Akaraite ndi Kufunafuna Kwawo Choonadi

“FUFUZANI kwambiri [Malemba] ndipo musadalire malingaliro anga.” Amene anakamba mawu amenewo anali mtsogoleri wa Akaraite wa m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu C.E. Kodi Akaraite anali ayani? Kodi tingaphunzirepo chilichonse chothandiza pa chitsanzo chawo? Kuti tiyankhe mafunso ameneŵa, tiyenera kubwerera kumbuyo m’mbiri pa mkangano wakale umene unayambitsa kagulu ka Akaraite.

Kodi Mkanganowo Unayamba Motani?

M’zaka za mazana omalizira Nyengo Ino isanayambe, chiphunzitso chatsopano chinabuka m’Chiyuda. Chinali chikhulupiriro chakuti Mulungu anapereka Zilamulo ziŵiri pa phiri la Sinai, china cholembedwa ndi chinacho cha pakamwa.a Pofika m’zaka za zana loyamba C.E., panali kulimbana kowopsa pakati pa aja amene anachirikiza chiphunzitso chatsopano chimenechi ndi aja amene anachikana. Afarisi ndiwo anali ochirikiza, pamene Asaduki ndi Aesene anali pakati pa otsutsa.

Mkangano umenewu uli mkati, Yesu wa ku Nazarete anaonekera monga Mesiya wolonjezedwa. (Danieli 9:24, 25; Mateyu 2:1-6, 22, 23) Yesu anayang’anizana ndi magulu onsewo okangana a Ayuda. Pokambitsirana nawo, iye analankhula za kusapeputsa mawu a Mulungu chifukwa cha miyambo yawo. (Mateyu 15:3-9) Yesu anaphunzitsanso choonadi chauzimu mwa njira yotheka kwa Mesiya yekha. (Yohane 7:45, 46) Ndiponso, atsatiri oona a Yesu ndiwo okha amene anapereka umboni wa chichirikizo cha Mulungu. Anadzadziŵika monga Akristu.​—Machitidwe 11:26.

Pamene kachisi wa Yerusalemu anawonongedwa mu 70 C.E., Afarisi ndiwo anali kagulu kachipembedzo kokha kamene kanapulumuka konse. Tsopano popanda ansembe, nsembe, ndi kachisi, Chiyuda cha Afarisi chinakonza zina zoloŵa m’malo zimenezi, chikumalola mwambo ndi zomasulira zaukatswiri kukhala zopambana Chilamulo cholembedwa. Zimenezi zinatsegulira njira kulembedwa kwa “mabuku opatulika” atsopano. Loyamba linali Mishnah, yokhala ndi zowonjezera pa chilamulo chawo cha pakamwa ndiponso ndi mamasuliridwe ake. Pambuyo pake, mipukutu ina yolembedwa inawonjezedwa ndipo linatchedwa Talmud. Panthaŵi yomweyo, Akristu ampatuko anayamba kuchoka pa ziphunzitso za Yesu. Magulu aŵiriwo anakhazikitsa makonzedwe achipembedzo amphamvu​—ulamuliro wa arabi kumbali ina ndi ulamuliro wa tchalitchi kumbali inayo.

Chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa Ayuda ndi Roma wachikunja ndipo, pambuyo pake, ndi Roma “Wachikristu,” likulu la Chiyuda linasamukira ku Babulo potsirizira pake. Zolemba za m’Talmud zinakonzedwa komweko zili zokwanira ndithu. Ngakhale kuti arabi ananena kuti Talmud inavumbula chifuniro cha Mulungu bwino kwambiri, Ayuda ambiri anaona chisonkhezero chomawonjezereka cha ulamuliro wa arabi ndipo analakalaka mawu a Mulungu opatsidwa kwa iwo mwa Mose ndi aneneri.

