Bhuku reBhaibheri Nhamba 60—1 Petro

Munyori: Petro

Nzvimbo Yakanyorerwa: Bhabhironi

Kunyora Kwakapedzwa: Munenge muna 62–64 C.E.

 1. Neiko vaKristu vaifanira kutambura miedzo, uye neiko tsamba yokutanga yaPetro yakanga yakakodzera nguva?

SEZVO vaKristu vapakuvamba vakazivisa kwakafara zvakaisvonaka zvaMwari, basa roUmambo rakabudirira uye rakawedzera muUmambo hweRoma hwose. Zvisinei, kusanzwisisana kwakati kwakamuka pamusoro peiri boka rinoshingaira. Kutanga, rudzidziso rwavo rwakanga rwavamba muJerusarema uye pakati pavaJudha, uye vamwe vakavavhiringidza navanyanyisi vechiJudha vairangarira zvematongerwe enyika avo vaitambura mujoko reRoma uye vakanga vari manyuko enguva dzose enhamo kumagavhuna omunzvimbomo. Uyezve, vaKristu vakanga vakasiyana mukuti vairamba kupa zvibayiro kuna mambo kana kuti kuvhengana mumitambo yorudzidziso yechihedheni yezuva racho. Vaishorwa uye vaifanira kutambura miedzo yakawanda nemhaka yokutenda. Panguva yakarurama, uye nokufanofunga kunoratidzira furidziro youmwari, Petro akanyora tsamba yake yokutanga, achikurudzira vaKristu kumira vakasimba uye achivapa zano pamusoro pokuti vanofanira kuzvibata vamene sei pasi paNero, Kesari wenguva iyoyo. Iyi tsamba yakabvumikisa kuva yakakodzera nguva zvikurusa nemhaka yedenho yechitambudzo chakatanga panodokuva pakarepo pashure pacho.

 2. Chii chinobvumikisa kuti Petro akanga ari munyori wetsamba ine zita rake, uye tsamba yacho yakanyorerwa vanaani?

² Kunyora kwaPetro kunosimbiswa namashoko okutanga. Uyezve, Irenaeus, Clement weAlexandria, Origen, uye Tertullian vose vanonokora mashoko tsamba yacho, vachidudza Petro somunyori.a Uchokwadi hwebhuku raPetro Wokutanga hunosanopupurirwa seipi neipi yetsamba dzakafuridzirwa. Eusebius anotiudza kuti vakuru vechechi vakashandisa zvakasununguka tsamba yacho; kwakanga kusina kupokana pamusoro pouchokwadi hwayo munguva yake (munenge muna 260-342 C.E.). Ignatius, Hermas, uye Barnabas, vokuvamba kwezana ramakore rechipiri, vose vanonongedzera kwariri.b Bhuku raPetro Rokutanga rinotsinhirana chose chose norutivi rwose rwasara rwaMagwaro akafuridzirwa uye rinozivisa shoko rine simba nokuda kwavaKristu vechiJudha navaisava vechiJudha vaigara sa“vaeni, vakapararira paPonto, neGaratia, neKapadhokia, neAsia, neBhitinia”—nharaunda dzeAsia Minor.—1 Pet. 1:1.

 3. Ufakazii huripo pamusoro penguva yokunyorwa kwetsamba yaPetro Yokutanga?

³ Tsamba yacho yakanyorwa rini? Kunzwika kwayo kunoratidzira kuti vaKristu vakanga vari kutambura miedzo, yaibva kuvahedheni kana kuti zvimwe kuvaJudha vasina kutendeutswa, asi kuti nhimbe yaNero yechitambudzo, yakatangwa muna 64 C.E., yakanga ichigere kuvamba. Kuri pachena kuti Petro akanyora tsamba yacho chinguva izvozvi zvisati zvaitika, zvimwe pakati pa62 na64 C.E. Kuva achiri naPetro kwaMarko kunosimbisa iyi mhedziso. Mukati mokuiswa mutorongo kwaPauro kwokutanga paRoma (munenge muna 59-61 C.E.), Marko aiva naPauro asi akanga achifanira kuenda kuAsia Minor; uye panguva yokuiswa mutorongo kwechipiri kwaPauro (munenge muna 65 C.E.), Marko akanga ave kudokukumbanira zvakare Pauro muRoma. (1 Pet. 5:13; VaK. 4:10; 2 Tim. 4:11) Ari pakati angave akava nomukana wokuva naPetro muBhabhironi.

