Igitabu ca John Milton camaze igihe carazimanganijwe

NI IMBONEKARIMWE kuronka umwanditsi yashoboye kugira akosho ku bantu bo mu gihe ciwe nka John Milton, uwanditse icese kirekire co mu congereza citwa Iparadizo yatakaye. Nk’uko umwanditsi umwe w’inkuru z’ubuzima abivuga, Milton “yakundwa n’abantu benshi, akankwa na bamwebamwe, ariko abatamumenye bari ku rushi”. Gushika n’ubu, ibitabu vy’Abongereza be n’imico kama yabo birisunga cane ivyo yaranguye.

None John Milton yashoboye gute kugira akosho gakomeye nk’ako? Ni igiki catumye igitabu yise Ku nyigisho za gikirisu yaherukiyeko kwandika kivyura impari nyinshi ukuraho, ku buryo camaze imyaka 150 kitarasohorwa?

Ubuto bwiwe

John Milton yavukiye i Londres mu 1608, avukira mu muryango wifise. Milton yavuze ati: “Kuva nkiri muto, dawe yaranteguye mu bijanye n’ivyigwa vy’indimi, bino nkaba narabikunze cane ku buryo igihe nari mfise imyaka 12 ari gake nahagarika ivyigwa vyanje ngo nje kuryama imbere y’isaha zitandatu z’ijoro”. Milton yari umunyeshure aciye ubwenge cane ku buryo mu 1632 yaronse urupapuro rw’umutsindo (bita maîtrise) kuri kaminuza y’i Cambridge. Mu nyuma yarabandanije gusoma ibitabu bivuga ivya kahise be n’ibitabu vya kera vyanditswe n’Abagiriki be n’Abaroma.

Milton aripfuza kuba umwanditsi w’ivyese, ariko rero mu gihe ciwe Ubwongereza bwari mu ntureka zijanye n’ukurondera ko hoba amahinduka mu vy’intwaro. Inama nshingamateka, iyari irongowe na Oliver Cromwell, yarashizeho sentare yohavuye icira urwo gupfa Umwami Karori wa mbere mu 1649. Milton ivyo yarabishigikiye akoresheje uburyo bwo kwandika bujijura, araheza aba umuvugizi wa Leta yari irongowe na Cromwell. Nkako, imbere y’uko John Milton aba umwanditsi rurangiranwa w’ivyese, yari asanzwe azwi cane kubera udutabu yandika tw’ivya politike be n’utw’ibijanye n’inyifato runtu.

Intwaro ya cami imaze gusubizwaho hakimikwa Karori wa kabiri mu 1660, ukuba Milton yari yarashigikiye Cromwell vyaratumye ubuzima bwiwe buja mu kaga. Milton yaciye atangura kuza arikinga ibisaka, kandi kugira akize igufa, yabikesheje abagenzi biwe bari bakomeye mu vy’intwaro. Muri ivyo bihe vyose, yagumye yitwararika cane ibintu bijanye n’ivy’Imana.

“Yisunze Bibiliya”

Mu kudondora ukuntu yatanguye kwitwararika ibintu bijanye n’ivy’Imana, Milton yanditse ati: “Natanguye nkiri muto kwihebera ukwiga nshirutse umwete Isezerano rya Kera n’Isezerano Rishasha mu ndimi yanditswemwo mu ntango”. Milton yahavuye abona ko Ivyanditswe Vyeranda ari vyo gusa bitanga ubuyobozi bwo kwizigirwa mu bijanye n’ukumenya ikibereye n’ikitabereye be no mu bijanye n’ivy’idini. Yamara, kuba yarize ibitabu vya kera bivuga ivy’idini vyari vyemewe ico gihe, vyatumye avunika umutima cane. Mu nyuma yanditse ati: “Nabona ko ibintu nyamukuru nari nsanzwe nemera canke icizigiro canje co kurokoka ntari nkwiye kubishingira ku buyobozi butangwa na mwene ivyo bitabu”. Kubera ko Milton yari yiyemeje gusuzuma ivyo yemera “yisunze Bibiliya” gusa, yaciye atangura gutondeka ivyanditswe yabona ko ari ngirakamaro ku bibazo nyamukuru maze aca aza arasubiramwo mu majambo bimwebimwe muri ivyo.

