Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo Amaphanso Zambiri

YOLEMBEDWA NDI MTOLANKHANI WA GALAMUKANI! KU BRAZIL

“NDI abwino kwambiri,” anatero Domingos dos Santos pamenepo akuyang’anira chinangwa m’famu yake kumwera kwa Brazil. Iye ali ndi chifukwa chokhalira wokhutira. Masamba a mbewu zakezo akuoneka ngati kuti palibe kachilombo kalikonse kowononga kamene kanafikapo. Kodi zinthu zikuyenda bwino chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo? Ayi. Domingos anati, “Chaka chatha ndiponso chaka chino, sindinagule mankhwala ophera tizilombo mpang’ono pomwe.”

Domingos ndi m’modzi mwa gulu la alimi omwe akuchulukirachulukira omwe sakufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo poteteza mbewu zawo.a M’malo mwake amagwiritsa ntchito njira zimene zimathetsa, kapena kuchepetsako kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Ndinafunsa Sandro Muller, wazamalimidwe amene wakhala akuchita kafukufuku pamunda wa zipatso kufupi ndi Sao Paulo kuti: “Ndizo njira zanji? N’chifukwa chiyani alimi amakuona ngati koyenera kuleka kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala aufa owaza ophera tizilombo?”

Mmene Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo Amachitira

Pofuna kundithandiza kudziŵa kuipa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito makemikolo ophera tizilombo, Sandro anati: “Talingalira za kagulu ka apolisi akuthamangitsa gulu la anthu akuba m’banki. Kuti athawe, akubawo akuloŵa mu ofesi yomwe muli anthu ambiri. Popeza akubawo asokonekerana ndi gulu, apolisi akuitanitsa helikopita kuti iponye bomba lotulutsa mpweya woipa pa ofesiyo. Izi sizingangopha akuba okhawo komanso pamodzi ndi anthu osalakwa ogwira ntchito mu ofesiyo ndiponso alonda. Zotero zimachitika pamene mlimi athira mbewu zake mankhwala amphamvu ophera tizilombo. Amaphadi tizilomboto, akubawo, koma amaphera kumodzi ndi tizilombo tofunika, alonda.”

Ndinayankha kuti, “Komabe pamenepo mbewu zimakhala zitapulumuka.” Koma Sandro anasonyeza kuti ngati mugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mosasamala angathe kuyambitsa mavuto ena. Motani? Tizilombo tina sitifa mukatithira mankhwala chifukwa timakhala ndi mphamvu yakuti sitingafe ndi mankhwala a mitundu ina. Pambuyo pake timakhalapo tokha pambewupo ‘popanda alonda,’ kapena kuti tizilombo tabwino—zonsezi chifukwa chakuti mlimi anawaza mankhwala.

Chifukwa chakuti pali chakudya ndiponso palibe adani a chilengedwe, chiŵerengero cha tizilombo tomwe sitifa ndi mankhwala chimawonjezeka ndipo zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti mlimi athirenso mankhwala ena, mwina amathira mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri. M’madera ena ku South America kumene amalima nyemba, alimi amathira mankhwala mlungu ulionse. Zotsatirapo zake za kuthira mankhwala kumeneku? Mlimi wina anati, “Ngati mufesa mankhwala, mudzatuta poizoni.”

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala—Kodi Vuto Lake N’lochepa?

Akatswiri a zofufuzafufuza amanena kuti munthu amene amathira mankhwala tizilombo towononga amakhalanso akudzithira mankhwala iye mwini. Magazini a Guia Rural anati, m’Brazil mokha, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amapha anthu 700,000 chaka ndi chaka—pa avareji ndi mmodzi pa mphindi 45 zilizonse! Ndipo bungwe la World Health Organization linapereka lipoti lakuti anthu 220,000 amafa chaka ndi chaka chifukwa chokhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo akuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe.

Ngakhale kuti makono anthu ena amati akatsegula chitini cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo amaona ngati atsegula tsoka, ena amaona kuti kuwagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala n’kwabwinopo kuposa kusawagwiritsa ntchito. Iwo amati: Pali zinthu ziŵiri, mankhwala ophera tizilombo n’kukhala ndi chakudya kapena kusiya, ndiye n’kukhala ndi njala. Komanso, chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi chikukwera pamene malo abwino olima akuchepa. Ngati tikufuna kuteteza kuti pasakhale njala padziko, tiyenera kuteteza mbewu kuti zisadyedwe ndi tizilombo towononga.

