Kuunika Kuthetsa Nyengo ya Mdima
DZIKO la Yesu Kristu ndi atumwi ake linali losiyana kwambiri ndi lija la nthaŵi za kulembedwa kwa Malemba Achihebri. Oŵerenga Baibulo amene sadziŵa zimenezi angaganize za kupitiriza kwa zochitika za chitaganya ndi chipembedzo zochokera mu nthaŵi ya mneneri Malaki kufikira mu nthaŵi ya wolemba Uthenga Wabwino Mateyu, akumazindikira mwapatalipatali zimene zinachitika m’zaka 400 zimene zinapyola panthaŵiyo.
Malaki, buku lomaliza la Malemba Achihebri m’ma Baibulo ambiri amakono, limamaliza ndi kufotokoza za otsalira a Israyeli amene anakakhalanso kudziko lakwawo atamasulidwa ku ukapolo wa ku Babulo. (Yeremiya 23:3) Ayuda odzipereka analimbikitsidwa kuyembekezera tsiku lachiweruzo la Mulungu kudzachotsa kuipa m’dziko ndi kuyambitsa Nyengo Yaumesiya. (Malaki 4:1, 2) Izi zikali choncho, Perisiya anali kulamulira. Magulu ankhondo a Perisiya okhala m’Yuda anasungitsa mtendere ndi kuchirikiza malamulo achifumu mwankhondo.—Yerekezerani ndi Ezara 4:23.
Komabe, maiko anthaŵi za Baibulo anali osinthasintha m’zaka mazana anayi zonsezo. Mdima wauzimu ndi kusokonezeka kwa zinthu zinayamba kuloŵa. Ku Near East kunagwedezeka ndi chiwawa, uchigaŵenga, kupondereza, anthu achipembedzo ofuna kusintha zinthu, anthanthi, ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe kowopsa.
Mateyu, buku loyamba la Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu, linalembedwa m’nyengo ina. Magulu ankhondo achiroma analimbikitsa Pax Romana, kapena kuti Mtendere wachiroma. Anthu opembedza anayembekezera mwachidwi kudza kwa Mesiya kudzathetsa mavuto, ulamuliro wopondereza, ndi umphaŵi, ndi kudzapereka kuunika pa moyo, kulemerera, ndi bata. (Yerekezerani ndi Luka 1:67-79; 24:21; 2 Timoteo 1:10.) Tiyeni tipende zisonkhezero zazikulu zimene zinakonzanso chitaganya cha Ayuda m’zaka zimene zinaliko kubadwa kwa Yesu Kristu kusanachitike.
Moyo Wachiyuda m’Nthaŵi za Aperisi
Pambuyo pa chilengezo cha Koresi chimene chinamasula Ayuda mu ukapolo wa ku Babulo, mu 539 B.C.E. gulu la Ayuda ndi mabwenzi awo osakhala Ayuda linachoka ku Babulo. Otsalira olabadira mwauzimu ameneŵa anabwerera ku dera la mizinda yowonongedwa ndi dziko lopasulidwa. Mitundu ya Aedomu, Afoinike, Asamariya, Aluya, ndi ena inali itagaŵana dera lalikulu limene panthaŵi ina linali la Israyeli. Dera lotsala la Yuda ndi Benjamini linakhala chigawo cha Yudeya m’dera la Aperisi lotchedwa Abar Nahara(Patsidya pa Mtsinje).—Ezara 1:1-4; 2:64, 65.
Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Aperisi, Yudeya anayamba kukhala ndi “nyengo ya kufutukuka ndi kukula kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu,” ikutero The Cambridge History of Judaism. Ponena za Yerusalemu imanenanso kuti: “Anthu akumidzi ndi obwera kudzapembedza anabweretsa mphatso, Kachisi ndi mzinda zinakhala zolemera, ndipo chuma chawo chinakopa amalonda ndi amisiri akumaiko ena.” Ngakhale kuti Aperisi anali ololera maboma akumaloko ndi chipembedzo, anali kukhometsa msonkho wokwera kwambiri ndipo unali kukhomedwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali yokha.—Yerekezerani ndi Nehemiya 5:1-5, 15; 9:36, 37; 13:15, 16, 20.
Zaka zomaliza za Ulamuliro wa Aperisi zinali nthaŵi zovuta kwambiri, zokhala ndi ziukiro za akalonga. Ayuda ambiri analoŵa m’chiukiro cha m’mbali mwa gombe la Mediterranean ndipo anawathamangitsira kumpoto, ku Hyrcania ku nyanja ya Caspania. Komabe, mbali yokulira ya Yudeya imachita ngati kuti sinayambukiridwe ndi chilango cha Aperisi.