Muri iki gihe, John Milton aribukwa cane kubera ca cese yatunganije citwa Iparadizo yatakaye, ico na co kikaba gisubiramwo inkuru yo muri Bibiliya yerekana ingene umuntu yabaye umunyagasembwa (Itanguriro ikigabane ca 3). Ico cese, icasohowe ari bwo bwa mbere mu 1667, ni co ahanini catumye Milton aba rurangiranwa canecane mu bantu bavuga icongereza. Mu nyuma yarasohoye ikindi cese cunganira ica mbere, acita Iparadizo yagarukanywe (mu congereza). Ivyo vyese vyose birerekana umugambi Imana yari ifise mu ntango, uwo na wo ukaba wari uw’uko abantu bagira ubuzima butunganye mw’isi y’iparadizo, bikongera bikerekana ukuntu Imana izosubizaho Iparadizo kw’isi biciye kuri Kristu. Nk’akarorero, muri ca cese citwa ngo Iparadizo yatakaye, Mikayeli umumarayika mukuru arabura ibijanye n’igihe Kristu “azoronsa impera abizerwa biwe, akabakira mu munezero uhebuje, haba mw’ijuru canke kw’isi, kuko ico gihe isi yose izoba ari Iparadizo, ahantu hazoba hahimbaye cane kuruta muri Edeni, hakazoba hari n’ibihe biteye umunezero kuruta”.

Igitabu ciswe Ku nyigisho ya gikirisu

Milton yamaze kandi imyaka n’iyindi yipfuza kwandika igitabu kivuga gusa ibijanye n’ubuzima be n’inyigisho vya gikirisu. Naho mu 1652 yari amaze guhuma, yarituniye ku gikorwa ciwe abifashijwemwo n’abanyamabanga biwe gushika apfuye mu 1674. Ico gitabu ciwe ca nyuma yacise ngo Ikiganiro gishingiye ku nyigisho za gikirisu zakuwe mu Vyanditswe Vyeranda gusa (mu congereza). Mu ntangamarara yaco yanditse ati: “Abanditsi benshi banditse ibijanye n’ico kibazo . . . barashize ku mibari y’ibitabu vyabo ivyanditswe vyashimika gusa ku nyigisho zabo, biri kumwe n’amarabiro makeyi y’ibigabane be n’imirongo. Jeho narakoze ukwo nshoboye kwose nduzuza impapuro z’igitabu canje ivyanditswe nakuye mu bice vyose vyo muri Bibiliya, ku buryo mbere vyabuze aho bikwirwa”. Nk’uko ayo majambo ya Milton avyerekana, ico gitabu ciwe carerekeje ku Vyanditswe canke kirabisurabiramwo mu majambo incuro zirenga 9.000.

Naho mu ntango Milton atagonanwa guserura ukuntu abona ibintu, yatenyenye gusohora ico gitabu. Uti kubera iki? Kimwe coco ni uko yari azi yuko ukuntu Ivyanditswe vyasigurwa muri co kwari gutandukanye cane n’inyigisho zari zemewe mw’idini. Vyongeye, kubera ko intwaro ya cami yari yasubiye gushingwa, Milton ntiyokworohewe kugisohora. Ashobora rero kuba yagumye arindiriye kuva ico gihe gushika aho ibintu vyobaye vyifashe neza. Ukwo vyari kwose, Milton amaze gupfa, umunyamabanga wiwe yarafashe ivyandikano vy’iminwe yanditse vyari mu kilatini abishira uwujejwe gusohora ibitabu, uno akaba yaranse kubicapura. Umunyamabanga wa Leta y’Ubwongereza yaciye agumya ivyo vyandikano arabitekera neza, maze araba aho abishira. Hociye imyaka 150 imbere yuko igitabu ca Milton kija ahabona.

