Kutsvaka Mhinduro
“MUKUKURUKURA nezvemigumisiro,” akanyora kudaro munyori weEngland John Lyly, “tinosiya zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvinokosha.” Kuti tidzivise musungo iwoyo, tinofanira zvirokwazvo kurangarira kuti zvinoshaisa mufaro nhasi pasango rinogara richinaya zvinongova zviratidzo hazvo zvezvinetso zvikuru uye kuti kuparadzwa kwesango kuchapfuurira kutoti zvinokuparira zvikuru zvagadziriswa. Zvii zviri zvinoparira izvozvo? “Masimba makuru anodenha kuchengetedzwa kweAmazon,” inodaro nzvero inotsigirwa neUN, “urombo nekusaruramisira kwemunhu.”
Unonzi Mukohwa Pakuru Asi Usiri
Kuparadzwa kwesango, vanodaro vamwe vanzveri, rutivi rwezvakaipira unonzi mukohwa pakuru wakavamba makumi emakore akati akapfuura kumaodzanyemba nepakati peBrazil. Izvozvo zvisati zvaitika, zviuru zvemhuri dzemapurazi maduku ikoko dzairarama nokurima mupunga, bhinzi, uye mbatatisi uye kupfuya zvipfuwo kune rumwe rutivi. Ipapo, mabasa ekurima soyabhinzi nemichina, pamwero mukuru uye zvirongwa zvemagetsi emvura zvakamedza nyika yavo ndokutsiva mhou nezvirimwa zvomunzvimbomo nezvibereko zvokurima zvinochengeterwa kudyisa nyika dzakabudirira. Pakati pa1966 na1979 poga, nyika yokurima yakatsaurirwa zvirimwa zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika yakawedzera ne182 muzana. Somugumisiro, varimi vekare 11 pa12 vari vose vakarasikirwa nenyika yavo nezvokurarama nazvo. Kwavari, mukohwa pakuru wakachinja kuva chirongwa chinoodza mwoyo.
Ndokupi uko ava varimi vasina nyika vaigona kuenda? Vezvematongerwo enyika, vasingadi kutarisana nokugoverwa kwenyika kusina ruramisiro kwemunharaunda mavo vamene, vakavaratidza nzira yokubuda nayo kupfurikidza nokushambadzira nharaunda yeAmazon se“nyika isina vanhu yevanhu vasina nyika.” Mukati memakore gumi pashure pokuvhurwa kwemugwagwa mukuru wokutanga weAmazon, varimi varombo vanopfuura mamiriyoni maviri vanobva kumaodzanyemba kweBrazil uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweBrazil kusina mvura yakakwana nokune urombo vakanga vagara muzviuru zvematumba zvinotevedza mugwagwa mukuru. Apo mimwe migwagwa yakagadzirwa, vamwe vaida kuzova varimi vakaenda kuAmazon, vakagadzirira kushandura sango kuva minda yokurima. Sezvavanotarira shure kuzvirongwa zvoupambepfumi izvi, vanzveri vanotaura kuti “mugumisiro weanenge makore 50 eupambepfumi wakaipa.” Urombo nokusaruramisira zvaka“takurirwa kuAmazon,” uye “zvinetso zvitsva zvakatangwa munharaunda yeAmazon” zvakare.
Nhano Nhatu Kuenda Mberi
Kubetsera kubata nezvinoparira kutemwa kwemiti nokuita kuti mararamiro omunhu ave nani musango rinogara richinaya reAmazon, sangano reCommission on Development and Environment for Amazonia rakabudisa gwaro rairumbidza kuti, pakati pwezvimwe zvinhu, hurumende dzomugova reAmazon dziite nhano nhatu dzokutanga. (1) Kugadzirisa zvinetso zvenzanga nezvoupfumi munharaunda dzayaura neurombo dziri kunze kwesango rinogara richinaya reAmazon. (2) Kushandisa sango riripo ndokushandisazve nzvimbo dzakatotemwa miti. (3) Kubata nekusaruramisira kukuru kwenzanga—zvinoparira nhamo yomunhu chaizvoizvo nokuparadzwa kwemasango. Ngatinzverei muudzame mutoo wenhano nhatu uyu.
