Fundo Pamusoro paMagwaro Akafuridzirwa Nemamirire Awo Ezvinhu Ekare

Fundo Nhamba 4—Bhaibheri Nendaza Yaro Yamanyoro Matsvene

Mavambo eshoko rokuti “Bhaibheri”; kuziva kuti mabhuku api ari nenzira yakarurama omuRaibhurari Youmwari; kurambwa kweApokirifa.

 1, 2. (a) Ndeipi iri revo huru yeshoko rechiGiriki rokuti bi·bliʹa? (b) Irori namashoko akabatanidzwa anoshandiswa sei muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki? (c) Shoko rokuti “Bhaibheri” rakava sei mumutauro wechiNgezi?

SEZVO Magwaro akafuridzirwa achiwanzonongedzerwa kwaari seBhaibheri, kunofadza kunzvera mavambo nerevo yeshoko rokuti “Bhaibheri.” Rinotorwa mushoko rechiGiriki bi·bliʹa, iro rinoreva kuti “mabhuku maduku.” Iroriwo rinotorwa muna biʹblos, shoko rinorondedzera rutivi rwomukati rwenhokwe yaigadzirwa nayo, munguva dzakare, “pepa” rokunyorera. (Chiteshi chengarava cheFenikia cheGebhari, apo nhokwe dzaipinzwa napo dzichibva Egipita, chakasvika pakudanwa kunzi Byblos navaGiriki. Ona Joshua 13:5, NW, mashoko omuzasi.) Mashoko akanyorwa akasiyana-siyana paurwu rudzi rwezvinhu akava anozivikanwa neshoko rokuti bi·bliʹa. Nokudaro, bi·bliʹa rakasvika pakurondedzera manyoro api naapi, mipumburu yamanyoro, mabhuku, zvinyorwa, kana kuti magwaro kana kuti kunyange muunganidzwa weraibhurari wamabhuku maduku.

² Nenzira inoshamisa, shoko rokuti “Bhaibheri” rimene kazhinji kazhinji hariwanwi murugwaro rweshanduro dzechiNgezi kana kuti shanduro dzemimwe mitauro dzaMagwaro Matsvene. Zvisinei, pakasvika zana ramakore rechipiri B.C.E., muunganidzwa wamabhuku akafuridzirwa eMagwaro echiHebheru wakanongedzerwa kwauri seta bi·bliʹa mumutauro wechiGiriki. Pana Dhanieri 9:2 muporofita akanyora, kuti: “Ini Dhanieri ndakanzwisisa pabhuku . . . ” Pano Septuagint ine biʹblois, chimiro chouwandu chechinoitirwa chisina kunanga chabiʹblos. Pana 2 Timotio 4:13 (NW), Pauro akanyora, kuti: “Apo unouya, uya . . . nemipumburu yamanyoro [chiGiriki, bi·bliʹa].” Muzvimiro zvawo zvinoverengeka zvegirama, mashoko echiGiriki bi·bliʹon nabiʹblos anooneka kanopfuura ka40 muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki uye kazhinji kazhinji anoshandurwa kuti “mupumburu wamanyoro (mipumburu yamanyoro)” kana kuti “bhuku (mabhuku).” Bi·bliʹa akashandiswa gare gare muchiLatin seshoko rinoreva chinhu chimwe, uye kubva muchiLatin, shoko rokuti “Bhaibheri” rakapinda mumutauro wechiNgezi.

 3. Vanyori veBhaibheri vakapupurira sei kuva kwaro Shoko raMwari rakafuridzirwa?

³ IShoko raMwari. Nepo varume vakasiyana-siyana vakashandiswa mukunyorwa kwakafuridzirwa kwaro uye vamwezve vakagoverana mukurishandura kubva mundimi dzapakuvamba vachiisa mumitauro inonyorwa yanhasi, Bhaibheri, mupfungwa yakazara zvikurusa, iShoko raMwari, chizaruro chake amene chakafuridzirwa kuvanhu. Vanyori vakafuridzirwa vamene vairirangarira neiyi nzira, sezvinoratidzirwa nokushandisa kwavo zvikamu zvamashoko zvakadai sokuti “zvinobuda mumuromo waJehovha” (Dheut. 8:3), “mashoko aJehovha” (Josh. 24:27, NW), “mirayiro yaJehovha” (Ezra 7:11), “mutemo waJehovha” (Pis. 19:7, NW), “shoko raJehovha” (Isa. 38:4), ‘zvinotaura Jehovha’ (Mat. 4:4), uye “shoko raJehovha” (1 VaT. 4:15, NW).

RAIBHURARI YOUMWARI

 4. Bhaibheri rakaumbwa nechii, uye ndiani akasarudza ikoku?

⁴ Icho munhu anoziva nhasi seBhaibheri chaizvoizvo muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa zvakare zvakafuridzirwa nenzira youmwari. Izvozvi zvakarongwa ndokuunganidzwa muchimiro chakanyorwa kwenhambo yamazana amakore 16. Pamwe chete uyu muunganidzwa wamagwaro unoumba icho Jerome akasanorondedzera muchiLatin seBibliotheca Divina, kana kuti Raibhurari Youmwari. Iyi raibhurari ine rudungwe, kana kuti ndaza yapamutemo yezvinyorwa, iyo yakaganhurirwa kumabhuku aye ane chokuita nechinangwa nebasa zveraibhurari iyoyo. Mabhuku ose asina kubvumirwa haabatanidzwi. Jehovha Mwari ndiye Mutarisiri Weraibhurari Mukuru uyo anogadza mupimo unosarudza kuti manyoro api anofanira kubatanidzwa. Naizvozvo Bhaibheri rine ndaza yakagadzwa ine mabhuku 66, ose akaitwa nomudzimu mutsvene waMwari unotungamira.