Mu 1823, hari umugabo umwe ajejwe ivy’amadosiye yagiye yubuka kuri vya vyandikano vya ca cese kizwi cane biri ahantu, bitekeye. Umwami George wa kane, uno akaba ari we yaganza Ubwongereza ico gihe, yarategetse ko ico gitabu cohindurwa gikuwe mu kilatini maze ibiri muri co bikamenyekana. Haciye imyaka ibiri gisohowe mu congereza, nya gitabu caratumye havyuka impari nyinshi mu vyigwa bijanye n’ivy’Imana be n’ivy’indimi. Umusenyeri umwe yaciye buno nyene atangaza ko ivyo vyandikano ari ivy’ikinyoma, aranka kwemera ko Milton, uwo benshi babona ko ari umwanditsi w’Umwongereza ahambaye cane mu vyo kwandika ivyese bijanye n’ivy’Imana, yokwubahutse gushibura ukuraho inyigisho z’idini zakundwa cane. Kubera ko uwahinduye ico gitabu yabona imbere y’igihe yuko ibintu ari ukwo vyogenze akaba kandi yashaka kwemeza uburenganzira Milton afise bwo kuba umwanditsi, yari yashize mu nteguro y’ico gitabu utujambo tw’epfo dushika ku 500 twerekana amasano ari hagati ya ca gitabu Ku nyigisho za gikirisu yaherukiyeko kwandika be na ca kindi citwa Iparadizo yatakayea.

Ivyo Milton yemera

Mu gihe ca Milton, Ubwongereza bwaremeye bwongera burashigikira kwa gutunganya ibintu busha kwagirwa n’abaporotisanti maze buravavanura na Ekeleziya Gatolika ya Roma. Abaporotisanti muri rusangi bari basanzwe bemera ko Ivyanditswe Vyeranda ari vyo gusa umuntu yokwisunga mu bijanye n’ukwemera be n’ukumenya ikibereye n’ikitabereye, atari ukwisunga papa. Ariko rero muri ca gitabu ciwe Ku nyigisho ya gikirisu, Milton yarerekanye ko nyinshi mu nyigisho z’Abaporotisanti be n’ivyo bakora, na vyo nyene bitari bihuye n’Ivyanditswe. Yisunze ivyo yemera bishingiye kuri Bibiliya, yaramiriye kure inyigisho z’Abakaluvinisite zavuga yuko ngo ibishikira umuntu biba vyaranditswe imbere y’igihe, maze ashigikira ivy’uko umuntu afise uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramwo. Yararemesheje ivyo gukoresha mu buryo buranga icubahiro izina ry’Imana, ari ryo Yehova, ivyo abigira mu kurisubiramwo kenshi mu vyo yanditse.

Milton yisunze Ivyanditswe, yavuze yuko ubugingo bushobora gupfa. Mu kugira ico avuze ku canditswe co mw’⁠Itanguriro 2:7 (NW), yanditse ati: “Igihe umuntu yaremwa, nk’uko bivugwa muri ico canditswe, yaciye aba ubugingo buzima. . . . Ntagizwe n’ibintu bibiri bimatanye canke bishobora gutandukanywa, ni ukuvuga ko, nk’uko benshi bavyiyumvira, adakozwe mu bintu bibiri canke ngo abe agizwe n’ibintu bibiri bitandukanye kandi bidasa ari vyo ubugingo n’ikibiribiri. Ahubwo nyabuna, umuntu uko yakabaye ni ubugingo, ubugingo na bwo ni umuntu”. Milton rero yaciye abaza ati: “Umuntu uko yakabaye, yoba apfa canke hapfa gusa ikibiribiri?”. Amaze gutanga ivyanditswe vyinshi vyo muri Bibiliya vyerekana ko umuntu uko yakabaye apfa, yaciye yongerako ati: “Ariko ikintu gikura amazinda kuruta ibindi noshobora gutanga cerekana ko ubugingo bupfa ni igitangwa n’Imana ubwayo muri Ezek[iyeli 18:]20, ahagira hati: ‘Ubugingo bukora icaha ni bwo buzopfa’”, twisunze Bibiliya yakoresheje. Milton yaravuze kandi ivyanditswe nka Luka 20:37 be na Yohana 11:25 kugira ngo yerekane ko icizigiro c’abantu bapfuye gihagaze kw’izuka ryo muri kazoza.