Zoonadi, tizilombo timabweretsa vuto lalikulu. Chokondweretsa n’chakuti, alimi ambiri kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi ayamba kudziŵa kuti pali njira ina yabwino kuposa kuwaza mbewu mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo. Imatchedwa kuti integrated pest management (njira zosiyanasiyana zophera tizilombo) kapena IPM.

IPM—Ndi Njira Ina

“Kodi IPM n’chiyani?” Ndinam’funsa Polofesa Evôneo Berti Filho, mkulu wa Dipatimenti ya Entomology pa University ya São Paulo ku Piracicaba yemwenso ndi mtsogoleri wofufuza za njira zachilengedwe zochepetsera tizilombo. Polofesa Berti analongosola kuti cholinga cha IPM ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma insecticide kufika pamlingo woyenera ndipo n’kugwiritsa ntchito ma insecticide okhawo omwe amapha tizilombo takutitakuti. Choncho njira zochepetsera tizilombo mwachilengedwe zidzapangitsa kuti tiziwaza mochepera mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Imodzi mwa njira zimenezi zophera tizilombo ndiko kulima mbewu mwakasinthasintha. Mwachitsanzo, mlimi angamasinthesinthe kulima chimanga kenaka nyemba pamundapo. Tizilombo timene timadya chimanga koma sitikonda nyemba tidzafa ndi njala kapena tidzathawa kupita kumene kuli chimanga. Ndiye panthaŵi imene mudzalimepo chimanga, tizilombo tambiri padzakhala palibe—kwa kanthaŵi ndithu. Ndiye pamene tizilombo tokonda chimanga tidzayambe kubweranso, kasinthasintha uja adzapangitsa kuti tisamukenso.

Palinso njira ina ya m’gulu la IPM yotchedwa Biological control (kutetezera mwachilengedwe). Ndiyo njira imene alimi amagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo, ma bacteria, ma vairasi, fungi, ndi adani ena achilengedwe a tizilombo towononga. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza ku Brazil anapeza kuti mwachilengedwe mbozi zambiri zimafa zitagwidwa ndi vairasi yotchedwa baculovirus. Iwo ataona kuti vairasiyo si yoopsa kwa anthu, analingalira zoyamba kupopera mbewu ndi madzi okhala ndi vairasi imeneyi ndipo ingathe kugwira ntchito ngati mankhwala achilengedwe ophera mphalabungu zomwe zimadya kwambiri nyemba za soya ndi chinangwa. Zinathandizadi. Mbozizo zinafa patagopita masiku pang’ono kuchokera pamene zinadya masambawo. Monga besera, alimiwo anatenga mbozi zakufazo kuti zikhale zida zodzamenyera nkhondo m’tsogolo. Motani?

“Alimiwo anatenga mbozizo, n’kuzinyenyanyenya, ndi kuyenga madzi akewo, n’kuwasunga m’malo ozizira kuti aume ngati ayezi,” anatero Polofesa Berti. Ndiye kenaka alimiwo anatenga madziwo n’kuwasungunula, n’kuphatikiza ndi madzi ena, n’kupopera mbewu.

Mankhwala achilengedwe amenewa sagwira ntchito mwamsanga ngati makemikolo, komabe, wofufuza wina anati, imakwanitsa 90 peresenti ya cholinga chanu.

Kugonjetsa Tizilombo—Mwanjira Yachilengedwe

Njira ina yofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi tizilombo towononga ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo tina kuwonjezera pa njira ya chilengedwe. Komabe ngakhale kuti pakhala kuyesayesa kudziŵitsa alimi kuti azigwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi polimbana ndi tizilombo, ambiri ku Brazil ndi kwina konse mpaka pano safuna. Chifukwa? Zioneka kuti kuika tizilombo tina m’munda alimi amaona monga mmene munthu wokhala m’tauni angaonere kuika mphemvu m’nyumba. Polofesa Berti anandiuza kuti, “Alimi ambiri amaona ngati kuti tizilombo tonse timadya mbewu. Iwo safunanso tizilombo tina.”