 5. Chii chiri ndaza yamanyoro matsvene eBhaibheri, uye iri zita rakavamba sei?

⁵ Muunganidzwa, kana kuti ndaza, yamabhuku anogamuchirwa seechokwadi uye Rugwaro rwakafuridzirwa kazhinji kazhinji unonongedzerwa kwauri sendaza yamanyoro matsvene eBhaibheri. Pakuvamba, tsanga (chiHebheru qa·nehʹ) yaibatira sechiyereso kana chidimbu chemuti chakanga chisingawaniki. Muapostora Pauro akashandisa shoko rechiGiriki ka·nonʹ ku“mutemo womufambiro” pamwe chete noku“ndima” yakayerwa semugove wake. (VaG. 6:16, NW, mashoko omuzasi; 2 VaK. 10:13) Naizvozvo mabhuku omundaza yamanyoro matsvene ndeayo ari echokwadi uye akafuridzirwa uye akafanirwa nokushandiswa setambo yokuyeresa mukuziva kutenda kwakarurama, dzidziso, uye mufambiro. Kana tikashandisa mabhuku asina “kutwasuka” setambo yokuyeresa, “chivako” chedu hachisati chichizova chechokwadi, uye chichakundikana kuedza kwoMuyeri Mukuru.

 6. Ndezvipi zviri zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinosarudza kuva romundaza yamanyoro matsvene kwebhuku?

⁶ Kuziva Kuva Omundaza Yamanyoro Matsvene. Ndedzipi dziri dzimwe dzeratidziro dzoumwari dzakazivisa kuva omundaza yamanyoro matsvene kwemabhuku 66 eBhaibheri? Chokutanga, magwaro acho anofanira kubata nezvinhu zvaJehovha mupasi, achitendeudzira vanhu kukunamatwa kwake nokunyandura kuremekedza zvikuru zita rake uye basa rake nezvinangwa mupasi. Anofanira kupa ufakazi hwokufuridzirwa, ndiko kuti, kuti akaitwa nomudzimu mutsvene. (2 Pet. 1:21) Hapafaniri kuva nokukwezva kukutenda mashura kana kuti kunamatwa kwechisikwa asi, panzvimbo pezvo, kukwezva kurudo nebasa raMwari. Kwaizofanira kusava nechinhu muapi naapi amanyoro mamwe namamwe icho chaizorwisana netsinhirano yomukati yerose, asi, panzvimbo pezvo, bhuku rimwe nerimwe rinofanira, kupfurikidza nokubatana kwaro namamwe, kutsigira kuvamba kumwe, uko kwaJehovha Mwari. Taizokarirawo manyoro acho kupa ufakazi hwoururami kusvikira kuudzame hudukusa. Mukuwedzera kuizvi zvinokosha zvehwaro, kune dzimwe ratidziro dzakati dzokufuridzirwa, uye naizvozvo dzokuva omundaza yamanyoro matsvene, maererano nerudzi rwezviri mubhuku rimwe nerimwe, uye izvozvi zvakakurukurwa muno mumashoko esumo erimwe nerimwe remabhuku eBhaibheri. Uyewo, kune mamirire ezvinhu chaiwo ayo anoshanda kuMagwaro echiHebheru namamwe kuMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki ayo anobetsera mukubvumikisa ndaza yamanyoro matsvene eBhaibheri.

MAGWARO ECHIHEBHERU

 7. Ndaza yamanyoro matsvene yechiHebheru yakapedzwa nenhanoi dzinofambira mberi, uye chikamu chitsva chipi nechipi chaizofanira kutsinhirana nechii?

⁷ Hakufaniri kufungwa kuti kugamuchirwa kwezvakaumba Rugwaro rwakafuridzirwa kwaifanira kumirira kusvikira kupedzwa kwendaza yamanyoro matsvene yechiHebheru muzana ramakore rechishanu B.C.E. Manyoro aMosesi munhungamiro yomudzimu waMwari kubvira pakuvamba pamene akanga achigamuchirwa navaIsraeri seakafuridzirwa, amavambo oumwari. Apo akapedzwa, Pentateuch yakaumba ndaza yamanyoro matsvene kusvikira kunguva iyoyo. Zvimwe zvakazarurwa pamusoro pezvinangwa zvaJehovha zvakapiwa kuvanhu mufuridziro zvaizofanira kutevera nenzira ine mufungo uye kuva mutsinhirano nenheyo huru dzine chokuita nokunamata kwechokwadi dzinooneswa muPentateuch. Takaona ikoku kuva kwechokwadi apo takarangarira mabhuku akasiyana-siyana eBhaibheri, zvikurukuru sezvo iwaya anobata nenzira yakananga nomusoro mukuru uya weBhaibheri, kutsveneswa kwezita raJehovha nokurevererwa kwouchangamire hwake kupfurikidza noUmambo hunodzorwa naKristu, Mbeu Yakapikirwa.

 8. Chii chinobvumikisa kuva omundaza yamanyoro matsvene kwemabhuku ouporofita eBhaibheri?

⁸ Magwaro echiHebheru, zvikurukuru, akazara nouporofita. Jehovha amene, kupfurikidza naMosesi, akagovera hwaro hwokubvumikisa uchokwadi hwouporofita, kana hwaibva kuna Mwari chaizvoizvo kana kuti kwete, uye ikoku kwakabetsera kuziva kuva romundaza yamanyoro matsvene kwebhuku rouporofita. (Dheut. 13:1-3; 18:20-22) Kunzverwa kwerimwe nerimwe ramabhuku ouporofita aMagwaro echiHebheru pamwe chete neBhaibheri rose nenhau yenyika kunobvumikisa zvisingapanikirwi kuti “shoko” ravakataura rakanga riri muzita raJehovha, kuti chaka“itika kana kuti kuva chechokwadi,” zvakakwana kana kuti zvimwe munzira duku kana kuti isina kukwana apo rakanga rine chokuita nezvinhu zvakanga zvichiri zvomunguva yemberi, uye kuti rakatendeudzira vanhu kuna Mwari. Kusvitsa izvi zvinodikanwa kwakasimbisa uporofita sohuri hwechokwadi nehwakafuridzirwa.

