Mutu 2

Kumenyera Nkhondo Kukhala ndi Moyo kwa Baibulo

Pali nkhosi zambiri zaukonde zotsimikizira kuti Baibulo liridi Mawu a Mulungu. Nkhosi iriyonse iri yamphamvu, koma pamene zonse zipotedwa pamodzi, izo ziri zosakhoza kuduka. M’mutu unowu ndi mu wotsatirapo, tidzafotokozamo nkhosi imodzi chabe ya umboni: mbiri ya Baibulo monga bukhu. Chowonadi nchakuti, chiri chozizwitsa kuti bukhu lapadera limeneli lakhalapobe kufikira lerolino. Dzilingalirireni nokha zenizenizo.

 1. Kodi ndiziti zimene ziri zina za mfundo zatsatanetsatane zonena za Baibulo?

BAIBULO liri loposa bukhu chabe. Iro liri nkhokwe yolemera ya mabukhu 66, ena aafupi ndi ena aatali kwambiri, okhala ndi malamulo, ulosi, mbiri, ndakatulo, uphungu, ndi zina zambiri. Zaka mazana ambiri Kristu asanabadwe, 39 a mabukhu oyambirira ameneŵa analembedwa—kwakukulukulu m’chinenero Chachihebri—ndi Ayuda okhulupirika, kapena Aisrayeli. Mbali imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imatchedwa Chipangano Chakale. Mabukhu otsirizira 27 analembedwa m’Chigriki ndi Akristu ndipo amadziŵidwa mofala kukhala Chipangano Chatsopano. Malinga ndi umboni wamkati ndi miyambo yachikale kopambana, mabuku 66 ameneŵa analembedwa mkati mwa nyengo ya pafupifupi zaka 1 600, kuyambira pamene Igupto anali ulamuliro waukulu ndi kukathera pamene Roma anali amayi wolamulira wa dziko lonse.

Baibulo Lokha Linapulumuka

 2. (a) Kodi mkhalidwe wa Aisrayeli unali wotani pamene Baibulo linayamba kulembedwa? (b) Kodi ndiati ena a mabukhu amene anatulutsidwa mkati mwanyengo ya nthaŵi imodzimodziyo?

² Zaka zoposa 3 000 zapitazo, pamene kulembedwa kwa Baibulo kunayamba, Israyeli anali mtundu umodzi waung’ono chabe pakati pa yochuluka ku Middle East. Yehova anali Mulungu wawo, pamene mitundu yowazungulira inali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yodabwitsa ya milungu ndi milungu yachikazi. Mkati mwa nthaŵi imeneyo, Aisrayeli sanali iwo okhawo amene anatulutsa mabukhu achipembedzo. Mitundu ina nayonso inatulutsa mabukhu olembedwa amene anasonyeza chipembedzo chawo ndi mikhalidwe ya mtundu wawo. Mwachitsanzo, nthano zongopeka Zachiakadi za Gilgamesh wa ku Mesopotamiya ndi nthano za Ras Shamra, zolembedwa mu Ugarit (chinenero cholankhulidwa m’chimene tsopano chiri kumpoto kwa Siria), mosakaikira zinali zotchuka kwambiri. Mabukhu ochuluka a m’nyengo imeneyi anaphatikizaponso mabukhu onga ngati The Admonitions of Ipu-wer ndi The Prophecy of Nefer-rohu m’chinenero Chachiigupto, nyimbo zoimbira milungu yosinayasiyana m’Chisumeri, ndi mabukhu aulosi mu m’Chiakadi.¹

 3. Kodi nchiyani chimene chimapangitsa Baibulo kukhala losiyana ndi mabukhu ena achipembedzo otulutsidwa ku Middle East mkati mwa nyengo imodzimodziyo?

³ Komabe, mabukhu onse a ku Middle East ameneŵa, anakhala ndi mapeto ofanana. Iwo anaiŵalika, ndipo ngakhale zinenero m’zimene iwo analembedwa zinafafanizika. Kunali chabe m’zaka zaposachedwapa kuti ofukula za m’mabwinja ndi akatswiri ophunzira za zinenero anadziŵa za kukhalapo kwake ndipo anatumba mmene angaziŵerengere. Kumbali ina, mabukhu oyambirira kulembedwa a Baibulo Lachihebri apitirizabe kukhalapo kufikira kunthaŵi yathu ndipo akuŵerengedwabe mofala. Nthaŵi zina akatswiri amanena kuti mabukhu Achihebri m’Baibulo anatengedwa mwanjira ina kuchokera ku zolembedwa za mabukhu akale zimenezo. Koma chenicheni chakuti ochuluka a mabukhu amenewo anaiŵalika pamene Baibulo Lachihebri lapulumuka chimasonyeza kuti Baibulo liri losiyana mwapadera.