Apa n’zoonekeratu kuti alimi ambiri adzayamba kupha tizilombo mwa njira yachilengedwe pokhapokha atamvetsetsa kuti tizilombo tina timathandizana nawo. Mwachitsanzo, alimi a zipatso ku California, U.S.A., anagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo totchedwa ladybugs m’ma 1800. Panthaŵiyo, mwangozi anaitanitsa tizilombo tina kuchokera ku Australia tomwe tinadya ndipo tinali pafupi kumaliziratu mitengo yonse ya mandimu ndi malalanje. Koma tizilombo ta ladybugs tinangotenga nthaŵi yosakwana ndi zaka ziŵiri zomwe kuti tigonjetse tizilombo tosokonezato, motero zipatso za ku California zinatetezeka.

Njira Yotetezera Yosiyanako

Alimi ena masiku ano ku Brazil ayamba kuzindikira ntchito yomwe joaninha (Joanna wochepa, dzina la kachilombo ka ladybug kumeneko) amagwira, ndi ‘mlonda’ wodalirika. “Joaninha amalimbana ndi nsabwe za m’mbewu m’minda ya zipatso,” anatero Sandro pamene tinali kuyenda m’mizere ya mitengo ya malalanje imene iye amasamalira. Anaima pamtengo wamalalanje, ndi kugwira ku nsonga kwake kumene kunali masamba anthete, ndi kuwetezera pansi. Tizilombo tolobodoka ting’onoting’ono kwambiri tinali chikhalire osayenda milomo yawo ili pamasambapo kuyamwa madzi ake.

Komabe, tizilombo timeneti ndi chakudya kwa ‘alonda aja.’ Ndipo ma ladybug ena angathe kudya nsabwe 800 pamoyo wawo. Koma zimenezi zingathandize kuti zinthu zisinthe? Sandro anati, “Inde zikhoza kutero, malinga ngati mukusiya udzu wokwanira pakati pa mitengo ya zipatsoyo kuti ma ladybug ndiponso adani ena achilengedwe azikhalamo.” Sandro analongosola kuti, kale asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe zoteteza, ankawazamo makemikolo milungu iŵiri iliyonse. Koma tsopano chifukwa cha adani a chilengedwe monga ladybug ndi tizilombo tina, timathira kamodzi pamiyezi iŵiri kapena itatu.

Ladybug ndi bwenzi limodzi chabe mwa mabwenzi ambiri amene alimi amadalira. Njuchi, mavu, mbalame, akangaude, achule, azonde, kungotchulapo zochepa chabe, ndizo gulu la asilikali limene limagwira ntchito usiku ndi usana kuchotsa adani owononga mbewu. Ngakhale nsomba zimathandiza kuti tisachite kupopera mankhwala. Motani?

Wazofufuzafufuza Xiao Fan wa ku China yemwe amagwira ntchito ku Dipatimenti ya Zamalimidwe ndi Zankhalango ku Nanking, m’Chigawo cha Kiangsu anapereka lipoti lakuti anasiya kugwiritsa ntchito ma insecticide pamene anayamba kuweta nsomba m’minda yampunga imene imadzaza madzi. Alimi amayendetsa chingwe pamwamba pa mpunga ndipo tizilomboto timagwera m’madzi. Fan anati, “chifukwa chakuti tiziwalato timanamizira kufa tikagwa pampungapo, nsomba sizivutika kutidya.”

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochepa kumathandizanso kuti tizilombo tabwino tisafe. Tizilombo timeneti timagwirizana ndi nsomba zodya tizilombo towonongato kuti tigonjetsedwe. Chifukwa cha njira za chilengedwe, tsopano kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri apoizoni ndi chinthu chakale, anatero Fan. N’zodziŵikiratu kuti pali mapindu okhudza thanzi ndi chilengedwe, iye anawonjezera choncho.

N’zoonekeratu kuti alimi akutsatirira njira za IPM, osati poti siziwononga chilengedwe, koma chifukwa choti sizifuna ndalama zambiri. Pamene sakuwononga ndalama zambiri pa kugula mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zimathandiza kuti azipeza phindu lalikulu—chinthu cholimbikitsa padziko lonse ndiponso panthaŵi yonse. Komabe, ngati phindu lalikulu limapezeka pamene sakugwiritsa ntchito poizoni wambiri pa mbewu ndiponso chilengedwe sichikuwonongeka, ndiye kuti IPM imathandiza alimi, ogula ndiponso chilengedwe. Wina amene anaona zimenezi anati, mukagwiritsa ntchito IPM “onse amapindula.”