 9. Chinhui chinokosha chinofanira kuyeukwa apo munhu anorangarira nhau yendaza yamanyoro matsvene eBhaibheri?

⁹ Kunokora mashoko kwakaitwa naJesu navanyori vakafuridzirwa vaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki kunogovera nzira yakananga yokubvumikisa nayo kuva omundaza yamanyoro matsvene kwamabhuku akawanda aMagwaro echiHebheru, kunyange zvazvo uyu mupimo usingashandi kuna ose, somuenzaniso, mabhuku aEstere naMuparidzi. Mukurangarira nhau yokuva omundaza yamanyoro matsvene, ipapoka, chimwe chinhu chinokosha zvikurusa chinofanira kurangarirwa, icho chinoshanda kundaza yamanyoro matsvene eBhaibheri rose. Sezvo Jehovha akafuridzira vanhu kunyora mashoko ake oumwari nokuda kwomurayiridzo wavo, kuvakwa, uye kurudziro mukunamatwa kwake nebasa, naizvozvo kunobva kwadaro nenzira ine mufungo kuti Jehovha aizotungamirira nokudzora kurongwa kwamanyoro akafuridzirwa nokutangwa kwendaza yamanyoro matsvene eBhaibheri. Aizoita ikoku zvokuti kwaisazova nokupanikira pamusoro pezvaiumba Shoko rake rezvokwadi uye zvaiumba tambo yokuyeresa inogarisa yokunamata kwechokwadi. Zvirokwazvo, zvisikwa zviri pasi pano zvaigona kupfuurira kupiwa ‘kuberekwa kutsva kupfurikidza neShoko raMwari’ ndokukwanisa kupupurira kuti “Shoko raShe rinogara nokusingaperi” neiyi nzira bedzi.—1 Pet. 1:23, 25.

10. Ndaza yamanyoro matsvene yaMagwaro echiHebheru yakasimbiswa rini?

¹⁰ Kubvumikisa Ndaza Yamanyoro Matsvene echiHebheru. Gamuchidzanwa rechiJudha rinoti kuvamba kurongwa nokuiswa mundaza kwemanyoro matsvene eMagwaro echiHebheru kwakaitwa naEzra, uye rinotaura kuti ikoku kwakapedzwa naNehemia. Ezra zvirokwazvo akanga akasanoshongedzerwa nokuda kwebasa rakadaro, achiva mumwe wavanyori vakafuridzirwa veBhaibheri iye amene pamwe chete nomuprista, nyanzvi, uye munyori wapamutemo wamanyoro anoyera. (Ezra 7:1-11) Hakuna chikonzero chokupanikira murangariro wegamuchidzanwa wokuti ndaza yamanyoro matsvene aMagwaro echiHebheru yakasimbiswa pakasvika mugumo wezana ramakore rechishanu B.C.E.

11. Ndaza yamanyoro matsvene yegamuchidzanwa yechiJudha inoronga sei Magwaro echiHebheru?

¹¹ Isu nhasi tinoronga mabhuku 39 eMagwaro echiHebheru; ndaza yamanyoro matsvene yechiJudha yegamuchidzanwa, apo inenge ichibatanidza mabhuku mamwe chete iwaya, inoaverenga se24. Zvimwe zviremera, kupfurikidza nokuisa Rute naVatongi uye Mariro naJeremia, zvakaverenga nhamba yamabhuku se22, kunyange zvazvo zvichiri kuomerera kumanyoro mamwe chetewo chaiwoiwo omundaza yamanyoro matsvene.a Ikoku kwakaita kuti nhamba yamabhuku akafuridzirwa ienzane nenhamba yemavara ari muarufabheti yechiHebheru. Inotevera ndiyo ndaza yamabhuku 24 maererano nendaza yamanyoro matsvene yechiJudha:

Mutemo (Pentateuch)

 1. Genesi

 2. Eksodho

 3. Revhitiko

 4. Numeri

 5. Dheuteronomio

Vaporofita

 6. Joshua

 7. Vatongi

 8. Samueri (Wokutanga

 9. Madzimambo (Wokutanga neWechipiri pamwe chete sebhuku rimwe)

10. Isaya

11. Jeremia

12. Ezekieri

13. Vaporofita Gumi Navaviri (Hosea, Joere, Amosi, Obhadhia, Jona, Mika, Nahumi, Habhakuki, Zefania, Hagai Zekaria, uye Maraki, sebhuku rimwe)

Manyoro (Hagiographa)

