Kodi Mwasonkhezeredwa ndi Anthu Osuliza?

“WOSULIZA ndi munthu amene saona khalidwe labwino lililonse mwa munthu wina, komanso salephera kuona khalidwe loipa. Iye ndi kadzidzi waumunthu, watcheru mu mdima, koma wakhungu powala, amafunafuna tizilombo toluma ting’onoting’ono, ndipo satha n’komwe kuona nyama zabwino.” Mawu ameneŵa amanenedwa kuti ananena ndi mtsogoleri wina wachipembedzo wa m’zaka za m’ma 1800 Henry Ward Beecher. Anthu ambiri angaganize kuti mawuŵa akusonyeza molondola mzimu wa munthu wosuliza wamakono. Koma mawu a Chingelezi amene tatembenuza kuti wosuliza anayambira mu Girisi wakale, kumene sanali kutanthauza munthu yekhayo wa maganizo oterowo. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anali kunena za sukulu ya anthu a filosofi.

Kodi filosofi ya Osuliza inayamba bwanji? Kodi anali kuphunzitsa chiyani? Kodi mikhalidwe ya Wosuliza ndi yofunika mwa Mkristu?

Osuliza Akale​—Chiyambi Chawo ndi Zikhulupiriro Zawo

Anthu mu Girisi wakale anali kukambirana ndi kutsutsana kwambiri. Kwa zaka mazana angapo zimene zinatifikitsa m’Nyengo Yathu ino, amuna monga ngati Sokeretesi, Pulato, ndi Arisitote ananena mafilosofi amene anawatchukitsa. Ziphunzitso zawo zinakhudza anthu kwambiri, ndipo malingaliro oterowo akupezekabe m’chikhalidwe cha Azungu.

Sokeretesi (470-399 B.C.E.) ankanena kuti chimwemwe chokhalitsa sichingapezeke pofunafuna zinthu zakuthupi kapena posangalala ndi zosangalatsa zakuthupi. Iye anati chimwemwe chenicheni chimabwera ndi moyo wodzipereka pa kufunafuna khalidwe labwino. Sokeretesi ankalingalira kuti khalidwe labwino ndicho chinthu chabwino koposa. Kuti akwaniritse cholinga chimenechi, iye anakana kukhala n’zinthu zakuthupi zochuluka komanso kuyesayesa kupeza zinthu kosafunikira chifukwa anali kuona kuti zinthu zimenezi zikanamucheukitsa. Anasankha kukhala ndi moyo wosalira zambiri ndi wodzikana, wosadzionetsera, ndi wosawononga ndalama zambiri.

Sokeretesi anayambitsa kaphunzitsidwe kotchedwa njira ya Sokeretesi. Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu oganiza ambiri anali kunena zoganiza zawo ndiyeno n’kupereka mfundo zochirikiza zoganiza zawozo, Sokeretesi anali kuchita zosemphana ndi zimenezo. Iye anali kumvetsera ziphunzitso za afilosofi ena ndi kuyesa kupeza zolakwa m’zoganiza zawozo. Kaphunzitsidwe kameneka kanalimbikitsa kukhala ndi maganizo otsutsa komanso onyansidwa ndi ena.

Pakati pa anthu otsatira Sokeretesi panali wafilosofi wina wotchedwa Antisifenezi (pafupifupi 445-365 B.C.E.). Iye ndi anthu ena angapo anafutukula chiphunzitso chachikulu cha Sokeretesi mwa kunena kuti khalidwe labwino ndilo linali chinthu chokha chabwino. Kwa iwo kufunafuna zinthu zosangalatsa sikunali chabe chocheukitsa komanso kunali chinthu choipa. Chifukwa chodana kwambiri ndi zochita za anthu, iwo anali kunyansidwa kwabasi ndi anthu anzawo. Anayamba kudziŵika kuti Osuliza. Dzina lachingelezi (Cynic) limene latembenuzidwa kuti Wosuliza lingakhale litatengedwa ku mawu a Chigiriki (ky·ni·kosʹ) amene analongosola khalidwe lawo losakondwa ndi lodzikonda. Amatanthauza kuti “wonga galu.”a

Mmene Moyo Wawo Unakhudzidwira

Pamene kuli kwakuti mbali zina za filosofi ya Osuliza monga ngati kutsutsa kukonda chuma ndi kudzikhutiritsa mwa izo zokha zingaonedwe kukhala zabwino, Osuliza anali kumkitsa nawo maganizo awo. Zimenezi zimaoneka bwino m’moyo wa Wosuliza wodziŵika bwino kwambiri, wafilosofi Dioginisi.

Dioginisi anabadwa m’chaka cha 412 B.C.E. ku Sinope, mzinda wokhala pa Nyanja Yakuda. Anasamukira ku Atene ndi atate wake, kumene anapeza ziphunzitso za Osuliza. Dioginisi anaphunzitsidwa ndi Antisifenizi ndipo filosofi ya Osuliza inamuloŵerera kwambiri. Sokeretesi anali ndi moyo wosalira zambiri, ndipo Antisifenezi anali ndi moyo wodzimana. Komatu, Dioginisi anali ndi moyo wodzimana kotheratu. Kuti agogomezere kukana kwake kusangalala ndi zinthu zakuthupi, mbiri imati Dioginisi kwa kanthaŵi kochepa anali kukhala m’beseni!

