Melito wokuSadhisi—Aiva Munhu Airwira Chokwadi cheBhaibheri Here?
GORE roga roga vaKristu vechokwadi vanoche- ngeta Kudya kwaShe Kwemanheru pamusi unoenderana naNisani 14 pakarenda yechiHebheru. Vanenge vachiteerera murayiro waJesu wokuti: “Rambai muchiita izvi muchindiyeuka.” Chaizvoizvo waiva musi iwoyo muna 33 C.E. uyo Jesu pashure pokunge achengeta Paseka, akatanga Chirangaridzo chorufu rwake rwechibayiro. Akafa zuva iroro risati rapera.—Ruka 22:19, 20; 1 VaKorinde 11:23-28.
Muzana remakore rechipiri C.E., vamwe vakatanga kuchinja nguva yokuyeuka kwacho uye maitirwo akwaiitwa. Musi wokufa kwaJesu wakaramba uchishandiswa muAsia Minor. Zvisinei, sezvinotaurwa nerimwe bhuku, “tsika yakanga yavapo muRoma neArekizandriya yaiva yokuchengeta kumuka kwaJesu pamusi weSvondo waitevera,” vachikudana kuti Paseka Yokumuka. Boka revanhu vainzi vaQuartodeciman (Vachengeti Vezuva Rechigumi Nemana) vakarwira kuchengetwa kworufu rwaJesu Kristu musi waNisani 14. Melito wokuSadhisi aibvumirana nazvo. Melito aiva ani? Akarwira sei chokwadi ichi cheBhaibheri pamwe chete nechimwe?
‘Chiedza Chikuru’
Pamugumo wezana remakore rechipiri, maererano naEusebius wokuKesariya mubhuku rake rinonzi Ecclesiastical History, Polycrates wokuEfeso akatumira tsamba kuRoma achirwira kuchengetwa kwe“zuva rechigumi nemana rePaseka maererano neEvhangeri, asingatsaudziri, asi achiteerera mutemo wokutenda.” Maererano netsamba iyi, Melito—Bhishopi wokuSadhisi, iri muRidhiya—aiva mumwe wevaya vaitsigira kuti musi waNisani 14 ndiwo waifanira kuchengetwa. Tsamba yacho yakataura kuti vamwe vaairarama navo panguva imwe chete vaiona Melito somumwe we‘vamwe vakanga vakaita sezviedza zvikuru vakanga vafa.’ Polycrates akataura kuti Melito akanga asina kuroora uye kuti “upenyu hwake hwose hwaiva nechokuita noMudzimu Mutsvene uye akavigwa muSadhisi achimirira kudana kunobva kudenga paachamuka kubva kuvakafa.” Izvi zvingareva kuti Melito aiva mumwe wevaya vaidavira kuti vanhu vaisazomutswa kusvikira pakudzoka kwaKristu.—Zvakazarurwa 20:1-6.
Saka, zvinoita sokuti Melito anofanira kuva akanga ari murume akashinga uye akatsunga. Kutaura zvazviri, akanyora bhuku rinonzi Apology nokuda kwevaKristu, rokutanga rakanga rati rambonyorwa, raienda kuna Marcus Aurelius, Mambo weRoma akatonga kubva muna 161 kusvika muna 180 C.E. Melito akanga asingatyi kurwira chiKristu uye kushora vanhu vakaipa, vaiva nemakaro. Vanhu vakadaro vakatsvaka mirayiro yaibva kuna mambo kuti ivapembedze kutambudza uye kutonga vaKristu zvisina kururama vachiitira kuti vabe zvinhu zvavo.
Kuna mambo wacho, Melito akanyora akashinga kuti: “Tiri kungokumbira chinhu chimwe chete ichi, kuti imi pachenyu muongorore vanhu vari kukonzera kusawirirana uku [vaKristu], uye mutonge zvakarurama kana vakakodzerwa norufu kana kuti kurangwa kana kuti vakakodzerwa nokuchengetedzwa uye kudzivirirwa. Asi, kana zano iri uye murayiro uyu mutsva, zvisina kukodzera kunyange kuitirwa vavengi vokune imwe nyika, zvisiri kubva kwamuri, tinokutetererai nomwoyo wose kuti muve nehanya nesu zvatiri kupambwa zvakadai nemhomho zvisingaenderani nomutemo.”
Kushandisa Magwaro Kurwira chiKristu
Melito akaratidza kuti aifarira zvikuru kudzidza Magwaro Matsvene. Hatina ndandanda izere yezvaakanyora, asi mimwe misoro inoratidza kufarira kwaaiita nyaya dzeBhaibheri. Mimwe yacho ndeiyi, Nezvoupenyu hwechiKristu uye Vaprofita, Nezvokutenda Kwomunhu, Nezvokusika, Nezvokubhabhatidzwa uye Chokwadi Nokutenda uye Kuberekwa kwaKristu, Nezvokugamuchira Vamwe, Chinobatsira Kunzwisisa Magwaro, uye NezvaDhiyabhorosi uye Zvakazarurwa zvaJohani.
