Kumeta Moyeretsa

YOLEMBEDWA NDI MTOLANKHANI WA GALAMUKANI! KU AUSTRALIA

NGATI munthu wamwamuna amameta ndevu kwa mphindi zisanu tsiku lililonse, pokwana zaka 50, ndiye kuti adzakhala atagwiritsa ntchito masiku opitirira 63 pometa ndevu m’moyo wake! Kodi amuna amauona bwanji mwambo wa tsiku ndi tsiku umenewu?

Kafukufuku wachisawawa waposachedwapa pa nkhani ya kumeta anapeza ndemanga izi: “Sindikondwera nako,” “Ndimadana nako zedi.” “Ndiko chimodzi mwa zinthu zangozi m’moyo.” “Ndi chinthu chofunika kuchipewa ngati n’kotheka kutero.” Ngati amuna ena amaona kumeta ndevu zawo kukhala kosautsa, kodi n’chifukwa chiyani amazimetabe? Tiyeni tiphunzire zowonjezereka pa nkhani ya kumeta. Mwina tikatero tidzapeza yankho.

Kumetera Zigoba za Nkhono Kenaka Malezala

Kodi mungadziyerekeze mukumetera chigoba cha nkhono? Kapena dzino la nsomba zazikulu? Mwinamwake kachidutswa kakuthwa? Anthu asonyeza luso lapadera pa kusankha zida zometera! Mu Igupto wakale amuna anali kumetera lezala wa chitsulo cha kopa amene ankaoneka ngati mutu wa mpini wa kankhwangwa kakang’ono. Posachedwapa, m’zaka za m’ma 1700 ndi 1800, malezala omwe ankadziŵika ndi dzina lakuti m’dula makosi, anapangidwa kwa nthaŵi yoyamba ku Sheffield ku England. Kaŵirikaŵiri malezalaŵa anali kuwakongoletsa, ndipo ngati sakugwiritsidwa ntchito ankatha kupindika osathyoka n’kuwaloŵetsa m’chimake. Malezalaŵa anayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala, ndipo kuti munthu azoloŵere kuwagwiritsa ntchito, mosakayika anali kuyamba wachekedwa kaye ndiponso kutuluka magazi. Kwa munthu wopanda luso, kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito malezalaŵa kunayenera kukhala kwa ngozi zedi. Komabe, m’zaka za m’ma 1900, zinthu zinaoneka kuti zidzakhala bwino.

Mu 1901 munthu wina wa ku United States dzina lake King Camp Gillette anapanga lezala woti sungakucheke ndipo akagwiritsidwa ntchito angathe kutayidwa. Maganizo akewo anafalikira padziko lonse ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi anachititsa kuti pakhale malezala opangidwa mosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo malezala okhala ndi mipini ya siliva kapena golidi. Amene angotulukiridwa kumene ndi monga malezala oti mungawataye mutangowagwiritsa ntchito kamodzi, malezalaŵa aŵiri kapena ngakhale atatu ophatikizana, ndiponso malezala otha kupindika n’kuongokanso ndipo amawamanga pamodzi kuti azitha kumasunthasuntha.

Inde, tisaiŵale kuti pali malezala amagetsi, amene anayamba kugulitsidwa m’misika mu 1931. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwawo ndi kutchuka kwawo kwapita patsogolo kwabasi, koma anthu ambiri amene amafuna kumeta moyeretsa kwenikweni akukondabe malezala akuthwa kwambiri.

Kusinthasintha kwa Mbiri ya Kusunga ndi Kumeta Ndevu

Kuyambira kalekale mtundu wa anthu wakhala ukusinthasintha pankhani yokhudza kusunga ndi kumeta ndevu. Buku lakuti Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt, (Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku mu Aigupto Wakale) linati Aigupto akale “sanali odziŵika ndi kusunga tsitsi kapena ndevu. Iwo ankanyadira kuti anali kumeta mwaukhondo, pogwiritsa ntchito malezala opangidwa bwino omwe anali kuwasunga m’tizikwama taukhondo tachikopa.” Mwambo umenewu ungatithandize kuona chifukwa chake Yosefe amene anali wandende wachihebri anametera asanakaonane ndi Farao.—Genesis 41:14.

Asuri anali mtundu wokhala ndi amuna osunga ndevu zambiri. Ankasamalira ndevu zawo mopambanitsa, ndipo amawononga nthaŵi yambiri pozipotapota, kuzilukaluka, ndi kuzilinganiza.

Amuna akale achiisrayeli anali kusunga ndevu zazifupi bwino, ndipo anali kugwiritsa ntchito lezala kuzidulira bwinobwino kuti zisakule kwambiri. Ndiyeno, kodi Chilamulo cha Mulungu chinali kutanthauzanji pamene chinalamula amuna achiisrayeli kuti ‘asamamete mduliro,’ kapena “kusenga m’mphepete” mwa ndevu zawo? Ili silinali lamulo loletsa munthu kumeta tsitsi lake kapena ndevu zake. M’malo mwake, linali kuletsa amuna achiisrayeli kutengera zochita zonyanya zachipembedzo za mitundu yachikunja yoyandikana nawo.a—Levitiko 19:27; Yeremiya 9:25, 26; 25:23; 49:32.

Ku Girisi wakale, anthu onse anali kusunga ndevu, kupatulapo akubanja lachifumu, omwe nthaŵi zambiri anali kumeta bwinobwino. Ku Roma chizoloŵezi chometa chikuoneka kuti chinayamba m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri B.C.E., ndipo kwa zaka mazana ambiri kuchokera panthaŵiyo, kumeta ndevu tsiku ndi tsiku kunakhalabe mwambo wawo.