Pofunafuna khalidwe labwino koposa, akuti Dioginisi anayenda ndi nyali yoyaka mu Atene yense masana dzuŵa lili phwe kufunafuna munthu wabwino! Khalidwe lotereli linali kuchititsa anthu chidwi ndipo inali njira imene Dioginisi ndi Osuliza ena anali kuphunzitsira. Akuti Alesandro Wamkulu nthaŵi ina anafunsa Dioginisi chimene anali kufuna kwambiri. Dioginisi akuti ananena kuti iye anali kungofuna kuti Alesandro amupatukire kuti asatchinge kuwala kwa dzuŵa!

Dioginisi ndi Osuliza ena anali kukhala ngati opemphapempha. Analibe nthaŵi yokhala ndi maunansi amene anthu amakhala nawo nthaŵi zonse, ndipo ankakana kugwira ntchito za pamudzi. Mwina chifukwa chosonkhezeredwa ndi njira ya Sokeretesi yotsitsira mfundo, sanali kulemekeza anthu ena m’pang’onong’ono pomwe. Dioginisi anali kudziŵika ndi kulankhula kwake kokhadzula. Osuliza anatchuka kuti anali “onga agalu,” koma Dioginisi iyemwini anamutcha kuti Galu. Anafa pafupifupi m’chaka cha 320 B.C.E. pamene anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 90 zakubadwa. Chiliza cha miyala ya nsangalabwi chokhala ndi kaonekedwe ka galu chinamangidwa pa mtumbira wake.

Masukulu ena a za nzeru anatengera mbali zina za filosofi ya Osuliza. Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi kupatuka pachikhalidwe kwa Dioginisi ndi amene pambuyo pake anamutsatira kunaloŵetsa pansi mbiri ya sukulu ya Osuliza. Pomaliza pake, inafafanizikiratu.

Anthu Osuliza Amakono​—Kodi Muyenera Kutengera Makhalidwe Awo?

Dikishonale yotchedwa The Oxford English Dictionary imalongosola wosuliza wamakono kuti ndi “munthu wokonda kutukwana kapena kupeza zolakwa. . . . Munthu amene amaonetsa chizoloŵezi chosakhulupirira kuona mtima kapena ubwino wa zolinga ndi zochita za anthu, ndipo amakonda kusonyeza zimenezi mwa mawu onyodola ndi okhadzula; wopeza ena zifukwa monyodola.” Mikhalidwe imeneyi imaoneka m’dziko lotizingali, koma ndithudi siyogwirizana ndi umunthu wachikristu. Talingalirani ziphunzitso ndi mfundo zachikhalidwe izi za m’Baibulo.

“Yehova ndiye wa nsoni zokoma ndi wachisomo, wosakwiya msanga, ndi wa chifundo chochuluka. Sadzatsutsana nawo nthaŵi zonse; ndipo sadzasunga mkwiyo wake kosatha.” (Salmo 103:8, 9) Akristu amauzidwa ‘kukhala akutsanza a Mulungu.’ (Aefeso 5:1) Ngati Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse amasankha kuonetsa chifundo ndi kukoma mtima kwachikondi kochuluka m’malo ‘mokonda kutukwana kapena kupeza zolakwa,’ ndithudi Akristu ayenera kuyesetsa kuchita zofananazo.

Yesu Kristu, chizindikiro chenicheni cha Yehova, ‘anatisiyira chitsanzo kuti tilondole mapazi ake.’ (1 Petro 2:21; Ahebri 1:3) Panthaŵi zina, Yesu anali kuvumbula chinyengo chachipembedzo ndi kuchitira umboni za ntchito zoipa za dziko lapansi. (Yohane 7:7) Komatu, anali kunena zinthu zabwino za anthu oona mtima. Mwachitsanzo, ponena za Natanayeli iye anati: “Onani, Mwisrayeli ndithu, mwa iye mulibe chinyengo!” (Yohane 1:47) Pamene Yesu anachita chozizwitsa, ankatha kunena za chikhulupiriro cha munthuyo. (Mateyu 9:22) Ndipo pamene anthu ena anaganiza kuti mphatso yoyamika ya mkazi wina inali yaikulu mopambanitsa, Yesu sanasulize zolinga zake koma anati: “Kumene kulikonse uthenga uwu wabwino udzalalikidwa m’dziko lonse lapansi, ichi chimene mkaziyo anachitachi chidzakambidwanso chikumbukiro chake.” (Mateyu 26:6-13) Yesu anali kukhulupirira mabwenzi ake ndipo ankawakonda otsatira ake, “anawakonda kufikira chimaliziro.”​—Yohane 13:1.