Ni igiki none catumye ico gitabu Ku nyigisho za gikirisu bacakira ukuraho? Ni ukubera uburyo bworoshe yamara bujijura bushingiye kuri Bibiliya Milton yakoresha mu kwerekana ko Kristu, Umwana w’Imana, atangana n’Imana, Data wa twese. Milton amaze gusubiramwo ibivugwa muri Yohana 17:3 na Yohana 20:17, aca abaza ati: “Nimba Data wa twese ari Imana ya Kristu akaba n’Imana yacu, kandi nimba hari Imana imwe rudende, wumva none ari nde yoba Imana atari Data wa twese gusa?”.

Vyongeye, Milton yarashize ahabona iki ciyumviro: “Umwana ubwiwe be n’intumwa ziwe bariyemerera mu vyo bavuze vyose be no mu vyo banditse ko Data wa twese aruta kure n’iyo Umwana muri vyose” (Yohana 14:28). “Kanatsinda, Kristu ni we avuga muri Matayo 26:39 ati: ‘Data, nimba bishoboka, iki gikombe nikindengane. Yamara, ntibibe nk’uko jewe ngomba, mugabo bibe nk’uko wewe ugomba’. . . . Ni kubera iki yasenze Data wenyene aho kwisenga, nimba vy’ukuri we ubwiwe ari we Mana? Asangwa we ubwiwe agize kuba ari umuntu akaba n’Imana ihambaye, ni kubera iki none yasenze asaba ikintu yari asanzwe afitiye ububasha bwo gukora? . . . Kubera ko Umwana aho ari hose asenga Data wa twese gusa akongera akamwubaha, na twebwe atwigisha kubigenza nk’ukwo nyene”.

Milton yari afise aho ageza

John Milton yararondeye ukuri. Ariko rero, cokimwe n’abandi yari afise aho ageza, kandi bimwebimwe mu vyiyumviro yashikiriza bishobora kuba vyarohejwe n’ibintu bibi vyamushikiye mu buzima. Nk’akarorero, gatoyi inyuma y’aho ashingiye urwiwe, umugeni wiwe, uno akaba yari umukobwa w’umutware umwe wo mu muryango wa cami, yaramutaye aca yisubirira mu muryango wiwe amarayo nk’imyaka itatu. Muri ico gihe, Milton yaranditse udutabu twerekana ko ukwahukana kwemewe, atari gusa kubera ukurenga ibigo, ico kikaba ari co Yezu yavuze ko cotuma haba ukwahukana, ariko kandi ko kwemewe no mu gihe habaye ukudahuza (Matayo 19:9). Ico ciyumviro Milton yaragishize no muri ca gitabu ciwe Ku nyigisho za gikirisu.

Naho Milton yari afise utunenge, ca gitabu ciwe Ku nyigisho za gikirisu kirashira ahabona mu buryo butomoye ukuntu Bibiliya ibona ibintu ku bijanye n’inyigisho zitari nke kandi zihambaye. Gushika n’ubu, igitabu ciwe kiracatuma abagisoma basuzuma ivyo bo ubwabo bemera bisunze Ivyanditswe Vyeranda vyo bitarimwo amakosa.

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Milton yari umutohoji wa Bibiliya ashirutse umwete

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Tuyikesha The Early Modern Web at Oxford

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Ca cese ciswe “Iparadizo yatakaye” catumye Milton aba rurangiranwa

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Tuyikesha The Early Modern Web at Oxford

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Igitabu Milton yaherukiyeko kwandika, camaze imyaka 150 carazimanganijwe

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Ishusho dukesha Rare Books and Special Collections, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina

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Ishuso dukesha Rare Books and Special Collections, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina