Na Maria o Emotsoe Ntle ho Sebe?
NAKO—la 8 Tšitoe, 1854. Sebaka—mohahong oa Kereke ea Roma oa Mohalaleli Petrose Roma. Ka lentsoe le thothomelang ke maikutlo, Mopapa Pius IX o bala temana ea Selatine ea taelo e latelang: “Re hasa, re phatlalatsa le ho hlalosa hore thuto ea hore Moroetsana Maria ea Hlohonolofalitsoeng haholo-holo, ha a ne a emola ka lekhetlo la pele o bolokiloe litšileng tsohle tsa sebe sa pele, ka boemo bo le bong bo hlomphehang le tokelo eo a e filoeng ke Molimo o Matla ’Ohle, ka litšoaneleho tse ntle tsa Jesu Kreste, Mopholosi oa batho, ke thuto e senotsoeng ke Molimo ’me ka baka leo bahalaleli bohle ba lokela ho lumela thuto ena ka tieo le ka phehello.”
Ha esale ho tloha ka nako eo tumelo ena e ’nile ea ba tlamo ho Mak’hatholike ’ohle, ’me Mokete oa ho Tsoaloa Ntle ho Sebe esale o ketekoa ke lefatše lohle la K’hatholike selemo se seng le se seng ka la 8 Tšitoe.
Thuto ena ha e-ea lokela ho ferekanngoa le thuto e bitsoang Ho Tsoaloa ha Moroetsana. Thuto e bitsoang Kemolo ntle ho Sebe e mabapi le ho emoloa le ho tsoaloa ha Maria, ha Tsoalo ea Moroetsana e bolela ho tsoaloa ha mohlolo ha Jesu. Hore Maria e ne e le moroetsana ha a emola ’me a beleha Jesu ho boletsoe ka ho hlaka Mangolong a Halalelang. (Mattheu 1:18-23; Luka 1:34, 35) Empa na Mangolo a bontša hore Maria ka boeena o hlahile a phethahetse ’me a se na sebe se futsitsoeng?
Thuto E Neng E sa Tsejoe Paleng ea Kereke ea Pele
Tlas’a sehlooho “Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe,” The Catholic Encyclopedia e-ea lumela: “Mangolo ha a fane ka bopaki bo tobileng le bo tiileng ka thuto ena.” Kahoo ho tlile joang hore Kereke ea Roma e K’hatholike e kenyelletse mohopolo ona thutong ea eona? Ke hobane’ng ha kereke e ipolelang hore e bile teng ka lilemo tse ka bang 2 000 e ile ea leta ho fihlela ka 1845 pele e etsa hore Mak’hatholike ’ohle a lumele thuto ea Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe?
The Catholic Encyclopedia e-ea bolela: “Mabapi le ho hloka sebe ha Maria bo-Fatere ba holileng ba seli haholo. . . . Bo-Fatere ba Magerike ha ho mohla ho bonahalang ba kile ba buisana ka taba ea Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe.” Taba ke hore bo-Fatere ba ’maloa ba kereke ea pele ea Segerike, ba kang Origen (185-254 C.E.), Basil e Moholo (330-379 C.E.) le Chrysostom (345-407 C.E.), ba boletse maikutlo a neng a hanana le tumelo ea hore Maria o emotse ntle ho sebe, hoo ke hore, o ne a lokolohile lethebeng la sebe sa pele. ’Me Augustine (354-430 C.E.), eo ho boleloang hore ke e moholo ho “bo-Fatere” ba Latin ea boholo-holo, o boletse maikutlo a tšoanang.
Bukeng ea hae Christian Worship: Its Origin and Evolution, Louis Duchesne ralipale oa K’hatholike oa Mofora o oa ngola: “Ha ho bonahale e ka Kereke ea Roma e kile ea keteka Mokete oa Moroetsana pele ho lekholo la lilemo la bosupa.” Ke ’nete hore nakong ea lekholo la bohlano la lilemo C.E., kereke ea Magerike e ile ea qala ho boloka Mokete oa Kemolo oa Johanne Mokolobetsi, ’me, ka nako e ’ngoe hamorao, ea e-ba mokete oa Kemolo oa Maria. Empa The Catholic Encyclopedia e-ea lumela: “Ka ho keteka mokete oa Kemolo ea Maria Magerike [“Bakreste”] a khale . . . a ne a sa nahane hore ke bothoto ho keteka kemolo e neng e sena sebe, joalokaha re bona Moketeng oa Kemolo oa Mohalaleli Johanne . . . Leha ho le joalo, ho Magerike a Kereke ea Boholo-holo a mehleng ea rōna, mokete ha o bolele letho; ba tsoela pele ho o bitsa ‘Kemolo ea Mohalaleli Anne’ [Anna, ka moetlo ho nkoa hore ke ’mè oa Maria], mohlomong, ba bontša e seng ka morero, matla a kemolo [a likamano tsa botona le botšehali] ao ka sebele a neng a se na sebe.”