Osunga Mawu

 4. Kodi ndizovuta zotani za Aisrayeli zimene zikanawonekera kukhala zitachititsa kupulumuka kwa Baibulo kukhala kokaikitsa?

⁴ Musapangetu cholakwa, mwa lingaliro laumunthu kupulumuka kwa Baibulo sikunali lingaliro loiŵalika. Zitaganya zimene zinalitulutsa zinavutika ndi ziletso zosautsa ndi chitsenderezo chowawa kwakuti kupulumukabe kwake kufikira lerolino kulidi kwapadera. M’zakazo Kristu asanabwere, Ayuda amene anatulutsa Malemba Achihebri (“Chipangano Chakale”) anali mtundu waung’ono kwambiri. Iwo anakhala mochititsa mantha pakati pa maboma amphamvu mwandale zadziko amene anali kulimbana lina ndi linzake kulimbanira ulamuliro. Israyeli anafunikira kumenyera nkhondo moyo wake molimbana ndi mitundu yotsatanatsatana, yonga ngati Afilisti, Amoabu, Aamoni, ndi Aedomu. Mkati mwanyengoyi pamene Ahebri anagaŵanika kukhala maufumu aŵiri, ufumu wa Asuri wankhanzawo unafafaniziratu ufumu wakumpoto, pamene Ababulo anawononga ufumu wakummwera, akumatengera anthuwo kunka nawo kuukapolo umene otsalira chabe anabwerera pambuyo pa zaka 70.

5, 6. Kodi ndizoyesayesa zotani zimene zinapangidwa zimene zinaika paupandu kukhalapobe kwa Ahebri monga anthu apadera?

⁵ Pali ngakhale malipoti a kuyesayesa kufafaniza Aisrayeli onse. Kalero m’masiku a Mose, Farao analamula kuphedwa kwa makanda onse obadwa chatsopano achimuna. Ngati lamulo limeneli likadamveredwa, anthu Achihebri akanafafanizidwa. (Eksodo 1:15-22) Patapita nthaŵi, pamene Ayuda analoŵa muulamuliro wa Aperisi, adaniwo anachita chiŵembu cha kuchita kuti lamulo lipangidwe lokhala ncholinga cha kuwafafaniza. (Estere 3:1-15) Kulephereka kwa chiŵembu chimenechi kukadakumbukiridwabe m’Phwando Lachiyuda la Purim.

⁶ Patapitanso nthaŵi ina, pamene Ayuda anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Siriya, Mfumu Antiyokasi IV anayesa mwamphamvu kwambiri kupangitsa mtunduwo kukhala Wachihelene, akumawukakamiza kutsatira miyambo Yachigiriki ndi kulambira milungu Yachigiriki. Nayenso analephera. Mmalo mwa kufafanizidwa kapena kumezedwa, Ayuda anapulumuka pamene, kamodzikamodzi, tochuluka tatimagulu tautundu towazungulira tinazimiririka pankhope ya dziko lapansi. Ndipo Malemba Achihebri Abaibulo anapitirizabe limodzi nawo.

7, 8. Kodi ndimotani mmene kupulumuka kwa Baibulo kunawopsezedwera ndi nsautso za Akristu?

⁷ Akristu, amene anatulutsa mbali yachiŵiri ya Baibulo (“Chipangano Chatsopano”), analinso kagulu kotsenderezedwa. Mtsogoleri wawo, Yesu, anaphedwa mofanana ndi mpandu wamba. M’masiku oyambirira pambuyo pa imfa yake, akuluakulu Achiyuda m’Palestina anayesa kuwapsinja. Pamene Chikristu chinafalikira kumaiko ena, Ayuda anawasautsa, kuyesa kudodometsa ntchito yawo yaumishonale.—Machitidwe 5:27, 28; 7:58-60; 11:19-21; 13:45; 14:19; 18:5, 6.

