Bhabhironi Rine Simba Simba Renyika Guru Rechitatu

Bhabhironi rakare rakasvika pakakwirira paro pasi paNebhukadnezari, rakapfuudzira rudzidziso rwaro kunyika, uye rakakurirwa muusiku humwe. Kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro peguta irori kuchasimbisa kupwiswa kwako noururami hweBhaibheri nomuzadziko isingakundikani yamauporofita aro anoshamisa.

BHABHIRONI rine simba rakanga riri mhiri nemhiri zvakaisvonaka kwoRwizi rwaYufratesi zasi kweMesopotamia. Iro rakanga riri “rine mbiri paushe hwose,” nzvimbo yapakati yorudzidziso, yezvokutengeserana, uye yehondo. (Isaya 13:19) Iro raiva nepfuma huru, zvivako zvakaisvonaka, uye mapindu akakurumbira munyika. Iro rakanga riri simba renyika rezuva raro!

Kunyanguvezvo, muporofita waJehovha Jeremia akafuridzirwa kunyora, kuti: “Bhabhironi richaitwa murwi wamabwe, hugaro hwamakava, chinhu chinoshamisa, chinoridzirwa muridzo, pasina unogaramo.”—Jeremia 51:37.

Iri guta guru matongo chaiwo here? Ndiani aigona kufungidzira chinhu chakadaro? Bva, Bhabhironi raichimbozvikudza zvino rangova zvaro murwi unoodza mwoyo wamatongo asina munhu, mamaira 50, zasi kweBaghdad, zasi kweIraq. Chii chakatungamirira kukuwa kwaro?

Bhabhironi, rimwe ramaguta ekaresa enyika, rakatangwa nomuzukuruchibvi waNoa Nimirodhi, mudzimba une simba mukuzvidzwa kwaJehovha. (Genesi 10:8-10) Zvisinei, nhambo inotifadza yakasvika pashure penguva yaNimirodhi. Iyo yakasvika pashure pokunge dzose dziri mbiri Egipita neAsiria dzava masimba makuru enyika.

Bhabhironi Muzuva raNebhukadnezari

Makore 2 600 apfuura, shure mugore ra 632 P.N.V., vaBhabhironi navasonganiri vavo vakakurira Asiria.a Bhabhironi ipapo rakatsiva Asiria, richava simba renyika guru rechitatu munhau yeBhaibheri.

Nebhukadnezari, uyo akawana chigaro choumambo chouhu Umambo hweNeo-Bhabhironi, kana kuti Bhabhironi Idzva, akanga asati achingova bedzi mukuriri asiwo muvaki weguta. Masvingo makuru eBhabhironi nezvivako zvinoorora zvinogona, zvikurukuru, kunzi zvakavakwa naye. Zvitina zvakawanda zvikuru zvakawanwa zvine zita rokuti “Nebhukadnezari”—Nebhukadnezari mumwe cheteyo zvikuru anodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji kwazvo mumabhuku eBhaibheri aJeremia naDhanieri, Nebhukadnezari uyo Bhaibheri rinonokora mashoko saanoganza, achiti: “Ko iri harizi Bhabhironi Guta Guru, randakavaka ini?”—Dhanieri 4:30.

Masvingo makuru maviri akanga akakomberedza Bhabhironi, marara achizadza nzvimbo yaiva pakati pawo. Pamwe chete, iwo akaita mupingo wamafiti anopfuura 80 kukora. Kunze kwamasvingo mugero une mvura waiva namafiti anovambira pa 65 kusvikira ku 260 kufara, wakavakirirwa zvitina mukati, waishandiswa namagwa amarudzi ose.

Mugwagwa mukuru waibva kumusoro waipfuura nomuIshtar Gate rakanga rakareba mafiti 40 richipinda mumugwagwa mukuru weguta, Procession Way yakafara. Dzimbahwe raNebhukadnezari rakanga riri kurudyi, mukati meIshtar Gate. Kamuri raro hombe rechigaro choumambo raiva mafiti 55 ne 170. Suo racho namasvingo zvaitungamirira kwariri zvakanga zvakanatswa nezvitina zvakaisvonaka zvaimirira shumba, handira, uye madragoni. Imwe yeshumba inogona kuonwa ichiratidzwa muLouvre museum muParis.