14. Mapisarema

15. Zvirevo

16. Jobho

17. Rwiyo rwaSoromoni

18. Rute

19. Mariro

20. Muparidzi

21. Estere

22. Dhanieri neWechipiri pamwe

23. Ezra (Nehemia rakanga riri chete sebhuku rimwe) rakabatanidzwa naEzra)

24. Makoronike (Wokutanga neWechipiri pamwe chete sebhuku rimwe)

12. Chii chinosimbisazve ndaza yamanyoro matsvene yechiHebheru, uye yakaguma namanyoroi?

¹² Iyi ndiyo yakanga iri ndaza, kana kuti ndaza yamanyoro matsvene, iyo yakagamuchirwa soRugwaro rwakafuridzirwa naKristu Jesu neungano yechiKristu yapakuvamba. Vanyori vakafuridzirwa vaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki vakanokora mashoko muaya manyoro bedzi, uye kupfurikidza nokusuma kunokorwa kwamashoko kwakadaro nokutaura kwakafanana nokuti “sezvazvakanyorwa,” vakasimbisa iwaya seari Shoko raMwari. (VaR. 15:9) Jesu, mukutaura nezveMagwaro akafuridzirwa akakwana akanyorwa kusvikira panguva youshumiri hwake, akanongedzera kuzvinhu zvakanyorwa mu“murayiro waMosesi, napavaporofita, napaMapisarema.” (Ruka 24:44) Pano “Mapisarema,” sebhuku rokutanga reRutivi Rwechitatu rwaMagwaro echiJudha, rinoshandiswa kunongedzera kuchikamu chose ichochi. Bhuku renhau rokupedzisira kubatanidzwa mundaza yamanyoro matsvene echiHebheru rakanga riri riya raNehemia. Kuti ikoku kwakanga kuri munhungamiro yomudzimu waMwari kunooneka mukuti iri bhuku roga rinogovera pokutangira pokuverenga uporofita hwakatanhamara hwaDhanieri hwokuti “kubva pakutemwa kwomurayiro wokuvandudza nokuvaka Jerusarema” kusvikira kuuya kwaMesiya kwaizova nenhambo yevhiki 69 dzouporofita. (Dhan. 9:25; Neh. 2:1-8; 6:15) Bhuku raNehemia rinogoverawo ruzivo rwapakuvamba rwenhau rwerokupedzisira ramabhuku ouporofita, Maraki. Kuti bhuku raMaraki nderemundaza yamanyoro matsvene aMagwaro akafuridzirwa hakugoni kupanikirwa, sezvo kunyange Jesu, Mwanakomana waMwari, akarinokora mashoko kanoverengeka. (Mat. 11:10, 14) Nepo kunokorwa kwamashoko kwakafanana kuchiitwa kubva mune oruzhinji amabhuku endaza yamanyoro matsvene echiHebheru, ose ayo akanyorwa bhuku raNehemia nebhuku raMaraki asati, vanyori vaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki havanokori mashoko muanonzi manyoro akafuridzirwa api naapi akanyorwa pashure penguva yaNehemia naMaraki kusvikira kunguva yaKristu. Ikoku kunosimbisa murangariro wegamuchidzanwa wavaJudha, uyewo chitendero cheungano yechiKristu yezana ramakore rokutanga C.E., chokuti ndaza yamanyoro matsvene yoRugwaro rwechiHebheru yakaguma namanyoro aNehemia naMaraki.

MABHUKU EAPOKIRIFA EMAGWARO ECHIHEBHERU

13. (a) Ndeapi ari mabhuku eApokirifa? (b) Akasvika sei pakugamuchirwa mundaza yamanyoro matsvene yeRoma Katurike?

¹³ Ndeapi ari mabhuku eApokirifa? Iwaya ndiwo manyoro ayo vamwe vakabatanidza mumaBhaibheri akati asi akarambwa navamwe nemhaka yokuti haana ufakazi hwokuva akafuridzirwa naMwari. Shoko rechiGiriki a·poʹkry·phos rinonongedzera kuzvinhu zvaka“vigwa.” (Marko 4:22; Ruka 8:17; VaK. 2:3) Shoko racho rinoshandiswa kumabhuku amavambo kana kuti chiremera chinopanikirwa kana kuti ayo, nepo achirangarirwa kuva oukoshi hwakati nokuda kwokurava kwomunhu oga, akashayiwa ufakazi hwokufuridzira kwoumwari. Mabhuku akadaro akachengetwa akaparadzana ndokusaraviwa pachena, ndimo makabva mufungo woku“vigwa.” PaDare reCarthage, muna 397 C.E., kwakakarakadzwa kuti manomwe amabhuku eApokirifa awedzerwe kuMagwaro echiHebheru, pamwe chete newedzero kumabhuku omundaza yamanyoro matsvene aEstere naDhanieri. Zvisinei, Chechi yeRoma Katurike haina kusimbisa nenzira yakajeka kugamuchirwa kweidzi wedzero mundaza yamabhuku eBhaibheri kutozosvikira pashure sa1546, paDare reTrent. Idzi wedzero dzakanga dziri Tobhiti, Judhisi, wedzero kubhuku raEstere, Ungwaru, Muparidzi, Bharuki, wedzero nhatu kubhuku raDhanieri, Makabhii Rokutanga, uye Makabhii Rechipiri.

14. (a) Makabhii Wokutanga ndewefariro munzirai? (b) Zviremerai zvisina kutongonongedzera kuApokirifa, uye neiko?

¹⁴ Bhuku raMakabhii Rokutanga, nepo munzira ipi neipi risati richifanira kuverengwa sebhuku rakafuridzirwa, rine mashoko anofarirwa munhau. Rinopa nhoroondo yokurwira rusununguko kwavaJudha mukati mezana ramakore rechipiri B.C.E. mukutungamirira kwemhuri youprista yaMaccabaeus. Rutivi rwasara rwamabhuku eApokirifa rwakazara nengano nokutenda mashura uye rwakazara nezvikanganiso. Haana kutongonongedzerwa kwaari kana kuti kunokorwa mashoko naJesu kana kuti vanyori veMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki.

15, 16. Josephus naJerome vakaratidzira sei kuti mabhuku api ari omundaza yamanyoro matsvene?