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 27]

Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo Opatsidwa

Ngakhale ngati anthu onse padziko lapansi akadayamba kutsatira njira za integrated pest management, si kuti vuto la mankhwala ophera tizilombo likadatheratu ayi. Bungwe la United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) limayerekezera kuti pali mankhwala omwe anasungidwa m’mayiko okwera kumene okwana matani 100,000. Our Planet, magazini ofalitsidwa ndi United Nations Environment Programme, anati, “Mbali yaikulu ya mankhwalawa ndi otsalira mwa omwe anaperekedwa monga thandizo.” Mankhwalawa ndi monga mulu waukulu wa DDT ndiponso mankhwala ena amene tsopano amati ndi oopsa oyenera kutayidwa. Our Planet inapitiriza kuthirira ndemanga kuti “tiyenera kuyembekezera zoopsa” ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo opatsidwa amenewa satayidwa.

Komabe kuchotsa mankhwalawa ndi ntchito yofuna ndalama zambiri. Kuchotsa mankhwala amenewa mu Afirika mokha kungatenge ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni 100. Ndani adzapereke ndalama zimenezo? Bungwe la FAO limapempha mayiko omwe anapereka thandizo la mankhwalawo kuti athandize. Komanso a FAO amanena kuti “ena omwe afunikira kuthandiza ndi makampani amene amapanga makemikolo, amene nawonso anachitapo kanthu kuti kubwere mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochuluka kwambiri mwinanso osafunika.” Padakali pano, makampani ameneŵa “safuna kupereka ndalama kuti katundu ameneyu achotsedwe.”

[Bokosi patsamba 28]

Kusintha Mbewu Chifukwa Chake Pali Kutsutsana?

Njira ina yolimbanirana ndi tizilombo towononga ndi Biotechnology. Popeza munthu akudziŵa zambiri tsopano za mmene molecule ya DNA imagwirira ntchito m’kati, akatswiri a zofufuza tsopano amatha kuphatikiza mbali za DNA za mbewu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kupanga mbewu zimene zimatha pazokha kulimbana ndi tizilombo towononga.

Chitsanzo chake ndi chimanga. Akatswiri odziŵa za ma genes anatenga gene kwina kuiloŵetsa mu DNA ya chimanga. Zotsatira zake, gene imeneyo inapangitsa protein imene imapha tizilombo kwambiri. Ndiye chimachitika n’chakuti mbewu ya chimanga yosinthidwa ma gene imatha kulimbana ndi adani ake, tizilombo.

Komabe pali kusagwirizana pankhani ya mbewu zosinthidwa ndi akatswiri zimenezi. Otsutsa amati zikhoza kudwalitsa anthu kapena zikhoza kukhala udzu wovuta. A sayansi ena amachenjeza kuti mbewu zokhala ndi ma gene opha tizilombo zidzalimbikitsa kuti tizilombo towononga tikhale tosatheka kupha ndi mankhwala. Berti, wasayansi ya tizilombo, anati, “Tichepetse chidwi chathu cha ma gene. “Kumbukirani mmene anthu anakondwerera m’ma 1950 pamene anaona ma insecticide ngati zozizwitsa? Lero timadziŵa bwino. Ma insecticide ozizwitsa ayambitsa tizilombo tozizwitsa. Ndani angadziŵe bwino mavuto amene mbewu zozizwitsa zomwe akatswiri akupanga zidzapangitse m’tsogolo.”

Ngakhale ngati mavuto ena atathetsedwa, komabe anthu ena zimawakhumudwitsa zakuti a sayansi azisokoneza malamulo a ma gene. Ena amaona kuti zochitachita zasayansi za biotechnology zikhoza kuthetsa mavuto amene timakumana nawo pazamankhwala ophera tizilombo komabe n’kutibweretsera vuto lokhala ndi chikumbumtima choipa.

[Chithunzi patsamba 29]

Kachilombo ka “ladybug” kakhoza kudya tizilombo towononga mbewu mazanamazana