⁸ M’nthaŵi ya Nero, kaimidwe kamaganizo kolekerera ka poyambapo ka akuluakulu Achiroma kanasintha. Tacitus ananyadira “zizunzo zochuluka” zoperekedwa pa Akristu ndi mfumu yankhanza imeneyo, ndipo kuyambira munthaŵi yake kumkabe mtsogolo, kukhala Mkristu kunali tchimo lodzetsa chilango cha imfa.² Mu 303 C.E., Mfumu Diocletian anachita mwachindunji motsutsana ndi Baibulo.a M’kuyesayesa kuthetsa Chikristu, iye analamula kuti Mabaibulo onse Achikristu ayenera kuwotchedwa.³

 9. Kodi nchiyani chimene chikadachitika ngati mikupiti ya kufafaniza Ayuda ndi Akristu ikadapambana?

⁹ Mikupiti ya kutsendereza ndi kufafaniza imeneyo inali chiwopsezo chenicheni kukupulumuka kwa Baibulo. Ngati Ayuda akanagwirizana ndi njira ya Afilisti ndi Amoabu kapena ngati zoyesayesa za choyamba akuluakulu Achiyuda ndipo kenako za Achiroma kuthetsa Chikristu zikadapambana, kodi ndani amene akadalemba ndi kusunga Baibulo? Mosangalatsa, osunga Baibulo—choyamba Ayuda ndipo kenako Akristu—sanafafanizidwe, ndipo Baibulo linapulumuka. Komabe, panali, chiwopsezo china chachikulu kwambiri ngati kusali kukupulumuka kwa Baibulo pafupifupi kuumphumphu Wabaibulo.

Makope Osalakwika

10. Kodi ndimotani mmene Baibulo linasungidwira poyambirira?

¹⁰ Ochuluka a mabukhu akale otchulidwa poyambawo amene potsirizira pake anaiŵalika anazokotedwa pamiyala kapena kusindikizidwa pamapale. Baibulo silinali choncho. Iro poyambirira linalembedwa pamlulu kapena pachikopa—zipangizo zokhoza kuwonongeka kwambiri. Motero, zolembedwa zapamanja zotulutsidwa ndi olemba oyambirira zinasokonekera kalekale. Nangano, kodi Baibulo linasungidwa motani? Makope zikwi zosaŵerengeka analembedwa mwakhama pamanja. Imeneyi inali njira yozoloŵereka yotulutsira bukhu kusindikizako kusanatulukiridwe.

11. Kodi nchiyani chimene mosapeŵeka chimachitika pamene zolembedwa pamanja zimakopedwa ndi manja?

¹¹ Komabe, pali upandu m’kulemba pamanja. Bwana Frederic Kenyon, wofukula m’mabwinja wotchuka ndi wosunga nkhokwe ya mabukhu wa pa British Museum, anafotokoza kuti: “Dzanja lamunthu ndi ubongo sizinapangidwebe zimene zikatha kulemba bukhu lonse la nthaŵi yaitaliyo popanda cholakwa kotheratu. . . . Zolakwa zinali zotsimikizirika kukwaŵiramo.”⁴ Pamene cholakwa chinakwaŵira m’zolembedwa zapamanja, chinabwerezedwa pamene cholembedwa cha pamanja chimenecho chinakhala maziko a makope amtsogolo. Pamene makope ambiri omwe anapangidwa panyengo yanthaŵi yaitali, zolakwa zaumunthu zosaŵerengeka zinakwaŵiramo.

12, 13. Kodi ndani amene anali ndi thayo la kusunga cholembedwa cha Malemba Achihebri?

¹² Polingalira zikwizikwi za makope a Baibulo amene anapangidwa, kodi tikudziŵa motani kuti njira ya kutulutsiranso imeneyi siinalisinthe kwakuti nkusadziŵikanso? Eya, tiyeni tinene za Baibulo Lachihebri, “Chipangano Chakale.” M’theka lachiŵiri la zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi B.C.E., pamene Ayuda anabwerera kuchokera ku ukapolo wa ku Babulo, gulu la akatswiri Achihebri lotchedwa Asopher, “alembi,” linakhala osunga cholembedwa cha Baibulo Lachihebri, ndipo linali thayo lawo kulemba makope a malemba amenewo kuti agwiritsiridwe ntchito m’kulambira kwapoyera ndi kwamtseri. Iwo anali amuna osonkhezeredwa mwapamwamba; aluso, ndipo ntchito yawo inali yamkhalidwe wapamwamba kopambana.