¹⁵ Wezvenhau wechiJudha Flavius Josephus, wezana ramakore rokutanga C.E., mubhuku rake Against Apion (I, 38-41 [8]), anonongedzera kumabhuku ose akazivikanwa navaHebheru seanoyera. Akanyora, kuti: “Hatina mabhuku mazhinji zhinji asingawirirani, anorwisana. Mabhuku edu, ayo anozivikanwa nenzira yakarurama, anongova maviri bedzi nemakumi maviri [akaenzana ne39 edu nhasi, sezvinoratidzwa mundima 11], uye ane chinyorwa chenguva yose. Pana iwaya, mashanu mabhuku aMosesi, ane mitemo nenhau yegamuchidzanwa kubvira pakuberekwa kwomunhu kusvikira kurufu rwomupi wemitemo. . . . Kubvira parufu rwaMosesi kusvikira kuna Artashasta, uyo akatsiva Xerxes samambo wePersia, vaporofita vakatevera Mosesi vakanyora nhau yezviitiko zvenguva dzavo vamene mumabhuku gumi namatatu. Mabhuku mana asara ane nziyo kuna Mwari nemirayiro yomufambiro woupenyu hwomunhu.” Nokudaro Josephus anoratidza kuti ndaza yamanyoro matsvene yaMagwaro echiHebheru yakanga yasimbiswa nguva refu zana rokutanga ramakore C.E. risati rasvika.

¹⁶ Nyanzvi yeBhaibheri Jerome, iyo yakapedza kushandurwa kweVulgate yechiLatin yeBhaibheri munenge muna 405 C.E., yakanga ine chokwadi zvikuru mumurangariro wayo pamusoro pamabhuku eApokirifa. Pashure pokuronga mabhuku akafuridzirwa, achishandisa kuverenga kumwe cheteko saJosephus, achiverenga mabhuku akafuridzirwa 39 eMagwaro echiHebheru se22, iye anonyora musumo yake kumabhuku aSamueri naMadzimambo muVulgate, kuti: “Nokudaro mune mabhuku makumi maviri namaviri . . . Iyi sumo yaMagwaro inogona kubatira sekusvika kwakasimbiswa kumabhuku ose atinoshandura kubva muchiHebheru kuisa muchiLatin; kuti tigoziva kuti chipi kana chipi chinopfuura izvozvi chinofanira kuiswa muapokirifa.”

MAGWARO ECHIKRISTU ECHIGIRIKI

17. Chechi yeRoma Katurike inotaura kuti ine basai, asi ndiani chaizvoizvo akasarudza kuti mabhuku api anoumba ndaza yamanyoro matsvene eBhaibheri?

¹⁷ Chechi yeRoma Katurike inotaura kuti ndiyo ine basa rokusarudza kuti mabhuku api anofanira kubatanidzwa mundaza yamanyoro matsvene eBhaibheri, uye nongedzero inoitwa kuDare reCarthage (397 C.E.), uko ndaza yamabhuku yakarongwa. Zvakapesana ndezvechokwadi, zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti ndaza yamanyoro matsvene, kubatanidza ndaza yamabhuku anoumba Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki, yakanga yatorongwa pakasvika nguva iyoyo, ndiko kuti, kwete nomurayiro wedare ripi neripi, asi nenhungamiro yomudzimu mutsvene waMwari—mudzimu mumwe chetewo uyo wakafuridzira kunyorwa kwamabhuku iwayo pakutanga. Chipupuriro chevarongi mundaza vasina kufuridzirwa vapashure chinokosha bedzi sekubvumwa kwendaza yamanyoro matsvene eBhaibheri, iyo mudzimu waMwari wakanga watendera.

18. Imhedzisoi dzinokosha dzinogona kuwanwa muchati inoratidza ndaza dzapakuvamba dzaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki?

¹⁸ Ufakazi Hwendaza Dzapakuvamba. Kuringa chati yabatanidzwa kunozivisa kuti dzakati kuti dzendaza dzezana ramakore rechina dzaMagwaro echiKristu, dzegore rinotangira dare radudzwa pamusoro apa, dzinobvumirana chaizvoizvo nendaza yedu yamanyoro matsvene yazvino, uye dzimwe dzakati dzinosiya bedzi bhuku raZvakazarurwa. Zana ramakore rechipiri risati rapera, kune kugamuchirwa navose kweEvhangeri ina, bhuku raMabasa, uye 12 dzetsamba dzomuapostora Pauro. Mashomanene bedzi amanyoro maduku zvikuru akapanikirwa munharaunda dzakati. Sezvingabvira ikoku kwakanga kwakadaro nemhaka yokuti manyoro akadaro akanga akaganhurirwa mukutenderera kwawo kwapakuvamba nokuda kwechikonzero chakati uye nokudaro akatora nguva refu zvikuru kuti ave anogamuchirwa seemundaza yamanyoro matsvene.

19. (a) Igwaroi rakatanhamara rakawanwa muItaly, uye nderipi riri gore raro? (b) Ikoku kunorondedzera sei ndaza yamanyoro matsvene inogamuchirwa yenguva iyoyo?

