Izifundo NgemiBhalo Ephefumlelwe Nesizinda Sayo
ISifundo Sesi-3—Ukuthola Izikhathi Zezenzakalo Ohlelweni Lwesikhathi
Ukubalwa kwesikhathi ezinsukwini zeBhayibheli nengxoxo ngokulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo ezivelele zayo yomibili imiBhalo yesiHeberu neyesiGreki.
1. (a) Yini ebonisa ukuthi uJehova ungumgcini wesikhathi onembayo? (b) Iyiphi intuthuko eye yenziwa ekuqondeni ukulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo zeBhayibheli?
LAPHO ingelosi kaJehova inikeza uDaniyeli umbono ‘wenkosi yasenyakatho’ ‘nenkosi yaseningizimu,’ izikhathi eziningi yasebenzisa inkulumo ethi “isikhathi esimisiwe.” (Dan. 11:6, 27, 29, 35, qhathanisa neNW.) Kuneminye imibhalo eminingi futhi ebonisa ukuthi uJehova ungumgcini wesikhathi onembayo, ofeza izinjongo zakhe ngesikhathi sazo ngempela. (Luka 21:24; 1 Thes. 5:1, 2) EZwini lakhe, iBhayibheli, uye walungiselela “iziqondiso” eziningi ezisisiza ukuba sithole izenzakalo ezibalulekile ohlelweni lwesikhathi. Kuye kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu ekuqondeni ukulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo zeBhayibheli. Ukucwaninga kwezazi zemivubukulo nabanye kuyaqhubeka kukhanyisa izinkinga ezihlukahlukene, kusisize ukuba sithole isikhathi sezenzakalo eziyinhloko zombhalo weBhayibheli ogciniwe.—IzAga 4:18.
2. Nikeza isibonelo sokubala ngezinombolo eziphawula ukuthi okwesingaki.
2 Izinombolo Eziphawula Ukuthi Okwesingaki Nezibalula Inani. Esifundweni esandulelayo (izigaba 24 no-25), sifunde ukuthi kunomehluko phakathi kwezinombolo ezibalula inani nezinombolo eziphawula ukuthi okwesingaki. Lokhu kumelwe kukhunjulwe lapho kulinganiswa izinkathi ezingokweBhayibheli ngokuvumelana nezindlela zanamuhla zokuthola iminyaka yezenzakalo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kuthiwa “ngomnyaka wamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa wokuthunjwa kukaJehoyakini inkosi yakwaJuda,” inkulumo ethi “wamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa” iyinombolo ephawula ukuthi okwesingaki. Imelela iminyaka engu-36 egcwele kanye nezinsuku ezithile, amasonto, noma izinyanga (noma yisiphi isikhathi esasesidlulile kusukela ekupheleni konyaka wama-36).—Jer. 52:31.
3. (a) Imiphi imibhalo egciniwe yoMbuso esizayo ekutholeni izinsuku zeBhayibheli? (b) Wawuyini unyaka wokubusa, futhi wawuyini unyaka wokuqala ukubusa?
3 Iminyaka Yokubusa Neyokuqala Ukubusa. IBhayibheli libhekisela emibhalweni egciniwe yoMbuso kahulumeni wakwaJuda nakwaIsrayeli, nasezindabeni zoMbuso waseBabiloni nasePheresiya. Kuyo yonke lemibuso emine, ukulandelana kwezenzakalo zaseMbusweni kwabalwa ngokobubusi bamakhosi, futhi isimiso esifanayo sokubala siye sadluliselwa eBhayibhelini. Izikhathi eziningi iBhayibheli linikeza igama lencwadi ecashuniwe, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuthi ‘incwadi yezindaba zikaSolomoni.’ (1 AmaKh. 11:41) Ukubusa kwenkosi kwakuyohlanganisa ingxenye yonyaka eyaqala ngawo ukubusa, bese ilandelwa isibalo esiphelele seminyaka yokubusa. Iminyaka yokubusa yayiyiminyaka engokomthetho isebukhosini futhi ngokuvamile yayibalwa kusukela kuNisani kuya kuNisani, noma kusukela entwasahlobo kuya entwasahlobo. Lapho inkosi ithatha isihlalo sobukhosi, izinyanga ezisele ngaphambi kokuba kube inyanga kaNisani elandelayo yasentwasahlobo kwakubhekiselwa kuzo ngokuthi unyaka wokuqala kwayo ukubusa, phakathi nawo eyayigcwalisa isikhathi sokubusa kwaleyo eyandulele esikhundleni. Nokho, isikhathi sayo siqu esingokomthetho sokubusa sasibalwa njengesiqala ngoNisani 1 olandelayo.