Popeza kuti Yesu anali wangwiro, iye mosavuta akanatha kupeza zifukwa anthu opanda ungwiro. Komano, m’malo mosonyeza mzimu wosakhulupirira ndi wopeza ena zifukwa, iye anayesayesa kupatsa anthu mpumulo.​—Mateyu 11:29, 30.

“[Chikondi] chikhulupirira zinthu zonse.” (1 Akorinto 13:7) Mawu ameneŵa akutsutsana kotheratu ndi malingaliro a munthu wosuliza, amene amakayikira zolinga ndi zochita za ena. Zoona, dzikoli ladzala ndi anthu okhala n’zolinga zosayenera; motero m’pofunika kukhala wochenjera. (Miyambo 14:15) Komabe, chikondi chimakhala chokonzeka kukhulupirira chifukwa chowadalira anthuwo, osati kuwakayikira mosafunikira.

Mulungu amakonda atumiki ake ndipo amawadalira. Amadziŵa bwino zimene sangathe kuchita kuposa mmene iwo adziŵira. Komatu, Yehova sachita zinthu ndi anthu ake mowakayikira, ndipo sawayembekezera kuchita zinthu zoposa zimene iwo angathe kuchita moyenera. (Salmo 103:13, 14) Ndiponso, Mulungu amayang’ana zabwino mwa anthu, ndipo mowadalira amapereka maudindo ndi ulamuliro kwa atumiki ake okhulupirika, ngakhale kuti ndi opanda ungwiro.​—1 Mafumu 14:13; Salmo 82:6.

“Ine Yehova ndisanthula mtima, ndiyesa impso, kuti ndimupatse munthu yense monga mwa njira zake, monga zipatso za ntchito zake.” (Yeremiya 17:10) Yehova angadziŵe za mu mtima mwa munthu molondola kwambiri. Ife sitingatero. Motero, tiyenera kukhala osamala kwambiri ponena zolinga zimene anthu ena ali nazo.

Kulola mzimu wosuliza ena kuzika mizu mwa ife ndipo pamapeto pake n’kumalamulira kaganizidwe kathu kungatigaŵanitse ndi okhulupirira anzathu. Kungasokoneze mtendere wa mpingo wachikristu. Motero tiyeni titsatire chitsanzo cha Yesu amene anali kuchita zinthu ndi ophunzira ake moyenerera komanso ali ndi malingaliro abwino. Iye anakhala bwenzi lawo lodalirika.​—Yohane 15:11-15.

“Monga mufuna inu kuti anthu adzakuchitirani inu, muwachitire iwo motero inu momwe.” (Luka 6:31) Uphungu wa Yesu Kristu umenewu tingaugwiritse ntchito m’njira zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, tonsefe timafuna kuti anthu ena azitilankhula mokoma mtima ndi mwaulemu. Ndiye kuti ndithudi ife tifunika kumalankhula anthu ena mokoma mtima ndi mwaulemu. Ngakhale pamene Yesu anavumbula mwamphamvu ziphunzitso zonyenga za atsogoleri achipembedzo, sanachite zimenezi m’njira yowasuliza.​—Mateyu 23:13-36.

Njira Zothetsera Mzimu Wosuliza

Ngati panthaŵi ina tinakhumudwitsidwapo, kungakhale kosavuta kuti tisonkhezeredwe ndi mzimu wosuliza ena. Tingathetse chizolowezi chimenechi mwa kuzindikira kuti Yehova amachita zinthu ndi anthu ake opanda ungwiro mowadalira. Izi zingatithandize kuvomereza olambira Mulungu ena mmene iwo alili, anthu opanda ungwiro amene akuyesetsa kuchita zinthu zolungama.

Zinthu zopweteka zimene zinachitikira anthu ena zingawachititse kusadalira anzawo. Zoonadi, kudalira kotheratu anthu opanda ungwiro n’kopanda nzeru. (Salmo 146:3, 4) Komabe, mu mpingo wachikristu ambiri moona mtima amafuna kumalimbikitsa ena. Tangoganizani za anthu zikwizikwi amene amakhala ngati amayi, atate, alongo, abale, ndi ana kwa amene ataya mabanja awo. (Marko 10:30) Ganizirani kuchuluka kwa anthu amene amakhaladi mabwenzi oona panthaŵi ya mavuto.b​—Miyambo 18:24.

Chimene chimadziŵikitsa otsatira Yesu si mzimu wosuliza koma chikondi cha pa abale, chifukwatu iye anati: “Mwa ichi adzazindikira onse kuti muli akuphunzira anga, ngati muli nacho chikondano wina ndi mnzake.” (Yohane 13:35) Motero tiyeni tizisonyeza chikondi, ndipo tiyeni tiziona mikhalidwe yabwino ya Akristu anzathu. Kuchita zimenezi kudzatithandiza kupeŵa mikhalidwe ya munthu Wosuliza.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 21]

Wosuliza wodziŵika bwino kwambiri, Dioginisi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Kuchokera m’buku lotchedwa Great Men and Famous Women (Amuna Omveka ndi Akazi Otchuka)