 4, 5. (a) Chii chinobvumikisa kuva kwenhema kutaura kwokuti Petro akanyora tsamba yake yokutanga ari kuRoma? (b) Chii chinoratidzira kuti akanyora ari muBhabhironi chairoiro?

⁴ Tsamba yaPetro Yokutanga yakanyorwa kupi? Nepo vatsinhiri veBhaibheri vachibvumirana pamusoro pouchokwadi, kuva yomundaza yamanyoro matsvene, munyori, uye gore rinofungidzirwa rokunyora, vanosiyana pamusoro penzvimbo yokunyora. Maererano nechipupuriro chaPetro amene, iye akanyora tsamba yake yokutanga ari kuBhabhironi. (1 Pet. 5:13) Asi vamwe vanotaura kuti iye akanyora ari muRoma, vachitaura kuti “Bhabhironi” rakanga riri zita rokudimikira nokuda kweRoma. Ufakazi, zvisinei, hahutsigiri murangariro wakadaro. Bhaibheri hapana parinoratidzira kuti Bhabhironi rinonongedzera zvakananga kuRoma. Sezvo Petro akanyora tsamba yake kuavo vari muPonto chaiyoiyo, Garatia, Kapadhokia, Asia, uye Bhitinia, nenzira ine mufungo kunobva kwadaro kuti kunongedzera kwake kuBhabhironi kwakanga kuri kunzvimbo chaiyoiyo yezita iroro. (1:1) Kwakanga kune chikonzero chakanaka chokuti Petro ave muBhabhironi. Akaronzeswa ‘mashoko akanaka aavo vakadzingiswa,’ uye kwakanga kune vagari vemo vakawanda vechiJudha muBhabhironi. (VaG. 2:7-9) Encyclopaedia Judaica, pakukurukura kugadzirwa kweTalmud yeBhabhironi, inonongedzera ku“dzidzo huru dzeBhabhironi” dzechiJudha mukati meNguva yaVose.c

⁵ Magwaro akafuridzirwa, kubatanidza tsamba mbiri dzakanyorwa naPetro, hazvidudzi nezvokuenda kwake kuRoma. Pauro anotaura nezvekuva muRoma asi haatongonongedzeri kukuva kwaPetro imomo. Kunyange zvazvo Pauro achidudza mazita 35 mutsamba yake kuvaRoma uye achitumira kwaziso nezita ku26, neiko achikundikana kududza Petro? Nemhaka bedzi yokuti Petro akanga asiri ikoko panguva yacho! (VaR. 16:3-15) “Bhabhironi” uko Petro akanyora tsamba yake yokutanga ari sezviri pachena rakanga riri Bhabhironi chairoiro pamhenderekedzo dzeRwizi rweYufratesi muMesopotamia.

ZVIRI MUBHUKU RAPETRO ROKUTANGA

 6. Petro anonyora nezvetariroi, uye “kuberek[w]azve” kuiyi tariro kunobvira pahwaroi?

⁶ Kuberekwa patsva kutariro mhenyu kupfurikidza naKristu (1:1-25). Pakuvamba Petro anonangidzira ngwariro yavaravi vake kuku“berek[w]azve . . . tive netariro mhenyu” uye nhaka isingasvavi yakavachengeterwa mumatenga. Ikoku kuri maererano nengoni dzaMwari kupfurikidza norumuko rwaJesu Kristu. Naizvozvo “vakasanangurwa” vari kufara zvikuru kwazvo, kunyange zvazvo vachitambudzwa nemiedzo yakasiyana-siyana, kuti vara rakaedzwa rokutenda kwavo ri“wanikwe [ri]chibereka kurumbidzwa, nokubwinya, nokukudzwa pakuonekwa kwaJesu Kristu.” Vaporofita vekare, uye kunyange ngirozi, vakabvunza pamusoro pourwu ruponeso. Nokudaro, vakasarudzwa vanofanira kugadzirira ndangariro dzavo nokuda kwomubato ndokuisa tariro yavo pauyu mutsa usakafanirwa, vachiva vatsvene mumufambiro wavo wose. Uku hakusati kwakafanira here nemhaka yokuva kwavo vakanunurwa, kwete nezvinhu zvinoora, asi “neropa raKristu, seregwayana risina charingapomerwa, risina ruvara”? “Kuberek[w]azve” kwavo kuri kupfurikidza neshoko raMwari mupenyu neasingagumi, Jehovha, iro rinogara nokusingaperi uye rakaziviswa kwavari samashoko akanaka.—1:1, 3, 7, 19, 23.

 7. (a) VaKristu vari kuvakwa sechii, uye nokuda kwechinangwai? (b) Savagari vechinguvana, vanofanira kuzvibata vamene sei?

⁷ Kuchengeta mufambiro wakaisvonaka pakati pamarudzi (2:1–3:22). Samabwe mapenyu, vaKristu vanovakwa kuva imba yomudzimu, vachipa zvibayiro zvomudzimu zvinogamuchirika kuna Mwari kupfurikidza naJesu Kristu, ibwe rapakona renheyo, uyo akava ibwe rokugumbura kuvasingateereri. Avo vanotenda vakava ‘uprista hwoumambo, rudzi rutsvene, kuti vazivise kwakafara zvakaisvonaka zvouyo akavadana kubva murima ndokupinda muchiedza chake chinoshamisa.’ Savagari vechinguvana pakati pamarudzi, ngavarege zvishuvo zvenyama ndokuchengeta mufambiro wakaisvonaka. Ngavazviise pasi pe“chirevo chimwe nechimwe chavanhu,” kana kuri kuna mambo kana kuti kumagavhuna ake. Hungu, ngava“kudz[e] vanhu vose, [vade] hama dzose. [Vatye] Mwari. [Vakudze] mambo.” Nenzira yakafanana, vabatiri ngavazviise pasi pavatenzi vavo, nehana yakanaka, vachitsungirira mukutambura kusina kururama. Kunyange Kristu, kunyange zvazvo akanga asina chivi, akabvuma kunyombwa nokutambura, achisiya “mufananidzo” kuti makwara ake agosanoteverwa.—2:9, 13, 17, 21.

 8. (a) Izanoi rakanaka rinopiwa vadzimai navarume? (b) Chii chiri madikanwa kuti munhu ave nehana yakanaka pamberi paMwari?

⁸ Kuzviisa pasi kunoshandawo kuvadzimai, avo kupfurikidza nomufambiro wakachena pamwe chete noruremekedzo rukuru vangatowana varume vasingatendi pasina shoko. Itiro hanya yavo haifaniri kuva kushonga kwokunze. Kunofanira kuva sezvakwakanga kwakaita naSara, “munhu wakavanzika womwoyo, wakashonga zvisingaori zvomweya munyoro wakanyarara, unokosha, zvikuru pamberi paMwari.” Varume vanofanira kukudza vadzimai se‘midziyo isina simba’ uye sa“vadyi venhaka dzenyasha dzoupenyu.” VaKristu vose vanofanira kuratidza rudo rwouhama. “Uyo, unoda upenyu. . . . Ngaanzvenge zvakaipa, aite zvakanaka; ngaatsvake rugare, arutevere. Nokuti meso aShe ari pamusoro pavakarurama.” Panzvimbo pokutya vanhu, nguva dzose vanofanira kuva vakagadzirira kudzivirira tariro yavo. Zviri nani kutambura nokuda kwezvakanaka, kana kuri kuda kwaMwari, kupfuura nokuda kwezvakaipa. “Nokuti naKristu wakatambudzikawo kamwe chete pamusoro pezvivi, iye wakarurama nokuda kwavasakarurama, kuti atiise kuna Mwari; wakaurawa hake panyama, asi wakararamiswa pamweya.” Kutenda kwaNoa, kwakaratidzirwa mukuvakwa kweareka, kwakaguma nokuchengetedzwa kwaiye amene nemhuri yake. Nenzira inowirirana, avo, pahwaro hwokutenda Kristu akamutswa, vanozvitsaurira vamene kuna Mwari, vanobhapatidzwa muratidzirwo yokutenda ikoko, uye vanopfuurira kuita kuda kwaMwari vanoponeswa uye vanopiwa hana yakanaka naMwari.—3:4, 7, 10-12, 18.

