Guta Rekorinde—“Raiva Nezviteshi Zviviri Zvengarava”
KANA ukatarisa pamepu yeGreece, uchaona kuti nzvimbo huru yacho yakapoteredzwa nemvura uye nenzvimbo inoita kunge chitsuwa chikuru nechokumaodzanyemba. Nzvimbo idzi dzinobatanidzwa nekamukwavarara kenyika kakareba makiromita anenge matanhatu nechokumucheto kwenyika yacho. Zvakanonzi Isthmus of Corinth, ndiko kanobatanidza Peloponnisos kumaodzanyemba nechikamu chikuru chenyika yacho kuchamhembe.
Kamukwavarara aka kenyika kanokoshawo mune imwe nzira. Kave kachinzi izambuko regungwa nokuti nechokumabvazuva kune nzvimbo inonzi Saronic Gulf, inosvika kuGungwa reAegean nokumabvazuva kweMediterranean, uye kumadokero kune Gulf of Corinth, inonotisvitsa kuGungwa reIonian, reAdriatic, uye kumadokero kweMediterranean. Nechepakati penzvimbo idzi pane guta reKorinde, raiva chiteshi chaikosha munzendo dzoumishinari dzaPauro, raizivikanwa kare kuti raiva guta raiva nomukurumbira, zvinhu zvaro zvoumbozha, uye mararamiro ounzenza aiita vanhu vacho.
Guta Raive Panzvimbo Yakanaka
Guta reKorinde riri pedyo nechokumadokero kunoperera kamukwavarara kenyika aka kanokosha. Rine zviteshi zviviri zvengarava, chimwe nechimwe chiri kudivi rekamukwavarara kenyika aka—cheLechaeum kumadokero uye cheKenkreya chiri nechokumabvazuva. Ndosaka nyanzvi yezvakapoteredza yokuGreece inonzi Strabo yakarondedzera Korinde ichiti guta “raiva nezviteshi zviviri zvengarava.” Zvaraive panzvimbo yakanaka, migwagwa yose yezvokutengeserana yomugungwa neyepanyika yaipfuura nomuguta reKorinde, richitarisira migwagwa yokutengeserana yokuchamhembe kwakadziva kumaodzanyemba nemigwagwa yomumvura yokumabvazuva kwakadziva kumadokero.
Kubvira makarekare, ngarava dzokumabvazuva (Asia Minor, Siriya, Fenikiya, neIjipiti) uye dzokumadokero (Italy neSpain) dzaiuya nezvinhu, zvoburutswa pane chimwe chiteshi, uye zvoendeswa kune rimwe divi remukwavarara pachishandiswa mugwagwa wepanyika. Zvinhu zviya zvaive zvakatakurwa zvaiiswa mune imwe ngarava kuti rwendo rwacho rwupfuurire. Zvikepe zviduku zvaitakurwa zvoendeswa kune rimwe divi pamigwagwa yainzi diolkos.—Ona bhokisi riri papeji 27.
Nei vafambisi vengarava vaifarira kushandisa mugwagwa wepanyika waipfuura nepanzvimbo iyi? Nokuti izvi zvaiita kuti vasafamba rwendo rwaityisa rwemakiromita 320 vachipfuura nokunzvimbo yaiitika madutu yaiva kumaodzanyemba kwePeloponnisos. Vafambisi vengarava vaisada kuenda nokuCape Malea, nokuti zvainzi: “Kana ukaenda nokuCape Malea unenge waenda kumaziva ndadzoka.”
Kenkreya—Chiteshi Chengarava Chakanga Chatsakatika Chakawanikwa
Chiteshi chengarava cheKenkreya, chiri makiromita anenge 11 kumabvazuva kweKorinde, ndicho chaiva chiteshi chokupedzisira paimirira ngarava dzose dzokuEzhiya. Mazuva ano hafu yechiteshi ichi iri mumvura pamusana pokudengenyeka kwenyika kwakaipisisa kwakaitika zana remakore rechina C.E. rava kunopera. Strabo akati paKenkreya raingova besanwa uye chiteshi chacho chaiva chakapfuma, uye muzivi wokuRoma ainzi Lucius Apuleius akachiti yaiva “nzvimbo huru ine simba yaigara ichishanyirwa nengarava dzaibva kunzvimbo dzakawanda.”