Rudzidziso rweBhabhironi

Zita rechiHebheru reguta racho, Bhabheri, rinoreva “nyongano,” nepo mazita eSumaria neAkadhia nokuda kwaro achireva “Suo raMwari.” Revo dzose dziri mbiri dzinobatanidza Bhabhironi norudzidziso rwaro. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti mwari weBhabhironi Marduk (Merodhaki muBhaibheri) angave aiva Nimirodhi ainamatwa. Rudzidziso rweBhabhironi rwaibvumawo chiverengero chakati choutatu hwavamwari. Humwe hwakadaro hwakanga hwakaumbwa naSin (mwari womwedzi), Shamash (mwari wezuva), uye Ishtar (mwarikadzi worudo noruzvaro).

Ruzivo rwenyeredzi rwakanga rwakapararira imomo. VaBhabhironi vakatumidza zita nyika dzaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo mazita avamwari vavo vashanu vakuru navamwarikadzi. Bhuku razvino uno renhau rinotsanangura, kuti: “Tinonongedzera kuidzi nyika namazita adzo eRoma, asi vaRoma vakanga vagamuchira mazita eBhabhironi ndokugoashandurira muanoenzana nawo muRoma. Nokudaro nyika Ishtar, mwarikadzi worudo, yakava Venus, uye iro ramwari Marduk rakachinjirwa kuJupiter.”b Zita rokuti “weKardhea,” rakashandiswa navaBhabhironi, rakasvika pakudokureva zvimwe chetezvo no“muzivi wenyeredzi.”

Bhaibheri rinotaura kuti Bhabhironi rakanga riri “nyika yemifananidzo yakavezwa” uye ye“zvifananidzo” zvinonyangadza. (Jeremia 50:2, 38) Bva pfungwa dzaro dzorudzidziso dzakasvika pakuva manyuko makuru amamwe marudzidziso munyika yose. Purofesa Morris Jastrow anoti muThe Religion of Babylonia and Assyria: “Munyika yakare, pamberi pokumuka kwechiKristu, Egipita, Persia, uye Girisi zvakanzwa pesvedzero yorudzidziso rweBhabhironi.” Gare gare, dzakawanda dzepfungwa dzaro dzenhema dzakagamuchirwa ndokudzidziswa kunyange muchechi dzechiKristudhomu. Nokudaro, Bhaibheri rinodana umambo hwenyika hworudzidziso rwenhema kuti “Bhabhironi Guru.”—Zvakazarurwa 17:3-5.

Jerusarema Rakatapwa neBhabhironi

Muporofita Isaya akararama apo Asiria, simba renyika rechipiri, rakadzora nyika yakare. Bva iye akafuridzirwa naMwari kuporofita kuti Jerusarema raizoparadzwa, kwete navaAsiria vane simba venguva iyoyo, asi navaBhabhironi. (Isaya 39:6, 7) Uporofita ihwohwu hwakabvumikisa kuva hwechokwadi here? Ngationei.

Rakanga riri zana rimwe ramakore pashure penguva yaIsaya apo Bhabhironi navasonganiri varo vakakurira Asiria, uye Bhabhironi rava simba renyika idzva. Ipapo, muna 617 P.N.V., mambo weBhabhironi Nebhukadnezari akatapa mambo Jehoyakini weJerusarema ndokumutumira navamwe “vakuru venyika” savasungwa kuBhabhironi. Nebhukadnezari akaita Matania mambo muJerusarema uye “akashandura zita rake, akamutumidza Zedhekia.”—2 Madzimambo 24:11-17.

Zvinyorwa zvavaBhabhironi vamene, zvakawanwa navacheri vamatongo, zvinosimbisawo ichi chinoitika. Babylonian Chronicle, mahwendefa ekare evhu pakanga pakanyorwa zvinoitika zvikuru, inotaura kuti mambo weBhabhironi “akakomberedza guta raJudha [Jerusarema], uye . . . akatora guta ndokutapa mambo. Iye akagadza mukati maro mambo wechisarudzo chake amene, akagamuchira muripo waro mukuru ndokutumira kuBhabhironi.