Nyengo ya Agiriki
Alexander the Great anatulukira monga nyalugwe waliŵiro ku Middle East mu 332 B.C.E., komano kukonda katundu wopangidwa ndi Agiriki kunali kutamyambirira. (Danieli 7:6) Pozindikira kuti mwambo wa Agiriki unali wofunika m’ndale, iye anayambitsa kuphunzitsa Chihelene mu ufumu wake womafutukukawo. Chigiriki chinakhala chinenero chapadziko lonse. Ulamuliro wa Alexander waufupiwo unachirikiza anthu kukonda kulimbana m’mawu, kukonda maseŵero, ndi kukonda kukongola. Mwapang’onopang’ono, ngakhale mwambo wachiyuda unagonjera ku Chihelene.
Pambuyo pa imfa ya Alexander mu 323 B.C.E., omloŵa m’malo ake ku Siriya ndi Igupto anali oyamba kukhala m’malo amene mneneri Danieli anatcha kuti “mfumu ya kumpoto” ndi “mfumu ya kummwera.” (Danieli 11:1-19) Mkati mwa kulamulira kwa “mfumu ya kummwera” ya Igupto, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-246 B.C.E.), Malemba Achihebri anayamba kutembenuzidwira m’Chikoine, Chigiriki cha anthu onse. Matembenuzidwe ameneŵa anatchedwa kuti Septuagint. Mavesi ambiri a matembenuzidwe ameneŵa anagwidwa mawu m’Malemba Achigiriki achikristu. Chinenero chachigiriki chinakhaladi chabwino koposa pofotokozera mbali zopatsa chidziŵitso za tanthauzo kwa anthu osokonezeka mwauzimu ndi okhala mumdima.
Antiochus IV Epiphanes atakhala mfumu ya Siriya ndi wolamulira wa Palestina (175-164 B.C.E.), Chiyuda chinatsala pang’ono kutheratu chifukwa cha chizunzo chochirikizidwa ndi boma. Ayuda anaumirizidwa, mwachiwopsezo cha kuphedwa, kuti akane Yehova Mulungu ndi kupereka nsembe kumilungu yachigiriki yokha. Mu December 168 B.C.E., guwa la nsembe lachikunja linamangidwa pamwamba pa guwa la nsembe lalikulu la Yehova pakachisi wa pa Yerusalemu, ndipo nsembe zinaperekedwapo kwa Zeus wa Olympia. Amuna oipidwa komanso olimba mtima a m’dzikolo anagwirizana pamodzi pansi pa utsogoleri wa Judas Maccabaeus ndi kumenya nkhondo yoŵaŵa kufikira analandanso Yerusalemu. Kachisiyo anapatuliridwanso kwa Mulungu, ndipo patatha zaka zitatu kuchokera pa kuipitsidwa kwake, nsembe zatsiku ndi tsiku zinayambidwanso.
M’nyengo yotsala yachigiriki, Ayuda anayesayesa mwamphamvu kukulitsa dera lawo kufikira kumalire ake akale. Luso lawo lakumenya nkhondo latsopanolo linagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’njira yosakhala yaumulungu kuumiriza anansi awo achikunja ndi lupanga kuti atembenuke. Komabe, malingaliro andale achigiriki anapitirizabe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m’mizinda ndi m’matauni.
M’nthaŵi imeneyi, olimbirana ukulu wa ansembe kaŵirikaŵiri anali amakhalidwe oipa. Ziŵembu, kuphana, ndi kupitana pansi m’ndale zinaipitsa malo awo. Pamene Ayuda anakhala ndi mzimu wopanda umulungu mowonjezereka, mpamenenso maseŵero achigiriki anakhalanso otchuka. Kunali kodabwitsa chotani nanga kuona ansembe achinyamata akumasiya mathayo awo kuti akatenge mbali m’maseŵero! Amaseŵero achiyuda analoleradi kuchitidwa opaleshoni yopweteka kuti akhale ‘osadulidwa’ kotero kuti apeŵe manyazi pamene anali kuchita mpikisano ali maliseche ndi Akunja.—Yerekezerani ndi 1 Akorinto 7:18.
Masinthidwe a Chipembedzo
Kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za kumasuka kuukapolo, Ayuda okhulupirika anakana kusakaniza malingaliro ndi nthanthi zachikunja ndi chipembedzo choona chosonyezedwa m’Malemba Achihebri. Buku la Estere, lolembedwa patapita zaka zoposa 60 za kuyanjana kwapafupi ndi Perisiya, lilibe chiphunzitso cha Zoroastria ngakhale chimodzi. Ndiponso, m’mabuku a Baibulo a Ezara, Nehemiya, kapena Malaki, onse olembedwa kuchiyambiyambi kwa nyengo ya Perisiya (537-443 B.C.E.), mulibe chiyambukiro chimenechi cha chipembedzo cha ku Perisiya.