Kahoo, rea hlokomela hore mekete ea Maria e qalile Kerekeng e ka Bochabela, kapa Gerike le hore e ne e sa nkoa ke Kereke ea Roma, pele ho lekholo la bosupa la lilemo C.E. ’Me leha e keteka mokete oa Kemolo ea Maria, Kereke ea Gerike ea Orthodox ha e nke Kemolo ea hae e le e neng e se na sebe.
“Khang e Khōlō”
The Catholic Encyclopedia e lumela hore ho hlaha ha thuto ea Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe e ne e le khale e le teng, ’me e bile e sa hlahise bothata ba letho. E-ea bolela: “Qalehong Kereke e ne e keteka mokete oa Kemolo ea Maria, joalokaha e ne e bolokile Mokete oa Kemolo oa Mohalaleli Johanne, e sa re letho ka ho hloka sebe. Mokete ona nakong ea makholo-kholo a lilemo ea e-ba Mokete oa Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe, joalokaha khang ea tumelo e tlisitse mohopolo o tobileng le o nepahetseng, le joalokaha khang ea likolo tsa thuto ea bolumeli e nka ho bolokoa ha Maria mathebeng ’ohle a sebe sa pele e bile matla.”
E, thuto ea Kemolo ea Maria Ntle ho Sebe e ile ea hlakisoa feela kamor’a makholo a lilemo a “khang ea tumelo.” Ho nkile lilemo tse makholo hore “khang ea likolo tsa thuto ea bolumeli” ‘e be matla’ ’me qetellong e amoheloe. Lihloohong tsa bona tabeng ea “Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe,” libuka tse lumelletsoeng tsa K’hatholike li bua ka taba ena tlas’a lihlohoana “Khang” kapa “Khang e Khōlō.” Libuka tsena li bua ka “qalo e nyarosang” ea “mokete o mocha” England lekholong la bo 11 la lilemo C.E. Hoba ba hape England ka 1066, “Ma-Norman” a o felisa, a o nka e le “tholoana ea bothoto ba kelello le ho hloka tsebo.” France, “Mohalaleli” oa Mok’hatholike Bernard oa Clairvaux (1091-1153) a nka khato e hanyetsanang le eona pepenene. Lekholong la bo13 la lilemo, “Mohalaleli” Thomas Aquinas, eo ho thoe’ng ke eena “seithuti se ka sehloohong sa thuto ea bolumeli” sa Kereke e K’hatholike, a hanyetsa thuto ea Kemolo ea Maria Ntle ho Sebe motheong oa hore Maria o lopollotsoe ke Jesu joaloka batho bohle ba baetsalibe.
Leha ho le joalo, seithuti sa thuto ea bolumeli sa Mok’hatholike (John Duns Scotus 1265-1308) a hlaha a tšehetsa tumelo eo. Scotus e ne e le Mofora, ha Aquinas e ne e le Modominike. Kahoo ka makholo a lilemo thuto ea Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe e ne e le ho akhela lesapo pakeng tsa litaelo tsena tse peli tsa Kereke ea Roma e K’hatholike.
Ho akaretsa khang ena, The Catholic Encyclopedia e-ea bolela: “Boiteko ba ho hlahisa [mokete oa Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe] ka molao bo tsositse khohlano le lipuo tse se nang bonnete, ka ho hloka molato ha eona le seo e se bolelang, tseo li ileng tsa tsoela pele ka makholo a lilemo empa li sa ka tsa tsitsisoa hantle ho fihlela pele ho 1854.” Hona selemong seo Mopapa Pius IX ka pelo eohle a bolela hore Kemolo ea Maria Ntle ho Sebe “ke thuto e senotsoeng ke Molimo ’me ka hona bahalaleli bohle ba lokela ho e lumela ka tieo ba sa khaotse.”