Kugovera Mari
Kugadzirisa zvinetso zvenzanga nezvoupfumi. “Imwe yenzira dzinobudirira zvikuru yokuderedza nayo kutemwa kwemiti,” rinodaro sangano racho, “kuisa mari mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzine urombo zvikurusa dziri munyika dzeAmazon, idzo dzinomanikidza vanhu vanogaramo kutamira kuAmazon kunotsvaka remangwana riri nani.” Zvisinei, nhengo dzesangano racho dzinowedzera kuti “iyi bviro haiwanzorangarirwa mukuronga zvokubudirira kwenyika kana kuti kwenharaunda kana kuti neavo vari munyika dzakabudirira vanotsigira kuderedzwa kukuru kwemwero yokutemwa kwemiti musango reAmazon.” Bva, zvinotsanangura kudaro zviremera zvacho, kana vakuru vakuru vehurumende uye hurumende dzokunze dzinoitira hanya dzikanangidzira unyanzvi hwadzo netsigiro yemari pakugadzirisa zvinetso zvakadai sekugoverwa kwenyika kusina kukwana kana kuti urombo hwemumaguta munharaunda dzakapoteredza Amazon, vachaderedza kufamba kwevarimi vemuAmazon ndokubetsera kuchengetedza sango racho.
Chii, zvisinei, chinogona kuitirwa varimi vaduku vari kutogara muAmazon? Kurarama kwavo kwezuva nezuva kunotsamira pakurima zvirimwa paivhu risina kukodzera kurima.
Sango Nokuda Kwemiti
Shandisai ndokushandisazve sango. “Masango omunyika dzinopisa zvikuru anoshandiswa zvakapfurikidza asi achishandiswa zvisina kukwana. Pamhesano iyi ndipo panotsamira ruponeso rwavo,” chinodaro chinyorwa cheUN, The Disappearing Forests. Panzvimbo pokushandisa sango nokuritema, dzinodaro nyanzvi dzacho, munhu anofanira kushandisa sango kupfurikidza nokutora, kana kuti kukohwa, zvibereko zvaro, zvakadai semichero, mhodzi, mafuta, rabha, zvinonhuwira, miti yemishonga, uye zvimwe zvibereko zvomusikirwo. Zvinhu zvakadaro, kunonzi, zvinomirira “inofungidzirwa kuva 90 muzana yeukoshi hweupfumi hwesango racho.”
Doug Daly, weNew York Botanical Garden, anotsanangura chikonzero nei achidavira kuti kuchinja kubva kukuparadza sango kuenda kukutora zvinhu musango kune mufungo: “Kunonyaradza hurumende—hadzioni nzvimbo huru dzeAmazonia dzichiregeswa kuita mari. . . . Kunogona kugovera upenyu huchachengeta vanhu vachirarama nokushanda, uye kunochengetedza sango racho. Kwakaoma zvikuru kuwana chimwe chinhu chakaipa chokutaura pamusoro pako.”—Wildlife Conservation.
Kurega sango nokuda kwemiti chaizvoizvo kunoita kuti magariro ezvinogara musango ave nani. Vanzveri muBelém, kuchamhembe kweBrazil, vakawana, somuenzaniso, kuti kuchinja maeka maviri nehafu kuva mafuro kunopa chimuko che$250 bedzi pagore. Naizvozvo kungoti awane muripo weBrazil wakaderera zvikurusa wepamwedzi nemwedzi, munhu aizoda kuva nemaeka 120 eufuriro nemombe 16. Zvisinei, Veja inoshuma kuti, aizoda kuchengeta mombe aigona kuwana mari yakawanda zvikuru kupfurikidza nokutora zviwanikwa zvinoberekwa nesango racho. Uye kuwanda kwezvinhu zvakamirira kuunganidzwa kunoshamisa, inodaro nyanzvi yezvipenyu Charles Clement. “Kune zvirimwa zvemuriwo zvizhinji, mazana ezvirimwa zvomuchero, masiridzi, uye mafuta zvinogona kutarisirwa ndokukohwewa,” anowedzera kudaro Dr. Clement. “Asi chinetso ndechokuti munhu anofanira kudzidza kuti sango manyuko oupfumi panzvimbo pemhinganidzo yokupfuma.”
Mukana Wechipiri Nokuda Kwenyika Yakatambiswa
Budiriro yezveupfumi nokuchengetedzwa kwemhoteredzo zvinogona kufambidzana, anodaro João Ferraz, munzveri weBrazil. “Tarisa ukuru hwesango rakatoparadzwa. Hapana kudikanwa kwekutema rimwe sango idzva. Panzvimbo pezvo, tinogona kuwanazve ndokushandisazve nzvimbo dzakatotemwa miti nenzvimbo dzakakanganiswa.” Uye munharaunda yeAmazon, mune nyika yakakanganiswa yakawandisa yokuwanazve.