¹⁹ Imwe yendaza dzapakuvamba dzinofadza zvikurusa chimedu chakawanwa naL. A. Muratori chiri muAmbrosian Library, Milan, Italy, uye chakabudiswa naye muna 1740. Kunyange zvazvo pasina mavambo, nongedzero dzacho kuna Ruka seEvhangeri yechitatu dzinoratidzira kuti chakatanga kududza Mateo naMarko. Muratorian Fragment, iyo iri muchiLatin, inosvika kurutivi rwapashure rwezana ramakore rechipiri C.E. Igwaro rinofadza zvikurusa, seizvo shanduro inotevera isina kukwana inoratidza: “Bhuku rechitatu reEvhangeri ndeiro raRuka. Ruka, chiremba aisanozivikanwa, akarinyora muzita rake amene . . . Bhuku rechina reEvhangeri ndeiro raJohane, mumwe wavadzidzi. . . . Uye naizvozvo hakuna kusawirirana kukutenda kwavadaviri, kunyange zvazvo kusarudzwa kwakasiyana-siyana kuchipiwa kubva mumaidi ari mumabhuku mamwe namamwe eEvhangeri, nemhaka yokuti muna ose [zvawo] muMudzimu mumwe unotungamirira zvinhu zvose pamusoro pekuberekwa kwake, kutambura, rumuko, kurukurirano navadzidzi vake, uye kuuya kwake kwakapetwa kaviri, kwokutanga mukunyadziswa kwakabva mukuzvidzwa, uko kwakaitika, uye kwechipiri mumbiri yesimba roumambo, uko kuchigere kuuya, zvakaziviswa. Chishamiso chakadini, ipapoka, kana Johane achitsigira nenzira inowirirana kwazvo mutsamba dzake zvinhu izvozvi zvinoverengeka, achitaura pachake, kuti: ‘zvatakaona nameso edu, uye zvatakanzwa nenzeve dzedu, uye izvo maoko edu akabata, takanyora zvinhu izvozvo.’ Nokuda kwaikoko anotaura kwete bedzi kuti chapupu chakaona asiwo munzwi nomurondedzeri wezvinhu zvose zvinoshamisa zvaShe, munhevedzano yazvo. Uyezve, mabasa avaapostora vose akanyorwa mubhuku rimwe. Ruka akaaronga [saizvozvo] nokuda kwaTeofiro mukuru mukuru . . . Zvino tsamba dzaPauro, zvadziri, nemhaka yaizvozvo kana kuti nokuda kwechikonzero chadzakatumirwa, idzo dzimene dzinojekesa kuna iye uyo achanzwisisa. Kutanga kwazvose akanyora muudzame kuvaKorinte kuti arambidze mapoka edzidziso yenhema, ipapo kuvaGaratia [pamusoro pe]kudzingiswa, uye kuvaRoma pamusoro penhevedzano yaMagwaro, achizivisawo kuti Kristu ndiye chinhu chikuru mavari—chimwe nechimwe chazvo icho chiri madikanwa kuti tikurukure, tichiona kuti Muapostora Pauro akakomborerwa iye amene, achitevera muenzaniso womutangiri wake Johane, anonyorera dzisingapfuuri chechi nomwe nezita munhevedzano inotevera: kuvaKorinte (yokutanga), kuvaEfeso (yechipiri), kuvaFiripi (yechitatu), kuvaKorose (yechina), kuvaGaratia (yechishanu), kuvaTesaronika (yechitanhatu), kuvaRoma (yechinomwe). Asi kunyange zvazvo achinyora kaviri nokuda kweruramiso kuvaKorinte nokuvaTesaronika, kuti kune chechi imwe yakaparadzirwa mupasi rose kunoratidzwa [?ndiko kuti, kupfurikidza nouku kunyora kwakapetwa kanomwe]; uye Johanewo muApocalypse, kunyange zvazvo achinyorera chechi nomwe, bva anotaura kune dzose. Asi [iye akanyora] nemhaka yechidakadaka norudo imwe kuna Firemoni, uye imwe kuna Tito, uye mbiri kuna Timotio; [uye idzodzi] dzinoyereswa mukuremekedzwa kukuru kweChechi. . . . Uyezve, tsamba yaJudhasi nembiri dzine zita raJohane dzinoverengwa . . . Tinogamuchira maapocalypse aJohane naPetro bedzi, ayo [apedzisira kududzwa] vamwe vedu tisingadi kuti araviwe muchechi.”—The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1956, Vhor. VIII, peji 56.

20. (a) Kusiyiwa kweimwe yetsamba dzaJohane neiyo yaPetro kunotsanangurwa sei? (b) Iyi ndaza inosanowirirana sei, ipapoka, nendaza yedu yezuva razvino?

²⁰ Kunocherekedzwa kuti nechokumugumo kweMuratorian Fragment, tsamba mbiri chete dzaJohane dzinodudzwa. Zvisinei, papfundo rino enisaikoropedhia yadudzwa pamusoro apa, peji 55, inotaura kuti idzi tsamba mbiri dzaJohane “dzinogona bedzi kuva yechipiri neyechitatu, dzine munyori anozvidana amene kuti ‘mukuru’ bedzi. Atobata neyekutanga, kunyange zvazvo nenzira yamasanga bedzi, pamusoro peEvhangeri Yechina, uye akazivisa ipapo kudavira kwake kwokusapanikira pamusoro pokuvambwa kwayo naJohane, munyori akanzwa achikwanisa pano kuzviganhurira amene kutsamba mbiri duku zvikuru.” Pamusoro pokusavapo kuri pachena kwokududzwa kupi nokupi kwetsamba yaPetro yokutanga, aya manyuko anopfuurira, kuti: “Rondedzero inobvira zvikurusa ndeiya yokurasikirwa namashoko mashomanene, zvichida mutsetse, umo bhuku raI Petro neApocalypse yaJohane zvakadudzwa sezvakagamuchirwa.” Naizvozvo, kubva mumurangariro weMuratorian Fragment, iyi enisaikoropedhiya, papeji 56, inogumisa, kuti: “Testamente Itsva inorangarirwa seyakaumbwa chaizvoizvo neEvhangeri ina, bhuku raMabasa, tsamba gumi nenhatu dzaPauro, Apocalypse yaJohane, zvimwe tsamba nhatu dzake, Judhasi, uye zvimwe bhuku raI Petro, apo chishoro kumamwe amanyoro aPetro chakanga chichigere kunyaradzwa.”