¹³ Kuyambira m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiŵiri kukafika m’zaka za zana lakhumi la m’Nyengo ya Onse, oloŵa nyumba a Asopher anali Amasorete. Dzina lawo likuchokera ku liwu Lachihebri lotanthauza “mwambo,” ndipo mofunika kwambiri nawonso anali alembi amene anapatsidwa thayo la kutetezera cholembedwa chamwambo cha Chihebri. Amasorete anali osamalitsa. Mwachitsanzo, mlembi anafunikira kugwiritsira ntchito makope odalirika moyenerera monga bukhu lake lalikulu lotengako mawu, ndipo iye sanali kuloledwa kulemba chirichonse kuchokera m’chikumbukiro chake. Iye anafunikira kupenda chilembo chirichonse iye asanachilembe.⁵ Profesala Norman K. Gottwald akusimba kuti: “Kanthu kena konena za chisamaliro chimene iwo anachisonyeza m’kuchita ntchito zawo kakusonyezedwa m’chofunika cha arabi chakuti zolembedwa zonse zapamanja zatsopano zinafunikira kuŵerenga kopenda ndipo makope okhala ndi cholakwa kuwonongedwa panthaŵi yomweyo.”⁶

14. Kodi ndikutumba kotani kumene kunapangitsa kukhala kothekera kutsimikiziritsa kuperekedwa kwa cholembedwa cha Baibulo ndi Asopher ndi Amasorete?

¹⁴ Kodi kupereka kwa Asopher ndi Amasorete cholembedwacho kunali kolondola motani? Kufikira mu 1947 kunali kovuta kuyankha funso limenelo, popeza kuti zolembedwa pamanja zachikale kopambana zotsirizidwa zimene zinalipo zinali zochokera kuzaka za zana lachikhumi za Nyengo ya Onse. Komabe, mu 1947, zidutswa zina za zolembedwa zapamanja zachikale kwambiri zinapezedwa m’mapanga m’malo apafupi ndi Nyanja Yakufa, kuphatikizapo mbali za mabukhu a Baibulo Lachihebri. Zidutswa zingapo zinali ndi madeti anthaŵi ya Kristu asanabwere. Akatswiriwo anayerekezera zimenezi ndi zolembedwa zapamanja Zachihebri zimene zinalipo kutsimikizira kulondola kwa kuperekedwa kwa cholembedwa chimenechi. Kodi chotulukapo cha kuyerekezera kumeneku chinali chiyani?

15. (a) Kodi nchiyani chimene chinali chotulukapo cha kuyerekezera mpukutu wa zolembedwa zapamanja wa pa Nyanja Yakufa wa Yesaya ndi cholembedwa cha Amasorete? (b) Kodi nchiyani chimene chiyenera kunenedwa ponena za chenicheni chakuti zolembedwa zina za pamanja zopezedwa pa Nyanja Yakufa zimasonyeza kuchuluka kwakutikwakuti kwa kusiyana kwa kalembedwe? (Wonani mawu a m’tsinde.)

¹⁵ Limodzi la mabukhu akale kopambana otumbidwa linali bukhu lachikwanekwane la Yesaya, ndipo kufanana kwake ndendende ndi cholembedwa chija cha Baibulo la Masorete limene tiri nalo lerolino kuli kodabwitsa. Profesala Millar Burrows akulemba kuti: “Zochuluka za zosiyanazo pakati pa [zotumbidwa posachedwapa] mpukutu wa Yesaya wa pa St. Mark ndi zolembedwa zapamanja Zachimasorete zingalongosoledwe kukhala zophophonya m’kukopa. Popanda zimenezi, pali kugwirizana kwapadera, pa lonse lathunthu, ndi cholembedwa chopezedwa m’zolembedwa pamanja za m’nyengo yapakati. Kugwirizana koteroko m’zolembedwa zapamanja zakale kopambana kumapereka umboni wotsimikiziritsa wa kulondola kwa cholembedwa chonse chathunthu chamwambocho.”⁷ Burrows akuwonjeza kuti: “Ndinkhani yodabwitsa kuti mkati mwa zaka zonga ngati chikwi chimodzi cholembedwacho chinakhala ndi kusintha kwakung’ono kwambiri.”b

16, 17. (a) Kodi chifukwa ninji tingatsimikizire kuti cholembedwa cha Malemba Achigriki Achikristu ncholama? (b) Kodi Bwana Frederic Kenyon anatsimikiziranji ponena za cholembedwa cha Malemba Achigriki?

