Mvura dzeReformation Dzinopabura

“KAMWE KAMWE ndakanzwa kumwe kutinhira, sokunge kwemheni, kuchimhanyira kwatiri. Mhuri yedu . . . yakatanga kumhanya noupengo ichienda kugomo rapedyopo. Mvura dzinotutuma dzakatisvikira. Takashambira zvatisina kumboita nakare kwose. Kunyange zvazvo taimedza mvura yegungwa yakawanda . . . , takapona.”

Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo mumwe muFilipino akarondedzera nayo chinoitika chinotyisa icho chakachinja nyika yake. Iwe zvimwe hauna kutongorohwa nengwavaira yomusikirwo—yemvura kana kuti rumwe rudzi rwupi norwupi. Asi kunzvera nhau kunozivisa kuti mamirioni oupenyu akaumbwa patsva nengwavaira dzorudzi rwakati.

Rudzidziso rwakapupurirawo chiverengero chakati chechinjo hombe, dzichipidigura mugariro wezuva nezuva wavanhu vasingaverengeki. Ivava vakabatanidza vaHindu, vaBhuddha, vaMuslim, vaJudha, uye maKristu. Ko upenyu hwako kwakatapurwa here nenyongano yakadaro? Kanodokuva zvamazvirokwazvo hwakatapurwa, kupi kana kupi kwaungagara. Ngatienzanisirei ikoku kupfurikidza nokufamba tichidzokera shure makore 400 munguva kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechi 16. Kutanga kwazvose tinonangidzira ngwariro yedu paEurope, iyo panguva iyeyo yakanga ichizununguka nokusabvumirana, kufanana neboterere riri kugadzirira kumhanya.

Mvura Inowedzera

Kwamazana amakore, kutungamirira kusvikira kuyatinodana kuti Reformation, Chechi Roma Katurike namadzimambo eEurope vakanga vakwikwidzana, mumwe nomumwe achitaura chiremera pamusoro pomumwe uye pamusoro pavanhu. Boka ravanhu vapanyika yacho vakasimudza manzwi avo mukuramba chavakaona soushati hwakaitwa nechechi.

Ushatii hworudzi rwavakaona? Makaro, utere huri pachena, uye kupindira mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Vanhuwo zvavo vakashatirirwa varume navakadzi vorudzidziso avo pane rumwe rutivi vaida maropafadzo chaiwo nemhaka yemhiko dzavo dzourombo noutsvene asi panguva imwe cheteyo vaizvidza mutemo kupfurikidza nokuva vakaipa pachena navane utere. Machinda muEngland akatsamwiswa nomugariro wakati ivei wechienzi wokufanira kubhadhara muripo kuna papa uyo panguva iyoyo aigara muFrance ndokubatanidzwa neFrance, muvengi weEngland kuhondo.

Ushati mukati meChechi yeKaturike hwakapinda pasi huchibva pamusoro. Wezvenhau Barbara W. Tuchman anonyora mubhuku rake The March of Folly kuti vanapapa vatanhatu avo vaiva munzvimbo kuvambira muna 1471 zvichienda mberi vakapfuuridzira “chioko muhomwe chakanyanyisa, utere, udyire, uye simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rine ngwavaira zvikuru.” Barbara Tuchman anorondedzerazve kuti Pope Sixtus IV, kuti asimudzire ndokupfumisa mhuri yake yaiva nourombo kusvikira panguva iyoyo, akagadza sei vazukuru vashanu nomuzukuru chibvi samacardinal, mumwe muzukuru chibvi sabhishopi, uye akaroodza vatanhatu vedzimwe hama dzake dzokunyama mumhuri dzinotonga. Alexander VI, apo akava papa, akazivikanwa kuva aiva namahure anoverengeka navana vanomwe. Mukutsunga kwake kusarudzwa kuti ave nenzvimbo, iye akafumbamuromo vakwikwidzani vake vakuru vaviri, mumwe wavo achigamuchira “mitoro mina yenyurusi yendarama,” anonyora kudaro Barbara Tuchman. Iye gare gare akatungamirira madyo eVatican ayo akava “akakurumbira muzvinyorwa zvamabhuku outere.” Bhuku rimwe chetero ipapo rinoratidzira kuti muvezi wemifananidzo akakurumbira Michelangelo akatumwa sei naPope Julius II kuita mufananidzo wake. Apo akabvunzwa nenyanzvi kana mufananidzo wacho uchifanira kumuratidza akabata bhuku, papa anorwa akapindura, achiti: “Isa munondo ipapo. Handizivi chinhu nezvamabhii.”