M’theka lachiŵiri la zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu C.E., Ayuda a ku Babulo omwe anatsutsa ulamuliro wa arabi ndi chikhulupiriro chawo m’chilamulo chawo cha pakamwa anayanja mtsogoleri wophunzira wotchedwa Anan ben David. Iye anachirikiza ufulu wa Myuda aliyense wa kuphunzira Malemba Achihebri monga magwero a choonadi cha chipembedzo popanda ziletso, mosasamala kanthu za zomasulira za arabi kapena Talmud. Anan anaphunzitsa kuti: “Fufuzani kwambiri Torah [chilamulo cholembedwa cha Mulungu] ndipo musadalire malingaliro anga.” Chifukwa cha kugogomezera Malemba kumeneku, otsatira Anan anatchedwa Qa·ra·ʼimʹ, dzina la Chihebri lotanthauza “oŵerenga.”

Akaraite ndi Arabi Awombana

Kodi zitsanzo zina za ziphunzitso za Akaraite zimene zinakwiyitsa arabi nzotani? Arabi anali kuletsa kudya nyama ndi kumwa mkaka pamodzi. Iwo anafotokoza kuti umu ndi mmene chilamulo cha pakamwa chinamasulira Eksodo 23:19, yomwe imati: “Usaphike mwana wa mbuzi mu mkaka wa make.” Komabe, Akaraite anaphunzitsa kuti vesi limeneli linatanthauza zimene linanena basi​—osatinso zina. Iwo anatsutsa kuti ziletso za arabi zinali zopeka za anthu.

Malinga ndi kumasulira kwawo Deuteronomo 6:8, 9, arabi anakhulupirira kuti amuna Achiyuda anayenera kupemphera atavala njirisi, ndi kuti mezuzah inayenera kuikidwa pa mphuthu iliyonse.b Akaraite anakhulupirira kuti mavesi ameneŵa anali ndi tanthauzo lophiphiritsa chabe ndipo motero anakana malamulo otero a arabi.

M’nkhani zina Akaraite anali oletsa kwambiri kuposa arabi. Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani mmene iwo anaonera Eksodo 35:3, imene imati: “Musamasonkha moto m’nyumba zanu zilizonse tsiku la sabata.” Akaraite anali kuletsa kusiya nyale ikuyaka ngakhale ngati inayatsidwa Sabata isanayambe.

Makamaka Anan atamwalira, atsogoleri a Akaraite nthaŵi zambiri sanali kumvana ponena za kukula kwake ndi mzimu wake wa ziletso zina, ndipo uthenga wake sunali kumveka nthaŵi zina. Akaraite analibe mgwirizano chifukwa chakuti sanazindikire mtsogoleri aliyense koma anagogomezera kuŵerenga ndi kumasulira Malemba kwaumwini, zosiyana kwambiri ndi ulamuliro wa arabi. Komabe, ngakhale kuti zinali choncho, kagulu ka Akaraite kanatchuka ndipo kanali kamphamvu kuyambira pakati pa Ayuda a ku Babulo mpaka ku Middle East konse. Ndipo likulu la Akaraite linakhazikitsidwa m’Yerusalemu.

M’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi ndi la khumi C.E., akatswiri Achikaraite anapambana pa kuphunziranso chinenero cha Chihebri ndipo anapeza nyengo ina yake yachipambano. Iwo anaona Malemba Achihebri olembedwa kukhala oyera, osati miyambo ya pakamwa. Akaraite ena anakhala alembi aluso a Malemba Achihebri. Kwenikweni, ntchito yosangalatsa ya Akaraite ndiyo inasonkhezera Ayuda ambiri kuphunzira Malemba mwa njira ya Amasoreti, zikumachititsa kuti pakhale malembo osungika olondola kwambiri a Baibulo lerolino.

M’nyengo imeneyi ya kufutukuka kofulumira, Chiyuda cha Akaraite chinayamba ntchito ya umishonale wapoyera mwa Ayuda. Zimenezi zinapereka chiwopsezo choonekeratu pa Chiyuda cha arabi.

Kodi Arabi Anachitanji?