 9. VaKristu vanofanira kuva nechimiroi chendangariro? Pasinei zvapo nechii?

⁹ Kufarira kuita kuda kwaMwari somuKristu, pasinei zvapo nokutambura (4:1–5:14). VaKristu vanofanira kuva nechimiro chendangariro chimwe chetecho saKristu, vachirarama bedzi kuti vaite kuda kwaMwari uye kuchisirizve uko kwamarudzi, kunyange zvazvo marudzi achivatuka nokuda kwokusapfuurira kufambidzana navo “pakusazvidzora kwavo uku kwakawanda.” Sezvo mugumo wezvinhu zvose waswedera pedyo, vanofanira kuva vakanaka mundangariro, vanonyengetera, uye kudana zvikuru, vachiita zvinhu zvose kuti Mwari agorumbidzwa. Sezvo miedzo inonyanya pakati pavo, havafaniri kushamiswa, asi vanofanira kufara savagoverani mukutambura kwaKristu. Zvisinei, ngaparege kuva nomunhu anotambura somuiti wechakaipa. Sezvo rutongeso ruchitanga paimba yaMwari, “naivo, vanotambudzika nokuda kwaMwari, ngavaise mweya yavo kuMusiki wakatendeka vachiita zvakanaka.”—4:4, 19.

10. Izanoi rinopiwa kuvarume vakuru nokuvarume vaduku, uye bhuku raPetro Wokutanga rinoguma nevimbisoi ine simba?

¹⁰ Varume vakuru vanofanira kufudza boka raMwari nokudisa, hungu, nomwoyo wose. Kuva mienzaniso kuboka kuchavavimbisa korona isingasvavi yembiri pakuratidzwa kwoMufudzi Mukuru. Varume vaduku ngavazviise pasi pavarume vakuru, vose vachiva nokuzvininipisa, “nokuti Mwari unodzivisa vanozvikudza, asi unopa nyasha vanozvininipisa.” Ngavave vakasimba mukutenda uye vanongwarira “shumba inorira” iya, Dhiyabhorosi. Zvakare, mashoko ane simba evimbiso anorira sezvo Petro anogumisa kurudziro yake, achiti: “Zvino Mwari wenyasha dzose, iye wakakudanirai kukubwinya kwake kusingaperi muna Kristu, kana mambotambudzika kanguva kaduku, uchakukwanisai, nokukumisai, nokukusimbisai, nokukuteyai. Ngaave nesimba nokusingaperi-peri. Ameni.”—5:5, 8, 10, 11.

CHIKONZERO NEI RICHIBETSERA

11. Petro anoita chiito sei pazano raJesu neraPauro mukupa zano kuvatariri?

¹¹ Tsamba yokutanga yaPetro ine zano rakanaka ravatariri. Achiita chiito pamusoro pezano raJesu amene riri pana Johane 21:15-17 neiro raPauro riri pana Mabasa 20:25-35, Petro zvakare anoratidza basa romutariri kuva basa rokufudza, rinofanira kuitwa nenzira isina udyire, nenzira yokudisa, uye nomwoyo wose. Mutariri mufudzi muduku, anobatira pasi po“mufudzi mukuru,” Jesu Kristu, uye anozvidavirira kwaari nokuda kweboka raMwari, rine fariro dzaanofanira kutarisira somuenzaniso uye mukuzvininipisa kwose.—5:2-4.

12. (a) Kuzviisa pasi kune mwero kupi kunofanira kupiwa kuvatongi nokuvanatenzi? (b) Petro anorayirei pamusoro pokuzviisa pasi kwomudzimai noumusoro hwomurume? (c) Ivarai rechiKristu rinosimbiswa mutsamba yacho yose?