21. (a) Tsinhiro dzaOrigen pamusoro pamanyoro akafuridzirwa ndedzefariroi? (b) Vanyori vapashure vakabvumei?

²¹ Origen, munenge mugore ra230 C.E., akagamuchira pakati paMagwaro akafuridzirwa mabhuku aVaHebheru naJakobho, ose ari maviri asiri muMuratorian Fragment. Nepo achiratidzira kuti vamwe vaipanikira rudzi rwokuva kwawo omundaza yamanyoro matsvene, ikoku kunoratidzawo kuti kusvikira panguva ino, kuva mundaza yamanyoro matsvene kweMagwaro akawanda zvikurusa echiGiriki kwakagamuchirwa, vashomanene bedzi vachipanikira dzimwe dzetsamba dzinosanozivikanwa zvishomanene. Gare gare, Athanasius, Jerome, uye Augustine vakabvuma mhedziso dzendaza dzapakuvamba zvikuru kupfurikidza nokurondedzera sendaza yamanyoro matsvene mabhuku 27 mamwe chetewo atinawo zvino.b

22, 23. (a) Ndaza dzorudungwe dziri muchati dzakagadzirwa sei? (b) Sezviri pachena neiko kwakanga kusina ndaza dzakadaro Muratorian Fragment isati yavapo?

²² Zhinjisa dzendaza dziri muchati indaza chaidzo dzinoratidza kuti mabhuku api aigamuchirwa seomundaza yamanyoro matsvene. Dziya dzaIrenaeus, Clement weAlexandria, Tertullian, uye Origen dzakazadzwa kubva mukunokora mashoko kwavakaita, uko kunozivisa kuti vakarangarira sei manyoro anonongedzerwa kwaari. Idzodzi dzinowedzerwazve kubva muzvinyorwa zvewezvenhau wapakuvamba Eusebius. Zvisinei, idi rokuti ava vanyori havadudzi manyoro akati omundaza yamanyoro matsvene haripikisi kuva kwawo omundaza yamanyoro matsvene. Kunongova chete kuti havana kunongedzera kwaari mumanyoro avo nechisarudzo kana kuti zvimwe nemhaka yenhau dzaikurukurwa. Asi neiko tisingawani ndaza chaidzoidzo dzapakuvamba zvikuru kupfuura Muratorian Fragment?

²³ Nhau pamusoro pokuti mabhuku api ayo vaKristu vanofanira kugamuchira haina kumuka kutozosvikira vatsoropodzi vakafanana naMarcion vauya pakati pezana ramakore rechipiri C.E. Marcion akaumba ndaza yamanyoro matsvene yake amene kuti ikodzere dzidziso dzake, achitora dzakati kuti bedzi dzetsamba dzomuapostora Pauro nechimiro chakanatswa cheEvhangeri yaRuka. Iyoyi, pamwe chete nemazhinji amabhuku eapokirifa pakazosvika nguva iyoyo aipararira munyika yose, ndiyo yakatungamirira kukutaura kunoitwa navarongi vendaza pamusoro pokuti mabhuku api avaigamuchira seomundaza yamanyoro matsvene.

24. (a) Chii chinoratidzira manyoro e“Testamente Itsva” eApokirifa? (b) Nyanzvi dzinotii nezvaiwaya?

²⁴ Manyoro eApokirifa. Ufakazi hwomukati hunosimbisa kukamurwa kwakajeka kwakaitwa pakati pamanyoro akafuridzirwa echiKristu namabhuku akanga ari enhema kana kuti asina kufuridzirwa. Manyoro eApokirifa maduku zvikuru uye kazhinji kazhinji ndeokufungidzira uye ouhwana. Haana kururama kazhinji kazhinji.c Cherekedza kutaura kunotevera kwakaitwa nenyanzvi pamusoro paaya mabhuku asiri omundaza yamanyoro matsvene:

“Hapana panikiro yokuva akabviswa muTestamente Itsva nomunhu upi noupi: akazviitira amene izvozvo.”—M. R. James, The Apocryphal New Testament, mapeji xi, xii.

“Tinofanira bedzi kuenzanisa mabhuku edu eTestamente Itsva yose zvayo namamwe mabhuku akafanana kuti tizive kuti mukaha unoaparadzanisa nawo wakafara sei. Evhangeri dzisiri dzemundaza yamanyoro matsvene, kazhinji kazhinji kunotaurwa kuti, chaizvoizvo ndidzo ufakazi hwakanakisisa hweomundaza yamanyoro matsvene.”—G. Milligan, The New Testament Documents, peji 228.

“Hakugoni kutaurwa nezvemanyoro mamwe akachengetwa kwatiri kubvira panhambo yapakuvamba yeChechi kunze kweTestamente Itsva kuti ingagona kuwedzerwa nenzira yakakodzera nhasi kuNdaza Yamanyoro Matsvene.”—K. Aland, The Problem of the New Testament Canon, peji 24.

25. Maidii pamusoro pavanyori vamwe navamwe veMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki anobvumikisa kufuridzirwa kwaaya manyoro?