Kuvambira mukunopera kwama1960, hurumende yakavimbisa kupa madzamatsama emari kuti ikurudzire vemabhizimisi makuru kushandura sango racho kuva mafuro. Vakaita izvozvo, asi seizvo Dr. Ferraz anotsanangura, “mafuro acho akanga akanganisika pashure pemakore matanhatu. Gare gare, apo munhu ari wose akaona kuti chakanga chiri chikanganiso chikuru, varidzi venyika vakuru vakati: ‘Zvakanaka, tagamuchira mari yakakwana kubva kuhurumende,’ uye vakaenda.” Mugumisiro wacho? “Anenge masikweya kiromita 200 000 eufuro hwakasiiwa ava gwenga.”
Nhasi, zvisinei, vanzveri vakaita saFerraz vari kuwana mabasa matsva eidzi nyika dzakakanganiswa. Munzirai? Makore akati kuti akapfuura vakadyara nhondo 320 000 dzemuti weAmazonia-nut papurazi remombe rakasiiwa. Nhasi, nhondo idzodzo miti inobereka michero. Sezvo miti ichikura nokukurumidza uyewo ichigovera matanda anokosha, nhondo dzemuti weAmazonia-nut zvino dzakadyarwa panyika yakatemwa miti mumativi akasiyana-siyana egova reAmazon. Kutora zvibereko, kudzidzisa varimi kudyara zvirimwa zvinopfuurira kwemakore, kugamuchira mitoo yokuunganidza nayo matanda pasina kukuvadza masango acho, uye kumutsidzira nyika yakakanganiswa, ndizvo mukurangarira kwenyanzvi, zvokutsiva zvine mufungo zvinogona kubetsera kuchengeta sango riripo.—Ona bhokisi rinoti “Kushandira Kuchengetedza.”
Bva, vanodaro vakuru vakuru, kuchengetedza masango kunoda zvinopfuura kungoshandura nyika yakakanganiswa. Kunoda kushandura muitiro wevanhu.
Nzira Yokururamisa Nayo Chakakombama
Gadzirisa kusaruramisira. Mufambiro wevanhu usina kururamisira uyo unoputsa kodzero dzevamwe kazhinji kazhinji unoparirwa nemakaro. Uye, seizvo muzivi wekare Seneca akataura, “nokuda kwemakaro chisiko chose chidukusa”—kubatanidza sango guru rinogara richinaya reAmazon.
Mukupesana nevarimi varombo vari kuparapatika veAmazon, vemaindasitiri uye varidzi venyika huru vari kuchenesa sango kuti vawane purofiti zhinji. Zviremera zvinoratidza kuti nyika dzokuMadokero ndidzowo dzine mhakawo nokuda kwekutema miti kukuru muAmazon. “Nyika dzakapfuma dzakabudirira,” rakagumisa kudaro rimwe boka revanzveri veGermany, “dzakaparira zvikurukuru kuparadzwa kwemhoteredzo kwatovapo.” Commission on Development and Environment for Amazonia inotaura kuti kuchengetedza Amazon zvirokwazvo kunoda “tsika itsva yenyika yose, tsika ichabudisa mutoo wokubudirira uri nani, wakavakirwa pakubatana kwevanhu neruramisiro.”
Zvisinei, makore eutsi ari kupfuurira pamusoro peAmazon anoyeuchidza munhu kuti pasinei zvapo nenhamburiko dzevarume nevakadzi vanongwarira mhoteredzo munyika yose, kushandura pfungwa yokunzwisisa kuva chinhu chaichoicho kuri kubvumikisa kuva kwakaoma sokubata utsi. Nei?
Mviro mviro dzezvakaipa zvakadai semakaro zvakadzama munzanga yevanhu, kudzama kupfuura kudzika kwemidzi yemiti yeAmazon muivhu romusango. Kunyange zvazvo tichifanira kuita somunhu oga zvatinogona kubetsera kuchengetedza sango, hazvibviri kukarira kuti vanhu, zvisinei nokuva vapachokwadi, kuti vachabudirira mukudzura zvinoparira kuparadzwa kwesango zvakadzama nezvakaoma kunzwisisa. Izvo Mambo Soromoni wekare, mucherekedzi wemuitiro wevanhu akachenjera, akataura zvinenge zviuru zvitatu zvemakore zvakapfuura zvichiri zvechokwadi. Nenhamburiko dzevanhu dzoga, “chakakombama hachibviri kururamiswa.” (Muparidzi 1:15) Yakafanana nokudaro itsumo yechiPutukezi yokuti, “O pau que nasce torto, morre torto” (Muti wakaberekwa wakakombama, unofa wakakombama). Kunyange zvakadaro, masango anogara achinaya aripo kupota nyika ane remangwana. Nei?