Munguva yevaRoma, chiteshi chacho chaiva nenzvimbo mbiri dzaiva dzakakura mamita 150 kusvika ku200 dzaishandiswa nevanhu kupinda nokubuda mungarava dzakanga dzakaita setsoka yebhiza. Ngarava dzaiva dzakareba mamita 40 dzaikwanisa kumira ipapo. Vakachera matongo kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwechiteshi ichi vakaona zvimwe zvikamu zvetemberi zvakafungidzirwa kuti zvaiva zvetemberi yamwarikadzi Isis. Zvivako zvemandorokwati zvaiva zvakatarisana nechiteshi ichi zvingangove zvaive zvetemberi yaAphrodite. Vanamwari vaviri ava vaionekwa savanamwari vaitsigira chaizvo vafambisi vengarava.
Mabasa okutengeserana aiitwa pachiteshi ichi angangove akabatsira chaizvo muapostora Pauro paaigadzira matende muKorinde. (Mabasa 18:1-3) Bhuku rinonzi In the Steps of St. Paul rinoti: “Mwaka wechando zvawaiswedera pedyo, vaigadzira matende muKorinde, vaivawo vafambisi vengarava, vaiwandirwa nebasa zvikuru. Zviteshi zvose zvazvaive zvakazara nengarava dzaida kugadziriswa uye dzakamirira mwaka wechando sezvo nzendo dzomugungwa dzaimbomiswa, vaitengesa mapatsi engarava veLechæum neKenkreya vanofanira kunge vaiwanira basa munhu wose aisona micheka yengarava.”
Ambogara muKorinde kwemwedzi inopfuura 18, Pauro akafamba nengarava kubva kuKenkreya kuenda kuEfeso muna 52 C.E. (Mabasa 18:18, 19) Imwe nguva papera makore mana, ungano yechiKristu yakaumbwa muKenkreya. Bhaibheri rinotiudza kuti Pauro akakumbira vaiva muRoma kuti vabatsire mukadzi wechiKristu ainzi Febhi “weungano iri muKenkreya.”—VaRoma 16:1, 2.
Mazuva ano, vanoshanyira mahombekombe eKenkreya vanoshambira mumvura yakachena mumatongo echiteshi ichi chakatsakatika. Vashoma vavo vanoziva kuti mazana emakore akapfuura panzvimbo iyi paimbova besanwa, vamwe vachiita zvokutengeserana uye vamwe zvechiKristu. Ndizvo zvaiitikawo pane chimwe chiteshi cheKorinde, chainzi Lechaeum, chaiva kumadokero kwenyika iyi yakapoteredzwa nemvura.
Lechaeum—Chiteshi Chokumadokero
Mugwagwa wakanaka wainzi Mugwagwa weLechaeum waibva pamusika weKorinde uchienda kuchiteshi chaiva kumadokero cheLechaeum, chaiva kure nemakiromita maviri. Mainjiniya akachera imwe nzvimbo nechepamberi pemhenderekedzo yacho kuti vavake chiteshi chengarava vachibva vaunganidza zvavakachera pamhenderekedzo kuti vadzivirire ngarava pamhepo dzinotyisa dzinenge dzichibva mugungwa. Pane imwe nguva, ndiyo yaimbova chiteshi chikuru kupfuura zvose muMediterranean. Vanochera matongo vakawana matongo emba yechiedza, chidhori chaPoseidon akabata mwenje.
Nechokumativi kwoMugwagwa weLechaeum, kwaiva nemidhuri miviri, migwagwa yokufamba netsoka, zvivako zvehurumende, temberi, mavharanda ezvitoro. Pauro anofanira kunge aisangana nevatengesi vaingoita besanwa, vanhu vaingodya nyaya vasina zvavaiita, vatengesi, varanda, vanamuzvinabhizimisi, nevamwe—vanhu vakanga vakakodzera kuti avaparidzire.
Lechaeum yakanga isingori chiteshi chengarava chokutengeserana chete asiwo yaiva muzinda wengarava dzehondo. Vamwe vanoti ngarava yaikwasvwa nevakwasvi vari munhurikidzwa nhatu, yaibatsira chaizvo muhondo kareko, uye yakagadzirwa muLechaeum nomugadziri wengarava wokuKorinde ainzi Ameinocles munenge muna 700 B.C.E. Vanhu vokuAtene vakashandisa ngarava iyi paya pavakazokunda vaPezhiya muhondo yomugungwa paSalamis muna 480 B.C.E.
Nzvimbo iyi yaimbova besanwa iye zvino yangova “nzvimbo ine mvura shoma izere netsanga, jecha nevhu dema.” Hapana chinoratidza kuti mazana emakore akapfuura, paimbova nechiteshi chengarava chaipfuura zvose zvaiva muMediterranean.
Matambudziko Aitarisana nevaKristu muKorinde
Muguta reKorinde maisangova nezviteshi zvokutengeserana, asi maiuyawo vamwe vanhu vaigona kuchinja chaizvo upenyu hwevairarama muguta racho. Chimwe chacho ndechokuti zviteshi izvozvo zvaiunza bhizimisi noupfumi. Korinde yaiwana upfumi hwakawanda nokutora mitero yokushandisa chiteshi yakakwirira uye kubhadharisa vaya vaitakura zvinhu kana kuti ngarava vachipfuura nomuguta racho. Guta racho raibhadharisawo mitero yezvimwe zvifambiso. Zana remakore rechinomwe B.C.E. parakanga rava kuda kupera, mari yakawanda yaiwanikwa neHurumende yaibva kumitero yemisika yaiva muguta uye yaibva kumitero yokushandisa zviteshi zvehurumende yakaita kuti vagari vemo vasabhadhariswa mitero!
Korinde yaiwana imwe mari kubva kuvatengesi vaigaramo. Vakawanda vavo vakanga vasingabviri mumapati oumbozha uye ounzenza. Vafambisi vengarava vaidirana uye vaipfumisa Korinde. Sezvakanyorwa naStrabo, vaishandisa mari yavo zvisina njere. Vagari vomuguta racho vaiita mabasa akasiyana siyana vachibhadharisa, aisanganisira kugadzirisa ngarava.
Panguva yairarama Pauro, guta racho rinonzi raiva nevanhu vanenge 400 000, raingopfuurwa neRoma, Arekizandriya, uye Andiyoki yokuSiriya. VaGiriki, vaRoma, vaSiriya, vaIjipiti, uye vaJudha vaigara muKorinde. Paiva nevashanyi vakawanda vaibva kunzvimbo dzakawanda, vamwe vaiuya kuzoona mitambo yokumhanya, vaimbi, vazivi, vezvemabhizimisi, nevamwewo vaiuya kuguta iri vachipfuura nepazviteshi zvaro. Vashanyi ivavo vaipa zvipo patemberi uye vaipa zvibayiro kuna vanamwari. Zvose izvi zvakaita kuti Korinde ive guta guru rakabudirira—asi zvaivawo nemigumisiro yakaipa.
Bhuku rinonzi In the Steps of St. Paul rinoti: “Sezvo Korinde yakanga iri pakati pezviteshi zviviri, vanhu vacho vakarasa tsika dzavo ndokutanga kuita unzenza hwaiitwa nemamwe marudzi ane ngarava dzaiva pazviteshi zveKorinde.” Vanhu vokuMabvazuva nevokuMadokero vaisangana muKorinde uye vaiita zvounzenza. Zvakaguma zvaitika ndezvokuti vanhu vomuKorinde vakava netsika dzakaora, uye vaida mafaro zvinonyadzisa kupfuura mamwe maguta ose omuGirisi yekare. Kana munhu airarama sezvaiita vaKorinde kana kunzi muKorinde, zvaive zvakafanana nokurarama upenyu hwounzenza hwakaipisisa.
Upenyu hwokudisa zvinhu nehwounzenza hwaigona kukanganisa vaKristu pakunamata. Vateveri vaJesu vaiva muKorinde vaifanira kukurudzirwa kuti varambe vaine ukama hwakanaka naMwari. Saka zvaiva zvakakodzera kuti muapostora Pauro ashore makaro, makororo, uye tsika dzisina kuchena mutsamba dzake kuvaKorinde. Paunenge uchiverenga tsamba idzodzo dzakafuridzirwa, unogona kuona zvinhu zvakaipa zvaigona kusangana nevaKristu ikoko.—1 VaKorinde 5:9, 10; 6:9-11, 18; 2 VaKorinde 7:1.
Kunyange zvazvo muKorinde maiva netsika dzakasiyana-siyana, izvozvo zvine zvazvaibatsira. Guta racho raigara richiwana pfungwa itsva. Vanhu vaigara imomo vaitarisa nokunzwawo mafungiro evamwe kupfuura zvaiita vanhu vokune mamwe maguta akashanyirwa naPauro. Mumwe murume anoziva nezveBhaibheri anoti: “Mabvazuva nemadokero zvakasangana muguta iri rekare raiva nezviteshi zvengarava, rakaita kuti vanhu vaigara imomo vazive pfungwa itsva dzakawanda, vave noruzivo, uye vazive zvitendero zvaiva munyika yose zvepanguva iyoyo.” Saka zvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana zvaikosheswa, uye zviri pachena kuti izvi zvakaita kuti Pauro akwanise kuparidza ikoko.
Zviteshi zviviri zvokuKorinde—cheKenkreya necheLechaeum—zvakaita kuti guta racho ribudirire uye rikurumbire. Zviteshi izvozvo zvakaita kuti upenyu hwevaKristu huome. Ndizvo zvakaitawo nyika yedu. Tsika dzakaipa, dzakadai sokudisa zvinhu nounzenza zvinogona kuvhiringidza vanhu vanotya Mwari. Saka zvakanaka kuti isuwo tikoshese zano rakafuridzirwa rakapa Pauro vaKristu vaiva muKorinde.
[Mufananidzo/Bhokisi riri papeji 27]
Diolkos—Kutakura Zvinhu Nomugwagwa Wepanyika
Zana remakore rechinomwe B.C.E. rava kunopera pasina kuzobudirira chirongwa chokugadzira mugero, mambo weKorinde ainzi Periander akagadzira mugwagwa wairatidza unyanzvi waidambura nepanyika iyi yakanga yakapoteredzwa nemvura.a Wakapiwa zita rokuti diolkos, kureva kuti “kuyambutsa zvinhu,” uyu waiva mugwagwa wakagadzirwa nematombo akanaka nematanda aiva akazorwa oiri. Zvinhu zvaibva mungarava dzaiva pachiteshi chengarava zvaiburutswa, zvoiswa mungoro dzaizofambiswa nevaranda mumugwagwa uyu kuendeswa kune chimwe chiteshi chengarava. Ngarava duku, dzimwe nguva dzaiva nezvinhu dzaifambiswa nepamugwagwa iwoyu.
[Mashoko Omuzasi]
a Kana uchida mamwe mashoko anotaura nezvekuvakwa kwomugero wemazuva ano, ona nyaya inoti, “The Corinth Canal and Its Story,” iri muAwake! yaDecember 22, 1984, mapeji 25-27.
[Mepu iri papeji 25]
[Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona magazini yacho]
GIRISI
Gulf of Corinth
Chiteshi Chengarava cheLechaeum
Korinde Yekare
Kenkreya
Isthmus of Corinth
Saronic Gulf
Peloponnese
GUNGWA REIONIAN
Cape Malea
GUNGWA REAEGEAN
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 25]
Ngarava dzinotakura zvinhu dzinodarika nomuKorinde mazuva ano
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]
Chiteshi Chengarava chokuLechaeum
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]
Chiteshi Chengarava chokuKenkreya
[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 25]
Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com