Arabi anabwera ndi nkhondo ya mawu yowopsa, mwamachenjera akumasintha chiphunzitso chawo kuti chigwirizane ndi zolinga zawo. M’zaka za zana lotsatira kutsutsa kwa Anan, Chiyuda cha arabi chinatengera njira zingapo za Akaraite. Arabi anakhala ndi luso la kugwira mawu Malemba, akumatsatira kakambidwe ndi njira ya Akaraite m’nkhani zawo.

Mtsogoleri wodziŵika pa nkhondo ya mawu imeneyi ndi Akaraite anali Saʽadia ben Joseph, yemwe anakhala mkulu wa Ayuda a ku Babulo m’theka loyamba la m’zaka za zana lakhumi C.E. Buku lalikulu la Saʽadia, The Book of Beliefs and Opinions, linatembenuzidwa m’Chingelezi ndi Samuel Rosenblatt, amene anati m’mawu ake oyamba: “Ngakhale kuti . . . anali katswiri pa Talmud m’tsiku lake, [Saʽadia] sanagwiritsire ntchito kwambiri buku limeneli la mwambo wa Chiyuda, mwachionekere chifukwa chakuti chikhumbo chake chinali chakuti, mwa kugwiritsira ntchito zida zawozawo, agonjetse Akaraite amene ananena kuti chimene chinayenera kumvedwa chinali Chilamulo Cholembedwa chokha.”

Mwa kutsatira mapazi a Saʽadia, Chiyuda cha arabi potsirizira pake chinakhala ndi mphamvu yoposa. Chinachita zimenezi mwa kutembenukira pang’ono ku chilamulo cholembedwa kuti chichotse mphamvu m’zigomeko za Akaraite. Nkhonya yomaliza inabwera ndi Moses Maimonides, katswiri womveka wa Talmud wa m’zaka za zana la 12. Chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wake wololera kulinga kwa Akaraite amene anali nawo ku Egypt, limodzi ndi ukatswiri wake wokhutiritsa, iye anapeza ulemu kwa iwo nafooketsa ukumu wa atsogoleri awo.

Kagulu ka Akaraite Kataya Mphamvu

Tsopano posoŵa mgwirizano ndi dongosolo labwino lotsutsira, kagulu ka Akaraite kanataya mphamvu ndi otsatira ake omwe. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Akaraite anasintha malingaliro awo ndi malamulo. Leon Nemoy, katswiri pa za kagulu ka Akaraite, akulemba kuti: “Pamene kuli kwakuti Talmud inaonedwabe kukhala yoletsedwa, mfundo zambiri za m’Talmud zinaloŵa mosayembekezera m’malamulo ndi m’mwambo wotsatiridwa ndi Akaraite.” Kwenikweni, Akaraite anataya chifuno chawo choyamba nalandira mbali zochuluka za Chiyuda cha arabi.

Pakali Akaraite pafupifupi 25,000 ku Israel. Ena zikwi zingapo amapezeka kumaiko ena, makamaka ku Russia ndi United States. Komabe, chifukwa chokhala ndi miyambo yawoyawo ya pakamwa, iwo amasiyana ndi Akaraite oyamba.

Kodi tingaphunzireponji pa mbiri ya Akaraite? Kuti ndi kulakwa kwakukulu ‘kupeputsa mawu a Mulungu chifukwa cha miyambo.’ (Mateyu 15:6) Kumasuka ku miyambo ya anthu yolemetsa kumafuna chidziŵitso cholongosoka cha Malemba. (Yohane 8:31, 32; 2 Timoteo 3:16, 17) Inde, aja amene afuna kudziŵa chifuniro cha Mulungu ndi kuchichita samadalira miyambo ya anthu. M’malo mwake, amafufuza mwakhama Baibulo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malangizo opindulitsa a Mawu a Mulungu ouziridwa.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 30]

Kagulu ka Akaraite

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chotengedwa mu buku lakuti The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1910