Mwena Mudhamu

VaEuropewo zvavo vakanga vachingoshuva nhungamiro yomudzimu. Vachicherechedza gadziriro dzakasiana-siana dzesimba dzakapfigirwa muupengo hwokuzvigutsa, ava vakaderera zvikuru vakatendeukira kumamwe manyuko echiremera, ayo ivo vakarangarira kuva makuru kumamwe ose—Bhaibheri. Mukuwirirana nomunyori Joel Hurstfield, Reformation yakanga iri “mupfungwa hurusa njodzi yechiremera.” Vashamiswa nohushati hwomuchechi, vaparidziri nemitezo yechechi muItaly vakataura pachena pamsoro pokudikanwa kwokuvandudza. Asi hapana imwe nzvimbo umo mvura dzokusagutswa dzakanga dzichiungana nenzira inotyisidzira kupfuura muGermany.

Munguva dzechihedheni, marudzi eGermany aiva negamuchidzanwa kupfurikidza naro mari yaigona kubhadharwa kuparira rusununguko muchirango chemhaka. Nokukura kwokutenda kweRoma, tsika yacho yakawana nzvimbo mukati mechechi muchimiro chamagwaro okukanganwirwa zvivi. Ikoku kwakabvumira mutadzi kutenga kunapapa ukoshi hworunako hwa“vatsvene’” vakafa ndokushandisa ihwohwu pazvirango zvapasi nokuda kwezvivi zvakaitwa. Mudzvinyiriro yemari, yakaparirwa nehondo dzokurwisana neFrance uye namabasa makuru okuvaka muRoma, Papa Leo X akapa chiremera kutengeswa kwamagwaro okukanganwirwa zvivi, achipa kanganwirwo yakakwana yezvirango zvapasi zvechivi. Martin Luther akashatirwa akatsanangura mapfundo ake 95 zvino akakurumbira padzidziso dzenhema dzechechi. Sangano rakananga kukuvandudza, iro rakanga ratanga sakarwizi zvizvarwa pamberi pezvi, rakava rwizi sezvo vanhu vazhinji zvikuru vakapa tsigiro yavo.

Muzana ramakore rechi 16, vanhu vamwe navamwe vakadai saLuther muGermany, Zwingle naCalvin muSwitzerland, uye Knox muScotland vakava nzvimbo dzokusanganira nokuda kwavazhinji vakawana banza rokuchenesa chiKristu ndokudzokera kuzvinokosha zvapakuvamba nemipimo yeBhaibheri. Shoko rakaitwa muGermany kurondedzera avo vakaramba kubvuma ganhuriro dzakaiswa pakutenda namachinda eRoma Katurike, uye avo vakazivisa ruvimbiko kuna Mwari kupfuura mumwe munhu upi noupi zvake. Iri shoko gare gare rakasvika pakubatanidza vose vakapa tsigiro kusangano reReformation. Shoko racho raiva “Purotesitendi.”

ChiPurotesitendi chakapararira muEurope nokutiza kunoshamisa, chichiumba patsva nyika yorudzidziso, chichiita miganhu mitsva yorudzidziso. Germany neSwitzerland zvakatungamirira, dzichikurumidza kuteverwa neScotland, Sweden, Norway, uye Denmark. Kwaiva namasangano ereformation muAustria, Bohemia, Poland, Transylvania, Netherlands, uye France.

MuEngland kusagutswa kwakanga kuchioneka kwerinopfuura zana rimwe ramakore, chibviro chamazuva aJohn Wycliffe namaLollards. Asi apo kubva muChechi yeKaturike kwakasvika pakupedzisira, kwakanga kuri nokuda kwezvikonzero zvenyika zvikuru. Mambo akasarudza kuchinja kwete rudzidziso rwake asi mudzimai wake. Muna 1534 Henry VIII akazvizivisa amene musoro weChechi itsva yeEngland. Vavariro dzake dzakanga dzakasiana neidzo dzavasingabvumirani venyika, asi chiito chake kunyanguvezvo chakazarura masuo emvura kuti mvura dzechinjo yorudzidziso dziyerere dzichipinda muBritain. MuEurope mose, idzi mvura dzakakurumidza kutsvuka neropa rezviuru zvaiiswa pareki yemisiano yorudzidziso.