Komabe, akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti mkati mwa mbali yomaliza ya nyengo ya Aperisi, Ayuda ambiri anayamba kutengera malingaliro ena a olambira Ahura Mazda, mulungu wamkulu wa Aperisi. Zimenezi zimaonekera m’kukhulupirira miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro za Aesene. Mawu odziŵika achihebri a ankhandwe, zolengedwa zina za kuchipululu, ndi mbalame zausiku anagwirizanitsidwa m’maganizo mwa Ayuda ndi mizimu yoipa ndi mizukwa yausiku ya mu nthano za Ababulo ndi Aperisi.
Ayuda anayamba kuona malingaliro achikunja mwamtundu wina. Malingaliro onena za kumwamba, helo, moyo (soul), Mawu (Logos), ndi nzeru zonsezo zinakhala ndi matanthauzo atsopano. Ndipo ngati, Mulungu anali patali kwambiri kwakuti sanalinso kulankhulana ndi anthu, monga momwe anaphunzitsira, anafunikira nkhoswe. Agiriki anatcha nkhoswe zimenezi ndi mizimu yoyang’anira kuti a daimone. Pokhala atatengera lingaliro lakuti a daimone (ziŵanda) angathe kukhala abwino kapena oipa, Ayuda anakhala pangozi ya kulamulidwa ndi ziŵanda.
Kusintha kwabwino kunaphatikizapo kulambira kwa kumaloko. Masunagoge anamangidwa mofulumira monga malo amene mipingo ya kumaloko ya Ayuda inasonkhanako kaamba ka maphunziro achipembedzo ndi utumiki. Sikudziŵika bwino kuti masunagoge a Ayuda anayamba liti, kuti, ndipo motani. Popeza kuti anakhutiritsa zosoŵa za Ayuda okhala kumaiko akutali pa kulambira pamene sanathe kupita kukachisi, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti masunagoge anakhazikitsidwa m’nthaŵi yaukapolo kapena pambuyo pa kumasulidwa kuukapolo. Komabe, anakhala malo abwino osonkhanako a Yesu ndi ophunzira ake a ‘kulalikiramo zoposazo za Mulungu amene anaitana anthu mumdima, kuloŵa kuunika kwake kodabwitsa.’—1 Petro 2:9.
Chiyuda Chinalandira Sukulu Zosiyanasiyana za Malingaliro
M’zaka za zana lachiŵiri B.C.E., sukulu zosiyanasiyana za malingaliro zinayamba kubuka. Zimenezi sizinali magulu achipembedzo olekanalekana. Koma m’malo mwake, zinali magulu aang’onoang’ono a atsogoleri achiyuda, anthanthi, ndi azochitachita zandale amene anafuna kusonkhezera anthu ndi kulamulira mtunduwo, zonsezo zochitidwa pansi pa Chiyuda.
Asaduki odzazidwa ndi ndale kwakukulukulu anali anthu odziŵika achuma, otchuka chifukwa cha ukatswiri wawo pa kukambirana ndi maiko ena kuyambira pa chipanduko cha Hasmonaea m’zaka za pakati pa zana lachiŵiri B.C.E. Ambiri a iwo anali ansembe, ngakhale kuti ena anali amalonda ndi eni malo. Podzafika nthaŵi imene Yesu anabadwa, Asaduki ambiri anali kukonda ulamuliro wa Aroma wa ku Palestina chifukwa chakuti analingalira kuti unali wabata kwambiri ndipo mwachionekere unali wosungitsa zinthu m’chimake. (Yerekezerani ndi Yohane 11:47, 48.) Kagulu kena kakang’ono (Aherode) kanakhulupirira kuti ulamuliro wochitidwa ndi banja la Herode udzagwirizana bwino ndi malingaliro a mtunduwo. Motero, Asaduki sanafune kuti mtunduwo ukhale m’manja mwa Ayuda otengeka maganizo kapena kusankha munthu wina osatinso ansembe kuti alamulire pakachisi. Zikhulupiriro za Asaduki zinali zoumirira pachikale, kwakukulukulu zozikidwa pa kumasulira kwawo kwa malembo a Mose, ndipo anasonyeza kutsutsa kwawo gulu lopatuka lamphamvu la Afarisi. (Machitidwe 23:6-8) Asaduki anakana maulosi a Malemba Achihebri kukhala malingaliro chabe. Anaphunzitsa kuti mabuku a Baibulo a mbiri, andakatulo, ndi amiyambi anali osauziridwa ndi osafunika.