Leha ho le joalo, ho ea ka taelo ea Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique, babishopo ba K’hatholike ba kaholimo ho 50, ho kopanyelletsa le mobishopo e moholo oa Paris, ba ne ba le khahlanong le hore tumelo eo e lumeloe ke Mak’hatholike ’ohle. Johann Döllinger, seithuti se ka sehloohong sa bolumeli sa K’hatholike Jeremane sa lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, ka ho phosumela a re: “Re qhela thuto e ncha ea Roma ea Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe ea Moroetsana Maria ea Hlohonolofalitsoeng hobane e hanyetsana le moetlo oa makholo a pele a lilemo tse leshome le metso e meraro, o bolelang hore ke Kreste feela ea emotsoeng ntle ho sebe.” Hamorao Döllinger o ile a lelekoa kerekeng.
Lehlomela la Thuto ea Boraro-bo-bong
Ke hobane’ng ha kereke ea K’hatholike e ile ea hatella thuto ee e bakang likhang holim’a Mak’hatholike ’ohle? Tumelo ea Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe ke mohlala o teng oa likotsi tseo kereke e itlhahisetsang tsona ha e kheloha linneteng tse otlolohileng tse bontšitsoeng ka Bibeleng. Thuto e le ’ngoe eo e seng ea Bibele e tsoala tse ling.
Phuputso e senola hore ho rapela Maria ho hlaha tumelong ea Boraro-bo-bong. Joang joalo? Hohle ho qalile morao lekholong la bone la lilemo C.E. Ka 325 C.E., ’Musisi Constantine, eo e neng e se le “Mokreste” ea kolobelitsoeng ka nako eo, a hlophisa lekhotla la Nicene ho lokisa khang ea thuto ea bolumeli ea Boraro-bo-bong. Constantine a tšehetsa batho ba thuto ea boraro-bo-bong, ka mabaka a lipolotiki ho feta a bolumeli. Tsamaiso ea tumelo ea Nicene ea bolela hore Jesu ke Molimo. Hona ha qalisa hore ba thuto ea bolumeli ba nahane ka boemo ba Maria. Haeba Jesu ke Molimo, hoo ho bolela hore Maria ke ’m’a Molimo. Taba ena ea tšosa ba bang, ’me thuto ena ea tsoela pele ka lekholo la lilemo. Qetellong, ka 431 C.E., Lekhotla la Efese la phatlalatsa hore Maria ke “Theotokos,” ho bolelang, “lenģosa la Molimo” kapa “’Mè oa Molimo.”
Hoa thahasellisa hore tlotla ena Maria o ile a e fuoa Efese, Asia Minor, sebaka seo e neng e le setsi sa borapeli ba bohetene ba Molimo oa Mosali. Kaha Constantine o ne a hasitse Bokreste ba bokoenehi ntho ea kakaretso, kapa K’hatholike, bolumeli bo amoheloang ’miseng ea bohetene, borapeli ba Maria ba nka sebaka sa boinehelo melimong e fapa-fapaneng ea mosali ea bohetene. Joaloka tlhompho e tebileng e tloaelehileng ea Maria, e sebelisitsoeng tumelong ea Boraro-bo-bong e hasane, ho bonahetse ho lokile ho ba bangata ho phatlalatsa hore Maria ha a na sebe ka ho feletseng.
Mabaka a Mang a ho ba Teng ha Thuto Ena
Thuto ea Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe e boetse ke tholoana e hlahisoang ke karolo ea thuto ea bolumeli ba K’hatholike e abetsoeng Maria ka topollo. Ka puo ea K’hatholike e tloaelehileng, Maria ka tsela e fapa-fapaneng o bitsoa “’Muelli oa Mosali,” “Mothusi oa mopholosi oa mosali” le “Moprista oa Moroetsana.” Hobane’ng?
Ho tloha mehleng ea pele, liithuti tsa bolumeli tsa K’hatholike li bitsitse Maria “Eva oa Bobeli.” Ha li qotsa 1 Ba-Korinthe 15:22, 45, tsa etsa ho tšoana e seng feela pakeng tsa “motho oa pele, Adama” le “Adama oa morao [Kreste]” empa le pakeng tsa Eva le Maria. The Encyclopaedia Britannica (1976) e bolela hore ho tšoana hona ho bolela “Maria le ho mamela ha hae e le karolo e mafolo-folo topollong ea moloko oa batho.”—Mongolo o tšekaletseng ke oa rōna.