¹⁶ Ponena za mbali ya Baibulo imene inalembeda m’Chigriki ndi Akristu, yotchedwa chotero Chipangano Chatsopano, okopawo anali ngati ophunzirira kulemba aluso koposa ndi akatswiri ophunzitsidwa mwapamwambawo Asopher. Koma kugwirira ntchito monga momwe iwo anachitiramo pansi pa chiwopsezo chachilango ndi akuluakulu a boma, iwo anachita ntchito yawo mwamphamvu. Ndipo zinthu ziŵiri zikutitsimikiziritsa ife kuti ife lerolino tiri ndi cholembedwa chofanana ndendende ndi chimene chinalembedwa ndi olemba oyambirirawo. Choyamba, tiri ndi zolembedwa pamanja zokhala ndi madeti a pafupifupi kunthaŵi ya kulemba koposa ponena za mbali ya Chihebri ya Baibulo. Zowonadi, chidutswa chimodzi cha Uthenga Wabwino wa Yohane ncha m’theka loyambirira la zaka za zana lachiŵiri, zaka zosakwanira 50 kuyambira padeti limene mwinamwake Yohane analemba Uthenga wake wabwino. Chachiŵiri, chiŵerengero chabe cha zolembedwa pamanja zimene zapulumuka chimapereka chisonyezero champhamvu cha kulama kwa cholembedwacho.

¹⁷ Pamfundo ino, Bwana Frederic Kenyon anachitira umboni kuti: “Simungathe kutsimikiziridwa mwamphamvu kwambiri kuti zimene ziri mkati mwa cholembedwa cha Baibulo ziri zotsimikizirika. Makamaka izi ziri choncho ponena za Chipangano Chatsopano. Chiŵerengero cha zolembedwa zapamanja za Chipangano Chatsopano, ndi cha matembenuzidwe oyambirira ochokera m’zimenezo, ndi cha mawu ogwidwamo kuchokera mwa olemba akale kopambana a Tchalitchi, chiri chachikulu kwambiri kwakuti kuli kwenikweni kotsimikizirika kuti kuŵerengedwa kwenikweni kwa ndime iriyonse yokaikitsa kukusungidwa m’chimodzi kapena zina za zolembedwa zakale zimenezi. Zimenezi sizinganenedwe ponena za bukhu lina lirilonse lakale padziko lonse.”¹⁰

Anthu ndi Zinenero Zawo

18, 19. Kodi zinachitika motani kuti Baibulo silinangolekezera ku zinenero m’zimene iro linalembedweramo poyambirira?

¹⁸ Zinenero zoyambirira m’zimene Baibulo linalembedwamo zinalinso, m’kupita kwanthaŵi, chopinga kukupulumuka kwake. Mabukhu oyambirira 39 analembedwa kwakukulukulu m’Chihebri, chinenero cha Aisrayeli. Komatu Chihebri sichinadziŵidwe konse mofala. Ngati Baibulo likanakhalabe m’chinenero chimenecho, silikanakhala konse ndi chisonkhezero chirichonse koposa pamtundu Wachiyuda ndi achilendo oŵerenga amene akanaliŵerenga. Komabe, m’zaka zana lachitatu B.C.E., kaamba ka Ahebri a ku Alesandriya, Igupto, kutembenuzidwa kwa mbali Yachihebri ya Baibulo kumka m’Chigriki kunayamba. Panthaŵi imeneyo Chigriki chinali chinenero cha m’mitundu yonse. Motero, Baibulo Lachihebri linakhala lopezeka mosavuta kwa osakhala Ayuda.