Kupi kana kuti uko sundo yokuvandudza yakasimba, zvinhu zvechechi nenzvimbo zvaionwa. Mukati mamakore mana chete, Mambo weEngland akapamba nzvimbo dzinogara mamonk 560, dzimwe dzaiva nemari yakawanda. Dzimwe nyika dzakaona madzimambo pamwe chete navanhuwo zvavo vachitora nzvimbo dzechechi. Apo Roma imene yakadzingwa, utsinye hwakapararira. “Kutyisa nokuda kudeura ropa kwavadenhi ‘zvingadai zvakaita kuti dombo rinzwe urombo’” ndiko kurondedzera kunoita Barbara Tuchman. “Kuridza mhere nokugomera zvakazadza nzvimbo iri yose; Tiber akayeredza zvitunha.” Vorushoma, vose vari vaviri veKaturike navePurotesitendi vakatambudzwa noutsinye. MuBohemia, maPurotesitendi akabvutirwa, nepo muIreland rakanga riri dzoro ravaKaturike. VaPurotestendi veHuguenot veFrance vakadzingwa, sezvakaitwa vaPresbyterian veScottish navaPuritan veEngland. Kwakaratidzika sokunge kuseka kunotenderera kusina mufungo kwakanga kwatangwa, uye rudzidziso rwakanga rwuri mukuchidziri mukuru. Ko utsinye hwaizotongomira here?

Chechi yakanga isina rugare rwokupa. Asi madzimambo, aneta nokuparadza kwehondo yavagari vemo, akasvika zvibvumirano izvo zvakaronga miganhu pakati pokutenda kunopikisana. Rugare rweAugsburg muna 1555 noRugare rweWestphalia muna 1648 zvakaunza miganhu yorudzidziso neyorudzi mumubatanidzwa, kuchibvumira muchinda womunzvimbo kusarudza kuti kutenda kupi uko vanhu vake vaizotevera. Europe nokudaro yakasvika panhambo itsva, iyo yaizogara kwamakore 300. Pesvedzero muEurope haina kurondedzerwazve chose chose namaAllies anokurira panguva iyeyo haina kuitwa kutozosvikira pamugumo weHondo yeNyika II.

Kushuviwa kworusununguko rworudzidziso nokuvandudza zvakanga zvavaka simba seri kwedhamu roudzori hwechechi. Pashure pamazana amakore oudzvinyiriri husingateri, mvura pakupedzisira dzakapabura, dzichidzika nomumipata yeEurope, dzichisiya nyika yakaparadzwa mushure madzo. Apo mvura yakawanda yakaterama, nhungamiro dzokutenda munyika dzePurotesitendi dzakanga dzabviswa kuvakuru vorudzidziso ndokuiswa pamhenderekedzo dzamasimba enyika. Europe yakanga ichiri yakanyura mukusashivirira rudzidziso, kunyanguvezvo, uye vapoteri vakatiza mune imwe nyika vachienda kune imwe. Nyika yacho yakanga isati ichagona kubata mvura dzakaregerwa. Idzo dzakakurumidza kudeukira kumwe. Zana ramakore rechi 17 rakapa mukoto wokupfachukira. Nyika itsva yakanga ichiitwa koroni.

Kudeuka Kwakaenda Kumwe

“Chimwe chezvisakiso zvikuru zvokutamira kwapakuvamba kuAmerica,” anonyora A. P. Stokes muChurch and State in the United States, kwaiva chishuvo chorusununguko rworudzidziso.” Vanhu vakanga vaneta nokunetswa. VaBaptist, vaQuaker, vaRoma Katurike, vaHuguenot, vaPuritan, vaMennonite, uye vamwe vose vakanga vachidisa kushivirira kuoma kworwendo nokupinda musingazivikanwi. Stokes anonokora mashoko mumwe saanoti: “Ndakashuva nyika mandaigona kusununguka kunamata Mwari mukuwirirana neizvo Bhaibheri raindidzidzisa.” Mwero yokusashivirira ava vatami vakasiya shure inogona kurangarirwa nenhamo idzo vakanga vachidisa kutsungirira. Mukuwirirana newezvenhau David Hawke muThe Colonial Experience, kubva kunotambudza munyika yokumusha sezvingabvira kwaifanira kuteverwa ne“mwedzi miviri, mitatu, kana kuti mina inopedzwa nekariro yezuva nezuva yokumedza mafungu navadenhi vane utsinye.” Pashure paikoko, mufambi aneta aizoiswa “pakati pamaIndia ane utsinye, akakurumbira nokuda kwoutsinye . . . [uye aizogara] ari mumugariro unonzwisa nzara kwenhambo refu.”

