Washi—Pepa Rekare Rinoitwa Namaoko reJapan
Yakanyorwa nomunyori waMukai! muJapan
APO unopinda mumusha womuJapan wegamuchidzanwa, unopinda nomusuo rinovheya, rakatsvinda, roturutanda twakachinjikidzana. Kana wava mukati, zvimwe uchaona fenzi yakanaka inopetwa. Mukamurimo, ungaona dzimwe shongedzero, dzakadai sezvidhori, mipumburu yamanyoro yakarembera ine mifananidzo kana kuti kunyora kwakanaka namaoko, zvifukidziro zvomwenje, midziyo yakaisvonaka kana kuti mabhokisi. Zvinhu zvose izvozvi zvakasiana-siana zvinowirirana muchinhu chimwe—zvinoitwa newashi—pepa rinochinjika rinoitwa namaoko rechiJapan.
Nhau Refu
MaJapan akawana unyanzvi hwokuita pepa kuChina muzana ramakore rechigumi namanomwe N.V. Kwaanopfuura makore ane chiuru, washi inoitwa namaoko yakatonga zvikuru sepepa bedzi reJapan. Mune dzimwe nharaunda, misha yose inovakira zvokurarama nazvo zvayo pakuita pepa; mimwe yayo yakava yakakurumbira mumaruramiro ayo imene nokuda kwepepa rakaisvonaka rayakabudisa.
Pakuzosvika pahafu yapashure yezana ramakore rechi 19, kuita pepa kwakanga kwasvika zera rako rinokosha muJapan. Anenge mafekitari ane chiuru epepa akatekeshera munyika yose. Zvisinei, nokusvika kwechinjo dzenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuita washi, pamwe chete nenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu namaoko, kwakavamba kuderera. Bva, kunyange nhasi gamuchidzanwa rewashi inoitwa namaoko richiri kuchengetwa riri benyu mune dzimwe nharaunda nokuda kwamavara aro ounyanzvi hwokugadzirwa.
Maitirwe Anoitwa Washi
MaChina aiita pepa rawo nesirika, mucheka, mamvemve eshinda yekare, utava, namagwati omumuti womulberry. Pakutanga, vaiti vamapepa vechiJapan vaishandisa izvi zvinhu zvimwe chetezvo. Gare gare, vakaedza zvinhu zvaiwanika nyore kwavari, zvakadai segwati romukatikati romuti womitsumata (pepa romumulberry), gampi (chirimwa chomumakomo cheJapan), uye kunyange mushenjere.
Zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa zvinofanira kutanga kuchachanywa kuti zvive urubvu hwetambo. Uyu muitiro wokubishaira nokungwarira unobatanidza kudzanganya, kuisa musitimu, kupara, kunyika, kufenura, nemimwe miitiro. Urubvu hunovapo somuuyo hunosanganiswa nemvura kubvumira tambo kuyanguruka zvinyoronyoro.
Muchapu chaiyo umo gampi inoshandiswa, vakadzi vanotonona pashambiro huru dzedanda dzakazadzwa nemvura. Vachishanda namaoko avo, vanosuka uye vanoparadzanisa tambo dzegampi mumvura kutozosvikira kurembera kwakafanana kwaitika.
Mune uyu muvhenganiswa wemvura mumwe mushandi anonyika sefa huru yakatetepa yakaiswa mugangiro rakaomarara redanda. Gangiro zvarinosimudzwa, mvura inobva, ichisiya tambo dzakaisvonaka pasefa kuti dzirukane pamwe chete kuita pepa rewashi. Nyanzvi chaiyo icharatidzira kuti pepa rakanaka rinoitwa nokunyika sefa kanoverengeka mumuvhenganiswa mutete kupfuura kuriita munhano imwe nomuvhenganiswa mukobvu.
Sefa zvino inosunamiswa patafura huru. Achisimudza mucheto uri pedyosa wesefa, mushandi anoibvisa nomutoo wokungwarira, achisiya pepa rakanyata rewashi patafura. Muitiro wokunyika unodzokororwa, uye pepa idzva rinovanzarikwa pamusoro chaipo perokutanga. Rimwe nerimwe mapepa anoitwa, uye nokukurumidza murwi unodonha mvura wamapepa akanyata unobudiswa.
Kudzivisa mapepa kunamirana, mushonga mutete unonzi tororo, unoitwa nemidzi yorudzi rwakati rwomuhibiscus, unowedzerwa kumvura. Wedzero inowedzerawo kunamanuka kwemvura, nenzira iyeyo uchideredza kubuda kwemvura nomusefa. Ikoku kunobvumira kubatana kuri nani zvikuru kwetambo. Muiti ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira wewashi anogona kuzivisa kupfurikidza nokubata apo wirirano inenge yakarurama chaizvo.
Mumazuva ekare, mapepa aivanzarikwa rimwe nerimwe pamabhodhi ndokuomeswa muzuva. Kunyange zvazvo uyu mutoo uchiri kushandiswa, mafekitari mazhinjisa ewashi anoomesa mapepa awo pamarata akapiswa esimbi isingabati ngura.
Gamuchidzanwa Rasara
Kunyange zvazvo washi isati ichirizve mutoo mukuru nokuda kwokunyora muJapan, ichine nzvimbo yayo munzvimbo younyanzvi hwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Kutaura idi, kazhinji kazhinji inonongedzerwa sepepa rounyanzvi nokuda kwezviitwa zvizhinji zvegamuchidzanwa nezvepepa rounyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu zvinoitwa naro.
Mifananidzo yakaisvonaka yamaruva, miti, shiri, mabindu, nemimwe mitaro inoitwa kupfurikidza nokunamatidza pamwe chete mitsetse yewashi mumavara akasiana. Zviono zvakavezwa padanda zviri pawashi zvakaitwa nenyanzvi dzokutara mifananidzo dzakakurumbira dzeJapan, zvakadai saHiroshige naHokusai, zvinosanozivikanwa munyika yose. Washi inoshandiswawo mune chimwe chimiro chokutara mifananidzo chinonzi nihonga. Muvhenganiswa woupfu hweibwe noruvara runoonekera zviri mumukanyiwa wakaita mvura unopendwa pamapepa ewashi mamita 1,8 mumativi akaenzana kana kuti marefu zvikuru, anoitirwa zvikurukuru uru rudzi rwemifananidzo. Iri pepa rakasiana rinoshandiswawo kuita mahendibhegi, zvikwama, zvifefeto, masumburera, makaiti, zvidziviriro zvomwenje zvinoonekera, uye zvidhori zvamapepa, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvikuru zvakadai sezvikamuraniso nezvifukidziro. Kuti vasimudzire fariro mune ichi chimiro chounyanzvi, kune kuratidzirwa kwakakurumbira, uye vaiti vewashi vazvino uno vanoitisa makirasi ounyanzvi.
Zera rinokosha rewashi yeJapan zvino rava rutivi rwenhau. Bva, gamuchidzanwa richiripo kuti rikudziridze upenyu hwavanhu munzanga yakabatikana, yakaitwa yazvino uno.
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 23-25]
Zvinhu chaizvoizvo zve“washi”:
peji 23, mutaro wegomo uri muhamvuropu yepepa;
peji 24, zvidhori zvamapepa, twurutanda twokudyisa twakanyerenyetwa ne“washi,” zvinhu zvinoiswa pakati pamapeji ebhuku kuratidzira pasiirwa;
peji 25, shiri yeorigami, chifefeto, uye zvakanyerenyetwa zvemakimono