Gawo 2

Sayansi​—kufunafuna Chowonadi kwa Mtundu wa Anthu Komapitirizabe

Kufunafunako Kuyamba

“PALIBE aliyense amene adziŵa munthu amene anatulukira moto, kuyamba kupanga gudumu, uta ndi muvi, kapena amene anayamba kuyesa kulongosola kutuluka ndi kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa,” ikutero The World Book Encyclopedia. Koma zinthuzo zinatulukiridwa, kupangidwa, ndi kulongosoledwa ndithu, ndipo dziko silinakhale chimodzimodzi chiyambire.

Zipambano zimenezi zinali njira zoyambirira za ulendo wofunafuna chowonadi umene tsopano wakhalako kwa zaka pafupifupi zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Nthaŵi zonse anthu akhala achidwi, ofuna kumvetsetsa zinthu zamoyo ndi zopanda moyo m’dziko lowazinga. Iwo akhalanso ofunitsitsa kugwiritsira ntchito zimene aphunzira, kuzichita kuti apindule. Ludzu lachibadwa la chidziŵitso limeneli ndi chikhumbo cha kuchigwiritsira ntchito zakhala mphamvu zosonkhezera mtundu wa anthu pofunafuna chowonadi cha sayansi mopitirizabe.

Ndithudi, zoyesayesa zoyambirira zimenezo zakugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha sayansi mwanjira yothandiza sizinatchedwe luso lazopangapanga, monga momwe limatchedwera lerolino. Nchifukwa chake ngakhale anthu amene anachita kuyesayesako sanatchedwe asayansi. Kunena zowona, sayansi monga momwe idziŵikira m’nthaŵi yamakono kunalibe mkati mwa mbali yaikulu ya kukhalako kwa mtundu wa anthu. Osati kale kwambiri m’zaka za zana la 14, pamene wolemba ndakatulo Wachingelezi Chaucer anagwiritsira ntchito liwu la “sayansi,” iye anangotanthauza mitundu yonse yosiyanasiyana ya chidziŵitso. Zimenezi zinali zogwirizana ndi magwero a liwulo, amene anali liwu Lachilatini lotanthauza “kudziŵa.”

Katswiri Woyamba wa Zoology Alambula Njira

Mulimonse mmene inatchedwera poyambirira, sayansi inayambira m’munda wa Edeni pamene anthu anangoyamba kufufuza dziko lowazinga. Ngakhale pamene Hava anali asanalengedwe, Adamu anapatsidwa ntchito yakutcha maina zinyama. Kuzitcha maina oyenera kunafuna kuti iye apende mosamalitsa mikhalidwe ndi zizoloŵezi zawo. Lerolino, timatcha imeneyi sayansi ya zoology.—Genesis 2:19.

Mwana woyamba wa Adamu ndi Hava, Kaini, “anamanga mudzi,” chotero ayenera kuti anali ndi chidziŵitso chokwanira cha sayansi kuti apange zipangizo zofunikira. Pambuyo pake, mmodzi wa mbadwa zake, Tubala-Kaini, anatchedwa “mwini wakuphunzitsa amisiri onse a mkuwa ndi a chitsulo.” Mwachiwonekere, chidziŵitso ndi luso lazopangapanga la sayansi zinali zitawonjezeka panthaŵiyo.—Genesis 4:17-22.

Podzafika nthaŵi imene Igupto anakhala ulamuliro wa dziko lonse—woyamba kutchulidwa m’Baibulo—chidziŵitso cha sayansi chinali chitapita patsogolo kufika pamlingo wakuti Aigupto anakhoza kumanga mapyramid aakulu kwambiri. Mpangidwe wa mapyramid ameneŵa, ikutero The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “unatheka mwachipambano kokha pambuyo pa kuyesayesa kochuluka, kumene kunathetsa mavuto aakulu auinjiniya.” Kuthetsa mavuto ameneŵa kunafuna chidziŵitso chokwanira cha masamu ndipo kunasonyeza kuti panali maluso a sayansi ogwirizana nawo.

Ndithudi, sali Aigupto okha amene anali ndi chidwi cha sayansi. Ababulo, kuwonjezera pa kupanga kalenda, anayambitsa njira zolembera ndi kuŵerengera manambala ndi zopimira. Ku Far East, kutsungula kwa anthu a ku China kunawonjezera zambiri pa chidziŵitso cha sayansi chamtengo wapatali. Ndipo makolo oyambirira a Ainca ndi Amaya ku zigawo za Amereka anayambitsa kutsungula kopita patsogolo kumene pambuyo pake kunadabwitsa ozonda maiko ochokera ku Ulaya, amene sanayembekezere konse kupeza zipambano zotere za “eni dziko opulukira.”