¹⁹ Pamena nthaŵi inafika kaamba ka mbali yachiŵiri ya Baibulo kuti ilembedwe, Chigiriki chinali chidakalankhulidwabe kwambiri, chotero mabukhu otsirizira 27 a Baibulo analembedwa m’chinenero chimenecho. Komatu sialiyense amene akanamvetsetsa Chigriki. Chotero, matembenuzidwe a mbali zonse ziŵiri za Baibulo Chihebri ndi Chigriki posapita nthaŵi anayamba kuwonekera m’zinenero za tsiku ndi tsiku za zaka za mazana oyambirira amenewo, monga ngati Chisiriya, Chikopt, Chiarmenia, Chijojiya, Chigothi ndi Chiitiopiya. Chinenero cha lamulo cha Ufumu Wachiroma chinali Chilatini, ndipo matembenuzidwe Achilatini anapangidwa m’ziŵerengero zazikulu kwakuti “katembenuzidwe kovomerezedwa” kanayanera kuyambidwa. Kameneka kanatsirizidwa pafupifupi mu 405 C.E. ndi kufikira kutchedwa Vulgate (kutanthauza “chotchuka” kapena “chawamba”).

20, 21. Kodi zopinga za kupulumuka kwa Baibulo zinali zotani, ndipo kodi nchifukwa ninji zimenezi zinalakidwa?

²⁰ Motero, kunali mosasamala kanthu za zopinga zambiri kwakuti Baibulo linapitirizabe mpaka kudzafika kuzaka za mazana oyambirira a Nyengo Yathu Ino. Awo amene analitulutsa anali anthu ochepa onyozedwa ndi ozunzidwa okhala m’mikhalidwe yovuta m’dziko laudani. Likanatha mosavuta kupotozedwa moipa m’kachitidwe ka kukopa, koma silinatero. Ndi iko komwe, iro linapeŵa upandu wa kukhala lopezeka kokha kwa anthu amene analankhula zinenero zakutizakuti.

²¹ Kodi nchifukwa ninji kunali kovuta kwambiri kuti Baibulo likhalepobe? Baibulo lenilenilo limanena kuti: “Dziko lonse ligona m’mphamvu ya woipayo.” (1 Yohane 5:19, NW) Polingalira zimenezi, tikayembekezera dziko kukhala laudani kuchowonadi chofalitsidwa, ndipo zimenezi zatsimikiziradi kukhala choncho. Nangano, nchifukwa ninji, Baibulo linakhalapobe pamene mabukhu ena ambirimbiri amene sanakhale ndi mavuto ofananawo a chitsutso anaiŵalika? Baibulo limayankhanso zimenezi. Iro limati: “Mawu a Yehova amakhala kosatha.” (1 Petro 1:25, NW) Ngati Baibulo liridi Mawu a Mulungu, palibe mphamvu yaumunthu imene ingathe kuliwononga. Ndipo zimenezi zakhala zowona mpaka kudzafika m’zaka zino za zana la 20.

22. Kodi ndi kusintha kotani kumene kunachitika kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana lachinayi za Nyengo Yathu Ino?

²² Komabe, m’zaka za zana lachinayi la Nyengo Yathu Ino, kanthu kena kanachitika kamene potsirizira pake kanachititsa ziukiriro zatsopano pa Baibulo ndipo kanayambukira kwambiri njira ya mbiri ya ku Ulaya. Zaka khumi zokha Diocletian atangoyesa kuwononga makope onse a Baibulo, malamulo oyendetsera zinthu aufumu anasintha ndipo “Chikristu” chinavomerezedwa mwalamulo. Zaka khumi ndi ziŵiri pambuyo pake, mu 325 C.E., mfumu Yachiroma inatsogoza pa Upo “Wachikristu” wa pa Nicaea. Kodi nchifukwa ninji chochitika chowoneka ngati chabwino chimenecho chikatsimikizira kukhala chaupandu ku Baibulo? Tidzawona yankho m’mutu wotsatirapo.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

Wothirira ndemanga wina akuwonjeza kuti: “Mosasamala kanthu za zosatsimikizirika zonse, chenicheni chachikulu chiripobe chakuti cholembedwacho monga mmene tiriri nacho ifeyo tsopano lino, kwakukulukulu, chimaimira moyenerera mawu enieni a olemba amene anakhalapo, ena a iwo, pafupi zaka zikwi zitatu zapitazo, ndipo sitifunikira kukhala ndi chikaikiro chirichonse chachikulu ponena za kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa cholembedwa poyerekezera ndi kuyenerera kwa uthenga umene Chipangano Chakale chingatipatse.”⁹

[Bokosi patsamba 19]