¹² Mamwe mativi akawanda okuzviisa pasi kwechiKristu anotaurwa nokupfupikisa mutsamba yaPetro, uye zano rakaisvonaka rinopiwa. Pana 1 Petro 2:13-17, kuzviisa pasi kwakafanira pavatongi, vakadai samambo namagavhuna, kunokurudzirwa. Zvisinei, ikoku kunofanira kuva kuzviisa pasi kune mwero, kuchiva nokuda kwaShe uye kwakabatanidzwa no“kutya Mwari,” uyo vaKristu vari varanda vake. Vashandi vomudzimba vanokurudzirwa kuzviisa pasi pavatenzi vavo uye kutsungirira kana vachifanira kutambura “nokuda kwehana kuna Mwari.” Vadzimai vanopiwawo zano rinokosha pamusoro pokuzviisa pasi pavarume, kubatanidza vasingatendi, kuchiratidzwa kuti mufambiro wavo wakachena, wokuremekedza “unokosha, zvikuru pamberi paMwari” uye ungatowana varume vavo kuzvokwadi. Pano Petro anoshandisa muenzaniso wokuzviisa pasi paAbrahama kwokutendeka kwaSara kuti asimbise pfundo racho. (1 Pet. 2:17-20; 3:1-6; Gen. 18:12) Varumewo vanofanira kushandisa umusoro hwavo nokurangarira kwakakodzera nokuda kwe“mudziyo une simba duku.” Achiri pauyu musoro, Petro anokurudzira, kuti: “Saizvozvo imi vaduku, muzviise pasi pavakuru.” Uye ipapo anosimbisa kudikanwa kwokuzvininipisa, kuzvidukupisa, vara rechiKristu rinosimbiswa mutsamba yake yose.—1 Pet. 3:7-9; 5:5-7; 2:21-25.

13. (a) Petro mutsamba yake anojekesa sei chinangwa chokudana kwaMwari ungano yechiKristu? (b) Petro anonongedzera mberi kunhakai inofadza, uye ndivanaani vanoiwana?

¹³ Panguva apo miedzo nezvitambudzo zvakafanana nemwoto zvakanga zviri kuvamba kubaka zvakare, Petro akagovera kurudziro inosimbisa, uye tsamba yake zvirokwazvo inokosha kuna vose vanotarisana nemiedzo yakadaro nhasi. Cherekedza kuti anoshandisa sei Magwaro echiHebheru mukunokora mashoko aJehovha, kuti: “Ivai vatsvene, nokuti ini ndiri mutsvene.” (1 Pet. 1:16; Revh. 11:44) Ipapo, zvakare, muchimwe chikamu chamashoko chine nongedzero zhinji kumamwe magwaro akafuridzirwa, iye anoratidza kuti ungano yechiKristu inovakwa sei seimba yomudzimu yamabwe mapenyu panheyo yaKristu. Uye nokuda kwechinangwai? Petro anopindura, kuti: “Muri rudzi rwakasanangurwa, uprista hwamambo, rudzi rutsvene, vanhu vaakazviwanira, kuti muparidze kunaka kwaiye wakakudanai, kuti mubve parima muuye kuchiedza chake chinoshamisa.” (1 Pet. 2:4-10; Isa. 28:16; Pis. 118:22; Isa. 8:14; Eks. 19:5, 6; Isa. 43:21; Hos. 1:10; 2:23) Kuuhwu “uprista hwamambo,” uprista hwose zvahwo hunoumba rudzi rwose rutsvene rwaMwari, uko Petro anopa chipikirwa choUmambo che“nhaka isingaori, isina mhosva, isingasvavi,” “korona yokubwinya isingasvavi,” “kubwinya kwake kusingaperi muna Kristu.” Nokudaro, ivava vanokurudzirwa zvikuru kupfuurira kufara “kuti pakuonekwa kwokubwinya kwake [va]farewo nomufaro mukuru.”—1 Pet. 1:4; 5:4, 10; 4:13.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]