (Dudrick, S. J., Archives of Surgery, June 1985, masamba 721-7)

d. Folic acid

e. Erythropoietin—yopangitsa mafuta a m’fupa kupanga mwazi

f. Anabolic steroids, mwachitsanzo, Decadurabolin kapena ma hormone opanga okulitsa

g. Kubaidwa jekeseni ya Vitamin B-12

h. Vitamin C

i. Vitamin E (makamaka kwa ana obadwa kumene)

8. Njira Zakunja Kwathupi:

a. Za kukha mwazi:

(1) Kusinika ndi mphamvu

(2) Thumba lolongedwamo aizi

(3) Kaimidwe ka thupi (mwachitsanzo, kutukula   chiŵalo chovulalacho kuchepetsako kukha   kwa mwazi)

b. Za kukomoka:

(1) Kuika zotchedwa pressure cuff  ku miyendo

(2) Chovala chotchedwa antishock trousers

(3) Kutukula miyendo yonse kusungitsa kuthamanga   kwa mwazi

9. Mankhwala a Odwala Okhala ndi Mavuto a Mwazi:

a. DDAVP, desmopressin (Kobrinsky, N. L., Lancet, May 26, 1984, masamba 1145-8)

b. E-aminocaproic acid (Schwartz, S. I., Contemporary Surgery, May 1977, masamba 37-40)

c. Vitamin K

d.Bioflavonoids (Physician’s Desk Reference)

e. Carbazochrome salicylate

f. Tranexamic acid (Transfusion Medicine Topic Update, May 1989)

g. Danazol

10. Mfundo Zina:

a. Kuchepekera kwa kuthamanga kwa mwazi kufika pafupifupi 90-100 mm ya Hg kungathandize kuleketsa kukha mwazi mwakuumitsa mwazi pa mtsempha wovulala

b. Lamulo la kukhala ndi hemoglobin yosachepera pa 10 g pochitidwa opareshoni liribe maziko enieni asayansi

c. Odwala ochitidwa opareshoni achirabe ngakhale ali ndi 1.8 yokha ya hemoglobin (Anaesthesia, 1987, Volyumu 42, masamba 44-8)

d. Kuchepekera kwa hemoglobin kumachepetsa kuthamanga kwa mwazi, kumene kumachepetsanso kuchuluka kwa mwazi mumtima ndi kuwongolera kayendedwe ka mwazi ndi oxygen m’thupi