Cholembedwa cha Baibulo Chotsimikizirika Kwambiri

Kuti tizindikire mmene cholembedwa cha Baibulo chiriri chotsimikizirika kwambiri, tingofunikira kuchiyerekezera ndi mpambo wina wa mabukhu amene adza kwa ife kuchokera ku zakale: zolembedwa zachikale za ku Grisi ndi ku Roma. Kunena zowona, ochuluka a mabukhu ameneŵa analembedwa pambuyo pa kutsirizidwa kwa Malemba Achihebri. Panalibe zoyesayesa zodziŵika za kufafaniza zolembedwa motsutsana ndi Agriki kapena Aroma, ndipo mabukhu awo sanasungidwe atayang’anizana ndi chizunzo. Komabe, wonani mawu a Profesala F. F. Bruce:

“Ponena za Gallic War ya Kaisara (lolembedwa pakati pa 58 ndi 50 B.C.) pali zolembedwa pamanja zakale zochuluka, koma zisanu ndi zinayi zokha kapena khumi ziri zabwino, ndipo zakale kopambana ziri ndi zaka zokwanira 900 koposa nyengo ya Kaisara.

“Mwa mabukhu 142 a mbiri Yachiroma ponena za Livy (59 B.C.-A.D. 17), 35 okha anapulumuka; amenewo ali odziŵika kwa ife kuchokera ku zolembedwa zapamanja zosaposera makumi aŵiri za chotulukapo chirichonse, limodzi lokha la iwo, ndi lija lokhala ndi zidutswa za Mabukhuwo III-VI, ziri zakale kukafika ku zaka za zana lachinayi.

“Mwa mabukhu khumi ndi anayi a Histories ya Tacitus (pafupifupi A.D. 100) anayi okha ndi theka anapulumuka; mwa mabukhu ake khumi mphambu asanu ndi limodzi a Annals, khumi anapulumuka athunthu ndipo aŵiri atheka. Cholembedwa cha zigawo zakale zimenezi chonena za mabukhu ake aakulu kwambiri a mbiri chimadalira kotheratu pa zolembedwa zapamanja ziŵiri, chimodzi cha m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi ndipo china cha m’zaka za zana la lakhumi ndi chimodzi. . . .

“Mbiri ya Thucydides (pafupifupi 460-400 B.C.) iri yodziŵika kwa ife kuchokera mu zolembedwa zapamanja zisanu ndi zitatu, zoyambirira kopambana zikubwerera mmbuyo kupafupifupi A.D. 900, ndi mapepala a mlulu ocheperawo, a pafupifupi kuchiyambiyambi kwa nyengo Yachikristu.

“Ziri chimodzimodzi ndi Mbiri ya Herodotus (pafupifupi 488-428 B.C.). Komabe palibe wophunzira wakale amene akamvetsera ku chigomeko chakuti kudalirika kwa Herodotus kapena Thucydides kuli kokaikitsa chifukwa chakuti zolembedwa zapamanja zakale kopambana za mabukhu awo zimene ziri zopindulitsa kwa ife ziri za zaka zoposa 1 300 tikaziyekezera ndi zoyambirirazo.”—The Books and the Parchments, tsamba 180.

Yerekezerani zimenezi ndi zenizeni zakuti pali zolembedwa zapamanja zikwizikwi zonena za mbali zosiyanasiyana za Baibulo. Ndipo zolembedwa zapamanja za Malemba Achikristu Achigriki nzamakedzana kubwerera kuzaka zana za kulembedwa kwa mabukhu oyambirira.

[Bokosi patsamba 13]

Ahebri anali mtundu waung’ono wowopsezedwa mosalekeza ndi mitundu yamphamvu kwambiri. Chozokotedwa chakale ichi chikusonyeza Ayuda atatengedwa monga akapolo ndi Asuri

[Bokosi patsamba 14]

Kutulukiridwa kwa kusindikiza kusanachitike, Malemba analembedwa pamanja

[Bokosi patsamba 16]

Nero anapangitsa kukhala Mkristu kukhala tchimo loyenerera chilango cha imfa

[Bokosi patsamba 21]

Kupenda mpukutu wa Yesaya wa pa Nyanja Yakufa kwatsimikizira kuti bukhu limeneli lapitirizabe kukhala losasinthidwa kotheratu kwa nyengo ya zaka zoposa 1 000

[Bokosi patsamba 23]

Mfumu Diocletian analephera m’zoyesayesa zake za kuwononga Baibulo