Uyezve, Bhaibheri rinonongedzera kuzvokudya zvakapiwa kuna Jehoyakini apo akanga ari muutapwa muBhabhironi. (2 Madzimambo 25:27-30) Vacheri vamatongo vakawana zvinyorwa zvokutungamirira muBhabhironi izvo zvinonongedzera kuzvokudya zvakapiwa kuvose vari vaviri “Jehoyakini, mambo” uye ku“vanakomana vamambo waJudha.”

Kunyange zvazvo vanhu veJerusarema vaiva muukama hwesungano naJehovha Mwari, ivo vaingoramba nechisimbwa kutevera nzira dzaMwari kana kuti kuteerera vaporofita vake. Jehovha akataura kuti ivo vakanga “vaomesa mitsipa yavo, kuti varege kunzwa mashoko” ake. Kupfurikidza naJeremia iye akanyevera kuti “ndichaisa Judha rose mumaoko amambo weBhabhironi, iye uchavatapira Bhabhironi, nokuvauraya nomunondo.”—Jeremia 19:15; 20:4.

Naizvozvo apo Zedhekia akapandukira Nebhukadnezari, vaBhabhironi vakahwirira ndokukomberedza Jerusarema. Ivo vakapwanya masvingo aro pana Tammuz 9, 607 P.N.V. Ivo vakapisa tembere, vakakoromora masvingo eguta, uye vakatora Zedhekia navanhu vazhinjisa vari nhapwa kuBhabhironi. Mashoko aJehovha zvamazvirokwazvo akabvumikisa kuva echokwadi: “Nyika ino yose richava dongo, nechishamiso; marudzi awa achabatira mambo weBhabhironi makore ana makumi manomwe.”—Jeremia 25:11.

Chifananidzo Chechiroto chaNebhukadnezari

Gare gare, mambo weBhabhironi Nebhukadnezari, musoro wesimba renyika rezuva rake, akagamuchira mashoko echienzi. Mwari akamupa chiroto chechifananidzo chihombe. Chiroto chakazivisa ndaza yenhau yenyika kuvambira munguva yaNebhukadnezari kusvikira kumasimba enyika anotevera eMedo-Persia neGirisi, kupfuurira kusvikira kuRoma, uye kunyange kupfuura nguva yedu yazvino kusvikira kukutsiviwa kwechigarire kwehurumende dzose dzavanhu noUmambo hwaMwari. Muporofita waMwari Dhanieri akaudza Nebhukadnezari, kuti: “Mwari mukuru wakazivisa mambo zvichazoitwa pashure; kurota uku ndokwazvokwadi, nokududzirwa kwazvo ndokwazvokwadi.”—Dhanieri 2:28-45.

Nebhukadnezari aitofanira kuzivawo somunhu oga, nenzira ine simba zvikurusa, kuti Mwari anogona kuva nechokuita muzvinhu zvenyika zvakadaro—kuti “Wokumusorosoro unobata ushe pakati pavanhu, unohupa waanoda.”—Dhanieri 4:25.

Kuitwa Dongo kweBhabhironi Kunodeya Kutaurwa

Zvisinei, utsinye hwakanyanya hweBhabhironi kuvanhu vaJehovha hahusati hwaizopfuurira husingarangwi. Kupfurikidza naJeremia, Mwari akanga ati: “Ndicharipidzira Bhabhironi navose vagere Kardhea zvakaipa zvavo zvose zvavakaita muZioni pamberi penyu.” Uye kupfurikidza naIsaya iye akanga adeya kutaura kuti: “Ndichavamutsira vaMedia.”—Jeremia 51:24; Isaya 13:17.

Makore ane mazana maviri pachine nguva mberi, Jehovha akatopa zita romutungamiriri aizoparadza Bhabhironi ndokusunungura vanhu Vake—Koreshi anozivikanwawo saKoreshi Mukuru. Uporofita pamusoro paKoreshi hwakataura kuti iye aizozarura “mikova pamberi pake, namasuo arege kuzarirwa.” (Isaya 44:26–45:1) Ko chinhu chakadaro chakaitika chaizvoizvo here? Nhau inopindura.

Bhabhironi Rinowa!

Sezvakadeya kutaurwa makore 70 akadeya kutaurwa outapwa hwechiJudha akanga odokupera, vaMedhia navaPersia vakanga vachiuya. Mambo weBhabhironi Nabhonidhasi akanga atotiza achibva kuna Koreshi panhandare yehondo. Wezvenhau wechiGiriki Herodotus anotaura kuti vaBhabhironi vakanga vakashongedzerwa kuti vakurire komberedzo yenguva refu zvikuru. Uye sezviri pachena ivo vaiva nechivimbo chikuru mumasvingo akasimba eBhabhironi.