Komabe, sizonse zimene anthu amakedzana ameneŵa anawona poyambirira monga chowonadi cha sayansi zimene zinakhala zolondola za sayansi. The World Book Encyclopedia ikutiuza kuti limodzi ndi zipangizo zothandiza zimene Ababulo anapanga zofufuzira m’zasayansi, “iwo anayambitsanso sayansi yabodza ya astrology.” a

Babulo Ali Konsekonse

Kwa ophunzira Baibulo, Babulo wamakedzana amaimira kulambira konama. Mu astrology imene inkachitidwa kumeneko, mulungu wosiyana anakhulupiriridwa kukhala akulamulira chigawo chilichonse cha miyamba. Baibulo, limene limaphunzitsa kuti kuli Mulungu mmodzi yekha wowona, nlolondola mogwirizana ndi sayansi pamene limatsutsa sayansi yabodza yotchedwa astrology.—Deuteronomo 18:10-12; 1 Akorinto 8:6; 12:6; Aefeso 4:6.

Chipembedzo chinali mbali yofunika kwambiri m’moyo wa anthu oyambirira. Chotero nzomveka kuti chidziŵitso cha sayansi sichinayambe popanda zikhulupiriro ndi malingaliro achipembedzo. Zimenezi zingawonedwe kwakukulukulu m’sayansi ya zamankhwala.

“Zolembedwa zamakedzana zofotokoza chitaganya cha Igupto ndi mankhwala mu Ufumu Wakale,” ikutero The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “zimasonyeza kuti kupenduza ndi chipembedzo zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi njira ya mankhwala yozikidwa mbali ina pachidziŵitso ndi kufufuza ndi mbali ina panzeru ndi kuti wopenduza wamkulu wa m’bwalo la farao kaŵirikaŵiri anatumikiranso monga sing’anga wamkulu wa dzikolo.”

Mumzera wachitatu wa mafumu a Igupto, injiniya wakumanga womveka wotchedwa Imhotep anatchuka monga sing’anga waluso ndithu. Zaka zosakwanira zana limodzi pambuyo pa imfa yake, iye analambiridwa monga mulungu wa mankhwala wa Igupto. Podzafika zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chimodzi B.C.E., anakwezedwa pamalo a mulungu wamkulu. Britannica ikunena kuti akachisi operekedwa kwa iye anali “kudzala kaŵirikaŵiri ndi odwala amene anapempherera ndi kugona m’menemo pokhulupirira kuti mulunguyo akawavumbulira mankhwala m’maloto awo.”

Asing’anga a ku Igupto ndi Babulo anali kusonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo. “Chikhulupiriro chofala cha matenda panthaŵiyo, ndi m’mibadwo yamtsogolo,” ikutero The Book of Popular Science, “chinali chakuti malungo, matenda oyambukira, kuŵaŵa kwa mutu ndi m’thupi zinachititsidwa ndi mizimu yoipa, kapena ziŵanda, zimene zinali kuloŵa m’thupi.” Chotero kupereka chithandizo cha mankhwala nthaŵi zambiri kunaloŵetsamo nsembe zachipembedzo, matsenga, kapena kubwebweta.

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, m’zaka za zana lachinayi ndi lachisanu B.C.E., sing’anga Wachigiriki wotchedwa Hippocrates anatsutsa lingaliro limeneli. Iye ngwodziŵika bwino kwakukulukulu chifukwa cha lumbiro la Hippocrates, limene mofala limawonedwa monga maziko a lamulo la makhalidwe m’zamankhwala. Buku la Moments of Discovery—The Origins of Science limanena kuti Hippocrates analinso “mmodzi wa oyamba kupikisana ndi ansembe pofunafuna malongosoledwe a utenda wa munthu.” Akumagwiritsira ntchito njira za sayansi m’zamankhwala, iye anafunafuna nakatande wachibadwa wa matenda. Nzeru ndi chidziŵitso cha zochitika zinayamba kutenga malo a malaulo ndi maloto achipembedzo.

Polekanitsa zamankhwala ndi ziphunzitso zachipembedzo, Hippocrates analondola njira yoyenera. Komabe, ngakhale lerolino timakumbutsidwa za chiyambi chachipembedzo cha zamankhwala. Chizindikiro chake chenichenicho, ndodo yozenenga njoka ya Asclepius, mulungu wa mankhwala Wachigiriki, zingapezedwe kukhala zochokera ku akachisi ochiritsira amakedzana kumene njoka zopatulika zinali kusungidwa. Malinga nkunena kwa The Encyclopedia of Religion, njoka zimenezi zinaimira “mphamvu yakukonzanso moyo ndi kubwezeretsa thanzi labwino.”

Pambuyo pake Hippocrates anadzadziŵika monga woyambitsa zamankhwala. Koma zimenezi sizinamletse kuphophonya nthaŵi zina m’zasayansi. The Book of Popular Science imatiuza kuti ena a malingaliro ake osalondola “amawonekadi kukhala abwino kwenikweni kwa ife lerolino” koma imachenjeza za kudzikuza kwa m’zamankhwala, kuti: “Malingaliro ena osalondola a za mankhwala amene tsopano ali otsimikizirika koposa mwinamwake nawonso adzawoneka kukhala abwino kwenikweni kwa anthu a m’mibadwo yamtsogolo.”

Kupita Patsogolo Mwapang’onopang’ono

Chotero, kutulukiridwa kwa chowonadi cha sayansi kwakhala mchitidwe wapang’onopang’ono, woloŵetsamo kusankhidwa kwa zenizeni pa zikhulupiriro zolakwika kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Koma kuti zimenezi zitheke, zopezedwa ndi mbadwo umodzi zinayenera kupitirizidwa molondola kwa mbadwo wotsatira. Mwachiwonekere, njira ina yochitira zimenezi inali mwa mawu, popeza kuti anthu analengedwa ndi mphamvu ya kulankhula.—Yerekezerani ndi Genesis 2:23.

Komabe, njira yopitirizira zopezedwa imeneyi siikanakhala yodalirika kwambiri pakupereka chidziŵitso cholondola chimene kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi luso lazopangapanga kumafuna. Mosakaikira panali kufunika kwa kusunga chidziŵitsocho m’zolembedwa.

Nthaŵi yeniyeni pamene anthu anayamba kulemba njosadziŵika. Koma atatero, anali ndi njira yabwino koposa yopitirizira chidziŵitso chimene ena akadalirapo. Anthu asanadziŵe kupanga mapepala—mwinamwake ku China pafupifupi 105 C.E.—zinthu zinali kulembedwa pa zinthu zonga magome adongo, gumbwa, ndi zikopa.

Kupita patsogolo kofunika kwambiri kwa sayansi sikukanatheka popanda njira zolembera ndi kuŵerengera manambala ndi zopimira. Kupangidwa kwawo kunali kofunika kwambiri. Potchula ntchito ya masamu kukhala “yofunika m’zonse,” The Book of Popular Science imatikumbutsa kuti “njira zake zadzetsa zitukuko zochuluka zofunika kopambana m’sayansi.” Ndiponso masamu ali “chipangizo chamtengo wapatali kwa katswiri wa chemistry, wa physics, wa astronomy, wa uinjiniya ndi akatswiri ena.”

M’zaka mazana ambiri zinthu zina zawonjezera liŵiro la kufunafuna chowonadi cha sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, maulendo. The Book of Popular Science imalongosola kuti: “Munthu amene amapita kumaiko akunja angawone kuti chidwi chake chikukula chifukwa cha mawonekedwe atsopano, mawu, fungo ndi kukoma kwa zinthu. Adzakakamizika kufunsa chifukwa chimene zinthu zilili zosiyana kwambiri m’dziko lachilendo; ndipo pofuna kukhutiritsa chidwi chake, iye adzapeza nzeru. Ndimmene zinalili kwa Agiriki amakedzana.”

Inde, Agirikiwo Amene Chiyambukiro Chawo Chikalipo

Mutaŵerenga mbiri ya chipembedzo, ndale, kapena ya malonda mudzapeza kuti Agiriki amatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Ndipo ndani amene sanamvepo za afilosofi (anthanthi) awo otchuka, dzina lotengedwa ku liwu Lachigiriki la phi·lo·so·phiʹa, kutanthauza “chikondi cha pa nzeru”? Chikondi cha pa nzeru cha Agiriki ndi ludzu lawo la chidziŵitso zinali zodziŵika bwino m’zaka za zana loyamba pamene mtumwi Wachikristu Paulo anachezera dziko lawo. Iye anatchula a Epikureya ndi a Stoiki anthanthi, amene mofanana ndi “Aatene onse ndi alendo akukhalamo anakhalitsa nthaŵi zawo, osachita kanthu kena koma kunena kapena kumva chatsopano.”—Machitidwe 17:18-21.