Afarisi anakhalako mkati mwa nyengo ya Agiriki monga otsutsa mwamphamvu kusakaniza Chiyuda ndi Chihelene. Komabe, podzafika nthaŵi ya Yesu, iwo anali aphunzitsi oumitsa zinthu, okonda miyambo, okonda malamulo, onyada ndi otembenuza anthu ndi aphunzitsi odzilungamitsa amene anafuna kulamulira mtunduwo kupyolera m’malangizo a kusunagoge. Kwakukulukulu iwo anali a m’gulu la anthu opeza bwino ndipo ananyoza anthu wamba. Yesu anaona Afarisi ochuluka kukhala ofuna za iwo eni, anthu okonda ndalama opanda chifundo amene anadzala ndi chinyengo. (Mateyu, chaputala 23) Anavomereza Malemba onse Achihebri mogwirizana ndi kutanthauzira kwawo komanso anagwirizanitsa kufunika kwake kofanana nawo ndi miyambo yapakamwa kukhaladi yofunika koposa. Ananena kuti miyambo yawo inali “mpanda wokwetezera Chilamulo.” Komabe, m’malo mwa kukhala mpanda, miyambo yawo inapeputsa Mawu a Mulungu ndi kusautsa anthu.—Mateyu 23:2-4; Marko 7:1, 9-13.
Aesene anali okonda zachinsinsi amene mwachionekere anali kukhala m’timagulu tingapo todzipatula. Anadziona kukhala otsalira enieni a Israyeli, akumayembekezera m’chiyero kulandira Mesiya wolonjezedwa. Aesene anali ndi moyo wakusinkhasinkha kopembedza kodzilanga ndipo zikhulupiriro zawo zambiri zinafanana ndi malingaliro a Aperisi ndi Agiriki.
Magulu angapo osiyanasiyana osonkhezereka mwachipembedzo, Azelote otengeka ndi kukonda dziko lawo anaona mwambanda kukhala adani, awo onse amene anapinga njira yawo ya kufuna boma lachiyuda lodziimira. Iwo anafanizidwa ndi Ahasmonaea ndipo makamaka anakopa anyamata amalingaliro ofuna kusintha zinthu. Pokhala akupha anthu achifwamba kapena monga olimbana ndi ofuna kulanda dziko, anagwiritsira ntchito njira zankhondo yachizembera imene inapangitsa misewu ya m’dzikolo ndi mabwalo amisika kukhala owopsa ndi kuwonjezera mavuto a m’tsikulo.
Ku Igupto, nthanthi zachigiriki zinafala pakati pa Ayuda a ku Alexandria. Kuchokera kumeneko zinawanda kuloŵa m’Palestina ndi mwa Ayuda ena a Chibalaliko. Anthanthi zachiyuda amene analemba Apocrypha ndi Pseudepigrapha anamasulira zolemba za Mose kukhala nthano zopanda pake ndi zopanda maziko.
Pamene nyengo ya Aroma inafika, kuphunzitsa Chihelene kunali kutasinthiratu Palestina mwachikhalidwe, mwandale, ndi nzeru. Chipembedzo cha Ayuda cha Baibulo chinali chitaloŵedwa m’malo ndi Chiyuda, msanganizo wa malingaliro achibabulo, achiperisiya, ndi achigiriki wokhala ndi choonadi chamalemba pang’ono. Komabe, onse pamodzi, Asaduki, Afarisi, ndi Aesene anangopanga peresenti yosafika 7 ya mtunduwo. Ogwidwa m’phote la magulu olimbana ameneŵa anali makamu a anthu achiyuda, “okambululudwa ndi omwazikana, akunga nkhosa zopanda mbusa.”—Mateyu 9:36.
Yesu Kristu anatulukira m’dziko lamdima limenelo. Chiitano chake chotsimikizira chinali chotonthoza: “Idzani kuno kwa ine nonsenu akulema ndi akuthodwa, ndipo ine ndidzakupumulitsani inu.” (Mateyu 11:28) Kunali kosangalatsa chotani nanga kumumva akunena kuti: “Ine ndine kuunika kwa dziko lapansi”! (Yohane 8:12) Ndipo lokondweretsadi mtima linali lonjezo lake lakuti: “Iye wonditsata ine sadzayenda mumdima, koma adzakhala nako kuunika kwa moyo.”—Yohane 8:12.
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Yesu anasonyeza kuti atsogoleri a chipembedzo chachiyuda anali mumdima wauzimu
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Ndalama yokhala ndi nkhope yonga ya Antiochus IV (Epiphanes)
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Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.