Komabe, chifukwa cha kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Aroma, kusunga ndevu kunayambiranso, ndipo kunakhala kwa zaka 1,000 mpaka kufika cham’katikati mwa zaka za m’ma 1600, pamene kumeta kunayamba kutchukanso. Kumeta moyeretsa kunapitirizabe mpaka m’zaka za m’ma 1700. Koma kenako, chapakati ndi kumapeto kwa zaka za 1800, zinthu zinayamba kubwereranso mwakale. N’chifukwa chake zithunzi za Charles T. Russell, amene anali pulezidenti woyamba wa Watch Tower Society ndiponso Mkristu mnzake William E. Van Amburgh zimasonyeza amuna aŵiriŵa atavala bwino, ali ndi ndevu zoyepulidwa bwino lomwe, zomwe zinali zopatsa ulemu ndi zoyenera pa nthaŵi yawo. Komabe, chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900 kumeta kunatchuka kwambiri kotero kuti kwakhalapo m’mayiko ambiri kufikira tsopano.

Kodi inuyo ndinu m’modzi mwa amuna miyandamiyanda amene amagwiritsa ntchito lezala kumeta ndevu zawo pagalasi tsiku ndi tsiku? Ngati ndi choncho, mosakayikira mudzafuna kuchita zimenezi mwakuti musamve kuŵaŵa, musatuluke magazi, ndiponso moyeretsa zedi. Kuti mukwaniritse zimenezi, mungakonde kuona malingaliro omwe ali m’bokosi lakuti “Chinsinsi cha Kumetera Lezala.” Mosakayikira m’magwiritsa kale ntchito ena mwa malingaliro ameneŵa. Mulimonsemo, dzimeteni moyeretsa bwino!

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Malangizo a Mmene Mungametere Bwino ndi Lezala

Buku lakuti Men’s Hair (Tsitsi la Amuna) lili ndi malingaliro otsatiraŵa pa nkhani ya kumeta bwino pogwiritsa ntchito lezala.b

 1. Kufeŵetsa ndevu zanu: Njira yokha yomwe mungafewetsere ndevu bwino lomwe ndiyo kuzithira madzi ambiri otentha. Ngati n’kotheka metani mukangotha kusamba, chifukwa zimenezi zimapereka mpata kuti madziwo athe kufeŵetsa ndevu.

 2. Kupaka mankhwala opaka musanayambe kumeta: Sopo ya mtundu uliwonse ndiponso mankhwala ena ogwiritsa ntchito pometa amathandiza m’zinthu zitatu zofunika. (1) amathandiza ndevu kusunga chinyontho, (2) amazichititsa kuongoka, ndipo (3) amafeŵetsa khungu kuti lezala azitha kudutsapo mosavuta. Sankhani mtundu wa sopo kapena mankhwala amene amayanjana ndi thupi lanu. Kodi munayesapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a tsitsi? Nawonso anapangidwa kuti azifeŵetsa tsitsi.

 3. Kugwiritsa ntchito lezala loyenera m’njira yoyenera: Lezala wakuthwa ndiye woyenera. Malezala obuntha angathe kuwononga khungu lanu. Pometa, dulani ndevu motsatira sale zake. Chifukwa kumeta mosemphana ndi sale za ndevu kungakhaledi kosalala, koma kungathe kukhadzulira ndevuzo m’kati mwa khungu ndipo zimenezi zingachititse ndevuzo kudzamerera pambali m’malo motulukira m’timayenje tapakhungu. Malinga ndi zomwe mabuku ena amanena, chizoloŵezi cha amuna ndi akazi ena chometa mosasamala, chingachititse kutenga kachilombo komwe kamayambitsa njereŵere.

 4. Kuteteza khungu pambuyo pa kumeta: Nthaŵi zonse m’kameta, mumachotsa kachigawo kena kosaoneka ka khungu, kotero kuti khungu limakhala losavuta kutenga matenda. Choncho, n’kofunika kusamba ndi madzi oyera bwino kuti m’chotse zotsalira zonse pa nkhope yanu. Yambani ndi madzi ofunda, kenako ozizira kuti timayenje tapakhungu titsekeke ndi kutsekera chinyontho m’kati. Ngati mukufuna, mutha kudzola mankhwala osungitsa chinyontho odzola pambuyo pometa ndevu kuti muteteze ndi kufeŵetsa khungu lanu.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Kodi Ndevu N’chiyani?

Ndevu ndi tsitsi lomwe limamera kumaso kwa munthu. Tsitsi limeneli limapangidwa ndi mapuloteni a m’thupi otchedwa keratin komanso mapuloteni ena ofanana nawo. Keratin ndi mizipe, yokhala ndi mapuloteni ophatikizana ndi mpweya otchedwa sulfur opangidwa m’thupi la munthu ndiponso m’thupi la nyama, ndipo ndiwo amapanga bweya, zikhadaba, nthenga, ziboda, ndiponso nyanga. Patsitsi lonse la m’thupi mwa munthu, ndevu zampanda zili m’gulu la tsitsi lolimba koposa, ndipo polidula, kulimba kwake n’kofanana ndi kudula waya wa chitsulo cha kopa chochindikala mofanana. Kumaso kwa anthu ambiri, ndevu zimenezi zilipo zoposa 25,000, ndipo zimakula pa mlingo wa pafupifupi theka la milimita pamaola 24 alionse.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Amuna: A Pictorial Archive from Nineteenth-Century Sources/Dover Publications, Inc.

[Zithunzi patsamba 24]

Kumeta kuli ndi mbiri yosinthasintha

Aigupto

Asuri

Aroma

[Mawu a Zithunzi]

Museo Egizio di Torino

Zithunzi zina jambulidwa ndi chiloleza cha British Museum