Sezvinorondedzera nhauro yeBhaibheri, pausiku hwaOctober 5/6 wegore ra 539 P.N.V., Bhershazari akanga achiva namadyo makuru mukati meBhabhironi, kupa waini nezvokudya vaenzi vakakwirira vane chiuru chimwe. (Dhanieri 5:1-4) Herodotus anosimbisa kuti kwakanga kune mutambo muBhabhironi usiku ihwohwo. Iye anotaura kuti vanhu veguta “vakanga vachitamba panguva yacho, uye vachizvifarikanya vamene.” Kunze, zvisinei, Koreshi akanga atsausa mvura dzaYufratesi, idzo dzaipfuura napakati chaipo peguta. Sezvo mwero wemvura wakaderera, hondo yake yakachakwaira nomugova, kupfuura masvingo marefu, uye kupinda naapo Herodotus akadana kuti “masuo maduku ayo aitungamirira kurwizi,” masuo akasiiwa akazaruka navaBhabhironi.

Makore akawanda pachine nguva mberi, muporofita Jeremia akanga anyora rondedzero yakajeka yokuwa kweBhabhironi: “Mhare dzeBhabhironi dzakarega kurwa . . . imwe nhume ichimhanya kundosongana neimwe, mumwe wakatumwa kundosongana nomumwe, kuzivisa mambo weBhabhironi kuti guta rake rakundwa kumativi ose. Uye kuti mazambuko abatwa, kuti mapani eshanga apiswa nomwoto.”—Jeremia 51:30-32.

Nabonidus Chronicle, zvino iri muBritish Museum, inosimbisa iyi rondedzero. Iyo inotaura kuti “hondo yaKoreshi yakapinda muBhabhironi pasina hondo.”

Uporofita hwaJehovha Hunozadzikwa

Muusiku humwe Bhabhironi rakanga rawa. Simba renyika rechitatu renhau yeBhaibheri rakanga rasvika pamugumo wakamwe kamwe. Koreshi aigona kuganza pachinyorwa chekiyunifomu, chinozivikanwa seCyrus Cylinder, kuti: “Ndini Koreshi, mambo wenyika, mambo mukuru, mambo akarurama, mambo weBhabhironi, mambo weSuma . . . ” Nokukurumidza pashure paikoko, Koreshi akabudisa chirevo chake chakakurumbira, uye nhapwa dzechiJudha dzinenge 50 000 dzakahwirira kuzovaka patsva Jerusarema netembere yaJehovha, vachisvika ikoko pamugumo chaipo pamakore 70 akadeya kutaurwa outapwa.—Ezra 1:1-11.

Mazana amakore gare gare, muapostora waJesu Petro akauya kuzodzidzisa nzanga yechiJudha iyo yakabudirira muno, uye makanga muri muBhabhironi umo Petro akanyorera inenge imwe yetsamba dzake dzakafuridzirwa dzeBhaibheri. (1 Petro 5:13) Mukufamba kwenguva, zvisinei, uporofita hwacho hwakazadzikwa: “Zvino Bhabhironi, rine mbiri paushe hwose, raizvikudza vaKardhea pamusoro pokunaka kwaro, richaita sapanguva yakaparadza Mwari Sodhoma neGomora. Haringatongogarwi navanhu.”—Isaya 13:19, 20.

Nhasi, Bhabhironi rine simba harisi chinhu kunze kwemirwi ine guruva yamabwe, matongo murenje—ufakazi hwakanyarara nohwakajeka muzadziko isingakundikani yeShoko rouporofita raJehovha.—Jeremia 51:36, 37.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mepu iri papeji 31]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

EXTENT OF BABYLONIAN EMPIRE

GREAT SEA

Euphrates River

Babylon

MEDIA

Jerusalem

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Based on a map copyrighted by Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est. and Survey of Israel

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 31]

Kuvakwazve kweIshtar Gate reBhabhironi (kurudyi)

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Museum of Western Asiatic Antiquity, East Berlin, GDR

Matongo eBhabhironi nhasi (pazasi)