Melito pachake akaenda kunyika dzakanyorerwa Bhaibheri kuti anotsvakurudza nhamba chaiyo yemabhuku eMagwaro echiHebheru. Pane izvi akanyora kuti: “Saizvozvowo, pandakaenda Kumabvazuva, ndiri munzvimbo yaiparidzwa neyaiitirwa zvinhu izvi, uye ndadzidza nezvemabhuku eTestamende Yekare zvakarurama uye ndanyora chokwadi chacho, ndakazvitumira kwamuri.” Ndandanda iyi haitauri mabhuku aNehemiya naEsteri, asi ndiyo ndandanda yekare zvikuru yemabhuku anonzi matsvene eMagwaro echiHebheru pane zvakanyorwa nevanonzi vaKristu.
Paaitsvakurudza, Melito akaunganidza ndima dzinotevedzana dzakatorwa muMagwaro echiHebheru dzaiva nouprofita hune chokuita naJesu. Bhuku raMelito, rine musoro unoti Extracts, rinoratidza kuti Jesu ndiye aiva Mesiya akanga akamirirwa kwenguva refu uye kuti Mutemo waMosesi neZvakanyorwa nevaprofita zvaitaura nezvaKristu.
Kurwira Kukosha Kworudzikinuro
Vanhu vakawanda vechiJudha vaiva mumaguta anokosha eAsia Minor. VaJudha vokuSadhisi, kwaigara Melito, vaichengeta Paseka yechiHebheru musi waNisani 14. Melito akanyora mharidzo yakanga yakanzi Paseka yairatidza kururama kwePaseka muMutemo uye yairwira kuchengeta kwaiita vaKristu Kudya kwaShe Kwemanheru musi waNisani 14.
Pashure pokutsinhira chitsauko 12 chaEksodho uye aratidza kuti Paseka yaimirira chibayiro chaKristu, Melito akatsanangura nei zvakanga zvisina musoro kuti vaKristu vachengete Paseka. Izvi zvaiva pamusana pokuti Mwari akanga abvisa Mutemo waMosesi. Akabva aratidza nei chibayiro chaKristu chaidiwa achiti: Mwari akaisa Adhamu muparadhiso kuti ave noupenyu hunofadza. Asi murume wacho wokutanga haana kuteerera murayiro wokusadya muti wokuziva zvakanaka nezvakaipa. Saka paidiwa rudzikinuro.
Melito akatsanangurazve kuti Jesu akatumwa panyika, akafa padanda kuti adzikinure vatendi muchivi norufu. Zvinofadza kuti Melito akashandisa shoko rechiGiriki rokuti xylon, rinoreva “muti,” paainyora nezvedanda pakafira Jesu.—Mabasa 5:30; 10:39; 13:29.
Melito aisangozivikanwa muAsia Minor chete. Tertullian, Clement wokuArekizandriya, uye Origen vaiziva mabhuku ake. Asi, munyori wenhau Raniero Cantalamessa anoti: “Kudzikira kwokuzivikanwa kwaMelito, uko kwakaita kuti zvaakanyora zvinyangarike zvishoma nezvishoma kwakatanga apo—pashure pokunge tsika yePaseka yomusi weSvondo yakunda—vaQuartodeciman vakatanga kuonekwa sevapanduki.” Pakupedzisira, zvakanyorwa naMelito zvakanga zvava kuda kutsakatika zvachose.
Akakanganiswa Nokuramba Kutenda Here?
Pashure pokunge vaapostora vafa, kuramba kutenda kwakanga kwafanotaurwa kwakapinda muchiKristu chechokwadi. (Mabasa 20:29, 30) Zviri pachena kuti izvi zvakakanganisa Melito. Manyorero akaoma aaiita zvinhu zvake anoita seakafanana nemanyorerwo aiitwa zvinhu zvouzivi hwechiGiriki uye zvenyika yeRoma. Zvichida ndokusaka Melito akadana chiKristu kuti “uzivi hwedu.” Aionawo kubatana kwechinonzi chiKristu noUmambo hweRoma so“uchapupu hukuru zvikuru . . . hwezvakanaka.”
Zvechokwadi Melito haana kufungisisa zano romuapostora Pauro rokuti: “Chenjerai: zvichida pangava nomumwe munhu angaenda nemi semhuka yake yaabata nouzivi uye nounyengeri husina zvahunobatsira maererano netsika yevanhu, maererano nezvinhu zvokutanga zvenyika, kwete maererano naKristu.” Saka, kunyange zvazvo Melito akarwira zvishoma chokwadi cheBhaibheri, pane zvakawanda akachisiya.—VaKorose 2:8.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 18]
Jesu akatanga Kudya kwaShe Kwemanheru musi waNisani 14