²⁵ Vanyori Vakafuridzirwa. Iri rimwe pfundo nderefariro. Vanyori vose vaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki munzira yakati vakanga vakasanobatanidzwa nomutumbi unodzora wapakuvamba weungano yechiKristu, uyo waibatanidza vaapostora vakasarudzwa somunhu oga naJesu. Mateo, Johane, uye Petro vakanga vari pakati pavaapostora 12 vapakuvamba, uye Pauro gare gare akasarudzwa somuapostora asi haana kuverengwa somumwe wevane 12.d Kunyange zvazvo Pauro akanga asipo pakudururwa chaiko kwomudzimu paPentekosta, Mateo, Johane, uye Petro vakanga varipo, pamwe chete naJakobho naJudhasi uye zvimwe Marko. (Mabasa 1:13, 14) Petro anoverenga zvakananga tsamba dzaPauro ne“mamwe magwarowo.” (2 Pet. 3:15, 16) Marko naRuka vakanga vari vasonganiri vapedyo neshamwari dzokufamba nadzo dzaPauro naPetro. (Mabasa 12:25; 1 Pet. 5:13; VaK. 4:14; 2 Tim. 4:11) Vanyori vose ivava vakapiwa mano anoshamisa kupfurikidza nomudzimu mutsvene, kupfurikidza nokudururwa chaiko sokwakaitika paPentekosta uye apo Pauro akatendeutswa (Mabasa 9:17, 18) kana kuti, pasina panikiro somuchakaitika chaRuka, kupfurikidza nokuiswa kwamaoko avaapostora. (Mabasa 8:14-17) Kunyorwa kwose kwaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki kwakapedzwa mukati menguva iyo zvipo chaizvo zvomudzimu mutsvene zvakanga zvichishanda.

26. (a) Chii chatinogamuchira seShoko raMwari, uye neiko? (b) Tinofanira kuratidzira sei kuonga Bhaibheri?

²⁶ Kutenda Mwari wamasimba ose, uyo ari Mufuridziri noMuchengeti weShoko rake, kunoita kuti tive nechivimbo chokuti iye ndiye akatungamirira kuunganidzwa pamwe chete kwamativi aro akasiyana-siyana. Naizvozvo tinogamuchira nechivimbo mabhuku 27 eMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki pamwe chete ne39 aMagwaro echiHebheru seBhaibheri rimwe, rakanyorwa noMuvambi mumwe, Jehovha Mwari. Shoko Rake riri mumabhuku 66 aro inhungamiro yedu, uye tsinhirano yaro yose nedzikamo zvinopupurira kukwana kwaro. Rumbidzo yose ngaive kuna Jehovha Mwari, Muvambi weiri bhuku risingaenzaniswi! Rinogona kutishongedzera zvakakwana ndokuisa tsoka dzedu munzira inoenda kuupenyu. Ngatirishandise nenzira yokuchenjera pamukana uri wose.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Chati iri papeji 303]

Ndaza Dzakatanhamara Dzapakuvamba dzaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki

D - Rinopanikirwa munzvimbo dzakati

Zita Nenzvimbo

Mateo A A A A

Marko A A A A

Ruka A A A A

Johane A A A A

Mabasa A A A A

VaRoma A A A A

1 VaKorinte A A A A

2 VaKorinte A A A A

VaGaratia A A A A

VaEfeso A A A A

VaFiripi A A A A

VaKorose A A A A

1 VaTesaronika A A A A

2 VaTesaronika A A A A

1 Timotio A A A A

2 Timotio A A A A

Tito A A A A

Firemoni A A

VaHebheru D DA DA

Jakobho ?

1 Petro A? A A A

2 Petro D? A

1 Johane A A DA A

2 Johane A A DA

3 Johane A?

Judhasi A DA A

Zvakazarurwa A A A A

Zita Nenzvimbo

Gore

Rinenge C.E. 230 320 348 365

Mateo A A A A

Marko A A A A

Ruka A A A A

Johane A A A A

Mabasa A A A A

VaRoma A A A A

1 VaKorinte A A A A

2 VaKorinte A A A A

VaGaratia A A A A

VaEfeso A A A A

VaFiripi A A A A

VaKorose A A A A

1 VaTesaronika A A A A

2 VaTesaronika A A A A

1 Timotio A A A A

2 Timotio A A A A

Tito A A A A

Firemoni A A A A

VaHebheru DA DA A

Jakobho DA DA A

1 Petro A A A A

2 Petro DA DA A D

1 Johane A A A A

2 Johane DA DA A D

3 Johane DA DA A D

Judhasi DA DA A

Zvakazarurwa A DA A

Zita Nenzvimbo

Gore

Rinenge C.E. 367 368 370 370

Mateo A A A A

Marko A A A A

Ruka A A A A

Johane A A A A

Mabasa A A A A

VaRoma A A A A

1 VaKorinte A A A A

2 VaKorinte A A A A

VaGaratia A A A A

VaEfeso A A A A

VaFiripi A A A A

VaKorose A A A A

1 VaTesaronika A A A A

2 VaTesaronika A A A A

1 Timotio A A A A

2 Timotio A A A A

Tito A A A A

Firemoni A A A A

VaHebheru A A A DA

Jakobho A A A A

1 Petro A A A A

2 Petro A A A D

1 Johane A A A A

2 Johane A A A D

3 Johane A A A D

Judhasi A A A D

Zvakazarurwa A DA D

Zita Nenzvimbo

Gore

Rinenge C.E. 383 394 397 397

Mateo A A A A

Marko A A A A

Ruka A A A A

Johane A A A A

Mabasa A A A A

VaRoma A A A A

1 VaKorinte A A A A

2 VaKorinte A A A A

VaGaratia A A A A

VaEfeso A A A A

VaFiripi A A A A

VaKorose A A A A

1 VaTesaronika A A A A

2 VaTesaronika A A A A

1 Timotio A A A A

2 Timotio A A A A

Tito A A A A

Firemoni A A A A

VaHebheru DA DA A A

Jakobho A DA A A

1 Petro A A A A

2 Petro A DA A A

1 Johane A A A A

2 Johane A DA A A

3 Johane A DA A A

Judhasi A DA A A

Zvakazarurwa DA DA A A