Nzwisiso Iri Mberi
Anenge makore zana akapfuura, mumwe munyori weBrazil Euclides da Cunha akaororwa kwazvo nefararira rezvimiro zvoupenyu hweAmazon zvokuti akarondedzera sango racho se“peji isina kubudiswa yepanguva imwe chete naGenesi.” Uye kunyange zvazvo munhu ave akabatikana kusvibisa nokubvarura “peji” iyoyo, Amazon iripo ichiri, seizvo mushumo weAmazonia Without Myths unotaura kuti, “chiratidzo chemazuva ekare epasi sezvapakanga pakaita panguva yoKusika.” Asi kwenguva yakareba sei?
Rangarira izvi: Sango rinogara richinaya reAmazon nemamwe masango anogara achinaya enyika anopa ufakazi, seizvo Da Cunha anotaura, hwe“uchenjeri hwakasiyana.” Kubva kumidzi yayo kusvika kumashizha ayo, miti yesango racho inozivisa kuti ibasa remaoko egorokotera rokugadzira mapurani ezvivako. Kana zvakadaro, Mugadziri wemapurani ezvivako Mukuru uyu ipapo aizobvumira vanhu vanokara kutsvaira sango rinogara richinaya ndokuparadza pasi here? Humwe uporofita hweBhaibheri hunopindura mubvunzo uyu naaiwa akasimba! Hunorava kuti: “Marudzi akatsamwa, nokutsamwa kwenyu [Mwari] kwakasvika, nenguva [yakagadzwa, NW], . . . kuti muparadze avo vanoparadza nyika.”—Zvakazarurwa 11:18.
Cherekedza, zvisinei, kuti uporofita uhwu hunotiudza kuti Musiki haasati achizosvika pamudzi wechinetso chacho ndokubvisa vanhu vanokara bedzi asi achaita izvozvo munguva yedu. Nei tichigona kutaura muromo uyu? Eya, uporofita hwacho hunotaura kuti Mwari anoita chiito panguva apo munhu anenge “achiparadza” pasi. Apo mashoko iwayo akanyorwa zvinenge zviuru zviviri zvemakore zvakapfuura, vanhu vakanga vari zvose zviri zviviri vashoma uye vakanga vasina nzira dzokuita nadzo kudaro. Asi mamiriro ezvinhu achinja. “Kekutanga munhau yarwo,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Protecting the Tropical Forests—A High-Priority International Task, “rudzi rwomunhu nhasi rwave kugona kuparadza hwaro hwokurarama kwarwo rumene kwete bedzi nzvimbo kana kuti nharaunda dziri dzoga, asi pamwero wenyika yose.”
“Nguva [yakagadzwa, NW]” apo Musiki achaita chiito chokurwisa “avo vanoparadza nyika” naizvozvo yava pedyo. Sango rinogara richinaya reAmazon nedzimwe mhoteredzo dziri mungozi pasi pano dzine remangwana. Musiki achava nechokwadi chokuti zvinoitika—uye iyoyo haisi fungidziro, asi chinhu chaicho.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 20]
Kushandira Kuchengetedza
Nzvimbo inenge masikweya kiromita 400 000 esango rakadyarwa riri kukura zvakanaka riri muguta repakati reAmazon Manaus rinofukidza mahofisi akasiyana-siyana eNational Institute for Research in the Amazon yeBrazil, kana kuti INPA. Iri sangano rava nemakore 42 ravambwa, rine madhipatimendi 13 akasiyana-siyana anofukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva kuukama hwezvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo kusvikira kunezvemiti nekuutano hwavanhu, ndiro sangano gurusa renzvero romunharaunda yacho. Rinewo mimwe yemiunganidzwa yakapfuma zvikurusa yenyika yemiti yeAmazon, hove, zvinokambaira, zvipuka zvine ropa rinotonhora, zvinoyamwisa, shiri, uye zvipukanana. Basa revanzveri vesangano racho 280 riri kuita basa rinokosha rokuti vanhu vanzwisise kupindirana kwakaoma kunzwisisa kwezvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo zveAmazon. Vashanyi kusangano racho vanobva nekunzwa kwetariro. Pasinei zvapo neganhuriro dzezvinzvimbo nezvamatongerwo enyika, masaindisiti eBrazil neekunze kwenyika akakwinya maoko ehembe dzawo kuti ashandire kuchengetedzwa kwesango rinogara richinaya renyika rakatanhamara zvikurusa—Amazon.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 17]
Mugwagwa wevekutema miti wakagadzirwa musango
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 18]
Zvibereko zvomusango rinogara richinaya: michero, mhodzi, mafuta, rabha, uye zvimwe zvizhinji
[Kwazvakatorwa]
J. van Leeuwen, INPA-CPCA, Manaus, Brazil