Vanhu vamwe navamwe vakasvasvavirira rusununguko, masimba enyika epfuma. Pasinei zvapo nevavariro, vagari vakaenda norudzidziso rwavo vamene. Germany, Holland, uye Britain zvakaita North America nhare yePurotesitendi. Zvikurukuru hurumende yeBritain yaida “kudzivisa chiRoma Katurike . . . kuwana udzori muNorth America.” Canada yakapinda mupesvedzero yedzose dziri mbiri France neBritain. Muitiro wehurumende yeFrance waiva uya woku“chengeta New France iri mukutenda kweRoma Katurike,” kunyange kuramba kubvumidza vaHuguenot kutamira kuQuebec. Southern Africa namativi eWest Africa zvakapinda pasi pepesvedzero yePurotesitendi. Iyi pesvedzero yakawedzera nokupfuura kwenguva sezvo Australia, New Zealand, uye zvitsuwa zvakawanda zvePacific zvakawedzerwa kudanga rePurotesitendi.

Spain nePortugal zvakanga zvichitoita kuti South neCentral America zvive zveKaturike. French nePortuguese zvakasimudza mureza weKaturike muCentral Africa. MuIndia, Goa yaiva mupesvedzero yePortuguese, naizvozvo chiKaturike chakasimba imomo.

Sosaiti yaJesu (Jesuits) yakaumbwa muzana ramakore rechi 16 kufambisira mberi donzo reKaturike. Pakasvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18, kwaiva navanopfuura vaJesuit 22 000 vaishanda munyika yose, uye ivo vakatosimbisa pesvedzero yeKaturike muChina neJapan.

Chiono Chitsva

Mvura dzaregerwa dzine simba guru, seizvo chapupu chanokorwa mashoko pamavambo enyaya ino chakapupurira. Iyo inosereredza nyika, inochera mipata mitsva nemhika, inoparadza mhinganidzo dziri munzira mayo. Rwizi rwunopenga haruna charunoziva, harugoni kudzorwa kana kuti kutungamirirwa. Kwakanga kwakadaro neboporodzi reReformation.

“Chakaitika, . . . chaiva, naizvozvo, kwete zvikuru kwazvo rukundo rwokutenda kutsva kwomupanduki,” anodaro G. R. Elton muThe Reformation Crisis, “sokugamuchirwa navose nokwapashoma napashoma kwechiKristudhomu chakakamuraniswa chisina munhu akanga ada.” ChiKristudhomu chakapamuka, chakanetswa, chakapedzwa simba racho. Ruvimbiko rwakava rwakabatanidzwa zvikuru namadzimambo omunzvimbomo nokuchechi duku dzorudzi. Kutonga kwakagara kwenguva refu kwakabva Roma kwakanga kwaneteswa. Urudzi hwakasimba munyika nyoro dzechiPurotesitendi. Britain neUnited States, dzaiva nenzira yakasimba musimba ravatungamiriri venyika vePurotesitendi, pamwe chete dzakaumba simba renyika rechinomwe renhau yeBhaibheri, dzichidzora muzana makore rechi 18.

Zvisinei, sangano reReformation harina kuita chinhu chimene icho rakanga rakarirwa kuti raizoita. Chaiva chiiko? Nokupfuura kwenguva, dzidziso huru dzechechi dzePurotesitendi, dzingave chechi dzorudzi kana kuti zvimwe, zvikuru dzakawirirana neidzo dzeRoma. Vavandudzi vapakuvamba vakanga varota nezvokudzokera kumipimo yeBhaibheri, kuchiKristu chakachena. Sezvo fungu retsigiro rakakura muukuru netsigiro, nyongano munhungamiro yakangonetesa zvayo zviroto izvozvo.

Mafungu emvura dzeReformation akasiya makomba kunyange muzana redu ramakore rechi 20. Unogona kuziva mamwe awo here? Zvinotokosha zvikuru, timire pamucheto pechinjo yokupedzisira yenyika yose yorudzidziso. Nguva yakapfuura yorudzidziso yava kuisvikira. Ko iwe panguva iyoyo uchapukunyuka kuti uongorore jengachenga itsva here? Iyi mibvunzo ichapindurwa muchinyorwa chaNovember cheiyi magazini.