Ho lumeloe hore, Kereke ea K’hatholike e tseba karolo e ka sehloohong ea Kreste topollong. Ha e le hantle, e ruta hore ka “boemo bo le bong bo hlomphehang le tokelo eo a e filoeng ke Molimo o Matla ’Ohle,” Maria ke eena oa pele oa ho fumana molemo “melemong” ea sehlabelo sa Kreste, le hore e ne e lebisa ho Maria “lekhetlong la pele la kemolo ea hae” hore a boloke “litšila tsohle tsa sebe sa pele.”
Joale, liithuti tsa bolumeli tsa K’hatholike li hlalosa taba e se nang bonnete ea ‘karolo e mafolo-folo ea Maria topollong ea moloko oa batho’ joang? Li re ke “Mothusi oa mopholosi oa mosali” hobane, ha re qotsa The Catholic Encyclopedia, “tumello ea Maria e ne e hlokahala topollong.” Li sebelisa lentsoe “’Muelli oa mosali” ho eena hobane li bolela hore ke mokena-lipakeng bakeng sa batho ba oeleng. Li boetse li re, Maria “ntle ho phoso a ka bitsoa Virgo sacerdos kapa moprista oa Moroetsana” hobane o kopanetse le Jesu sehlabelong sa hae le hore hona joale o kopanela le eena ho abeng “litokelo tsohle.”
Ho feta moo, ho latela phetolelo e sa nepahalang ea Selatine ea Genese 3:15, thuto ea bolumeli ea moetlo ea K’hatholike e etsa Maria “mosali” eo, joalokaha Mak’hatholike a bolela, a tla khoba hlooho ea “noha,” Satane. (Genese 3:14, 15) (Bona botlaase ba leqephe ho Genese 3:15 Libibeleng tsa Douay le Jerusalem.) Ho boleloa hore ho hlōla Satane, Maria o tlameha ho hloka sebe ho hang. Empa Bibele e re’ng?
Pono ea Bibele
Monsignor Malou, mobishopo oa Brugge, Belgium, a ngola lilemo tse tharo feela hoba Mopapa Pius IX a hlahise tumelo ena lefatšeng la Mak’hatholike, a lumela: “Ho lokela ho be ho hlakisitsoe hore, har’a likhang tsohle tse hlahisitsoeng ke basireletsi ba tokelo [ea Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe], tse nkiloeng Lengolong le Halalelang ke tsona tse thata hanyenyane le tse nepahetseng. Hangata litemana tse ngata tse se nang thuso li qotsitsoe e seng ka molao le ntle ho morero.”
Empa liithuti tsa bolumeli tsa K’hatholike li bolela hore Bibele le moetlo li emela tšenolo ea Molimo ho batho. Empa baholo ba molemo ba K’hatholike ba bolela hore moetlo ha oa tlameha ho hanana le Mangolo le hore o tlameha, o ipake e le oa “Boapostola” ka bolokolohi kapa ka ho feletseng. Tumelo ea Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe e lumellana joang le litlhoko tsee?
Joalokaha re bone, thuto ena ha e tšehetsoe ke meetlo ea khale ea Kereke ea Roma e K’hatholike. Ho feta moo, e hanyetsana le Mangolo. Polelo ea hore Maria o ne a bolokiloe sebeng sa pele lekhetlong la pele la ho emoloa ha hae e hanyetsa sebe se akaretsang se futsitsoeng. Moapostola Pauluse o bolela ka ho hlaka hore: “Sebe se kene lefatšeng ka motho a le mong, ’me lefu le kene ka sebe, ka mokhoa o joalo lefu le aparetse moloko oohle oa batho, kahobane ba sitiloe bohle.” (Ba-Roma 5:12, JB) Mangolo a boetse a bolela hore topollo bakeng sa “Batho bohle” e tlile feela ka lefu la Kreste. (Ba-Heberu 2:9, JB) Haeba tumelo ea Kemolo Ntle ho Sebe ea Maria e ne e le ’nete, Maria a ka be a lopollotsoe pele Kreste a e-shoa, ha e le hantle, le lilemo pele a tla lefatšeng.
Ka hona, joalokaha e tšoailoe ke molao oa Kereke oa K’hatholike, tumelo ena hase ea “Boapostola” kapa ea Mangolo, ’me ka hona hase “Moetlo” o amoheloang. Na hoo ha hoa lokela ho susumelletsa Mak’hatholike a tšepahalang hore a hlahlobe leseling la Bibele ‘lihlooho tse ling tsa tumelo’ tse lokelang ho lumeloa?