Choncho nkosadabwitsa kuti mwa anthu onse amakedzana, Agiriki anasiira sayansi choloŵa chachikulu koposa. The New Encyclopædia Britannica imafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kuti: “Kuyesayesa kwa anthanthi Zachigiriki kupereka chiphunzitso chonena za chilengedwe mmalo mwa nthano zonena za chilengedwe kunachititsa sayansi kutulukira zinthu zopindulitsa m’kupita kwa nthaŵi.”

Kunena zowona, anthanthi ena Achigiriki anachita zazikulu pofunafuna chowonadi cha sayansi. Anayesetsa kuchotsa malingaliro ndi ziphunzitso zolakwika za awo amene analoŵa mmalo, pamene panthaŵi imodzimodzi anagwiritsira ntchito zimene anapeza kukhala zolondola. (Onani zitsanzo m’bokosi.) Chotero, anthanthi akale Achigiriki anayandikira kwambiri kalingaliridwe kofanana ndi ka asayansi amakono kuposa anthu onse amakedzana. Ndiponso, kufikira chaposachedwapa, liwu la “nthanthi zachilengedwe” linagwiritsiridwa ntchito kufotokozera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sayansi.

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi Grisi wokonda nthanthi anadodometsedwa mwandale ndi Ulamuliro watsopano wa Roma. Kodi zimenezi zinakhala ndi chiyambukiro chilichonse pa chitukuko cha sayansi? Kapena kodi kubwera kwa Chikristu kukasintha zinthu? Gawo 3 m’nkhani yathu yotsatira idzapereka mayankho.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 22]

“Asayansi” Achigiriki Chikristu Chisanakhale

THALES wa ku Miletus (zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi), wodziŵika kwambiri chifukwa cha ukatswiri wake m’masamu ndi chikhulupiriro chake chakuti madzi ali mbali yofunika kwambiri m’zinthu, anali ndi njira yosamalitsa yopendera mpangidwe wa chilengedwe, imene The New Encyclopædia Britannica imati inali “yofunika kwambiri m’chitukuko cha zikhulupiriro za sayansi.”

Socrates (zaka za zana lachisanu), The Book of Popular Science imamutcha “mlengi wa njira yofufuzira—yotchedwa dialectic—imene itsala pang’ono kufikira chimake cha njira yeniyeni ya sayansi.”

Democritus wa ku Abdera (zaka za zana lachisanu mpaka za zana lachinayi) anathandizira kupeza maziko a atomic theory ya chilengedwe limodzi ndi ziphunzitso za kusawonongeka kwa zinthu ndi conservation of energy (kusungika kwa mphamvu).

Plato (zaka za zana lachisanu mpaka za zana lachinayi) anayambitsa Academy ku Athens monga malo ochitira kufufuza kwatsatanetsatane kwa nthanthi ndi sayansi.

Aristotle (zaka za zana lachinayi), katswiri wa biology wachidziŵitso, anayambitsa Lyceum, malo asayansi amene anafufuza zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kwa zaka zoposa 1,500, malingaliro ake anakhala m’zikhulupiriro za sayansi, ndipo analingaliridwa kukhala katswiri wopambana wa sayansi.

Euclid (zaka za zana lachinayi), katswiri wamasamu wotchuka kwambiri wamakedzana, ngwodziŵika kwambiri chifukwa cha kulemba kwake chidziŵitso cha “geometry,” imene inatengedwa ku liwu Lachigiriki lotanthanuza “kupima nthaka.”

Hipparchus wa ku Nicaea (zaka za zana lachiŵiri), katswiri wopambana wa astronomy ndi woyambitsa trigonometry, anaika nyenyezi m’magulu a ukulu wawo malinga nkuŵala kwake, njira imene ikali kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri. Iye anali mtsogoleri wa Ptolemy, katswiri womveka wa geography ndi astronomy wa m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri C.E., amene anafutukula zopeza za Hipparchus ndi kuphunzitsa kuti dziko lapansi ndilo pakati pa chilengedwe chonse.

[Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Ndodo yozenenga njoka ya Asclepius, chikumbutso chakuti sayansi siinayambe popanda chisonkhezero cha chipembedzo