4. Bonisa indlela ukulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo zeBhayibheli okungabalwa ngayo ngokweminyaka yokubusa.
4 Ngokwesibonelo, kubonakala sengathi uSolomoni waqala ukubusa esikhathini esithile ngaphambi kukaNisani ka-1037 B.C.E., lapho uDavide esaphila. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, uDavide wafa. (1 AmaKh. 1:39, 40; 2:10) Nokho, unyaka wokugcina wokubusa kukaDavide waqhubeka kwaze kwaba sentwasahlobo ka-1037 B.C.E., usabalwa njengengxenye yokuphatha kwakhe kweminyaka engu-40. Lengxenye yonyaka, kusukela ekuqaleni kokubusa kukaSolomoni kuze kube sentwasahlobo ka-1037 B.C.E., kubhekiselwa kuyo ngokuthi unyaka wokuqala kukaSolomoni ukubusa, futhi awunakubalwa njengonyaka wokubusa kwakhe, njengoba wayesagcwalisa isikhathi sokuphatha kukayise. Ngakho-ke, unyaka wokuqala ogcwele wokubusa kukaSolomoni awuzange uqale kwaze kwaba uNisani ka-1037 B.C.E. (1 AmaKh. 2:12) Ekugcineni, kwathiwa uSolomoni waphatha njengenkosi iminyaka yokubusa engu-40 egcwele. (1 AmaKh. 11:42) Ngokugcina ngalendlela iminyaka yokubusa ihlukile eminyakeni yokuqala ukubusa, kuba nokwenzeka ukubala ukulandelana kwezenzakalo zeBhayibheli ngokunembile.a
UKUBALA SIZE SIFIKE EKUDALWENI KUKA-ADAMU
5. Lutholakala kanjani usuku lokubuyiselwa kokukhulekelwa kukaJehova eJerusalema?
5 Ukuqala Onyakeni Obalulekile. Unyaka obalulekile wokubala size sifike emuva ekudalweni kuka-Adamu yilowo wokugumbuqela kukaKoresi umbuso waseBabiloni, u-539 B.C.E.b UKoresi wakhipha isimemezelo sakhe sokukhululwa kwamaJuda phakathi nonyaka wakhe wokuqala, ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo ka-537 B.C.E. UEzra 3:1 ubika ukuthi abantwana bakwaIsrayeli base bebuyele eJerusalema ngenyanga yesikhombisa, uTishri, ovumelana nengxenye kaSeptember no-October. Ngakho ikwindla ka-537 B.C.E. ibalwa njengosuku lokubuyiselwa kokukhulekelwa kukaJehova eJerusalema.
6. (a) Iyiphi inkathi eyabikezelwa eyaphela ekwindla ka-537 B.C.E.? (b) Kumelwe ukuba lenkathi yaqala nini, futhi amaqiniso akusekela kanjani lokhu?
6 Lokhu kubuyiselwa kokukhulekelwa kukaJehova ekwindla ka-537 B.C.E. kwaphawula ukuphela kwenkathi engokwesiprofetho. Yiphi inkathi? ‘Kwakuyiminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa’ phakathi nayo okwakumelwe ukuba iZwe Lesithembiso libe “incithakalo” naleyo uJehova athi ngayo, “Lapho iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa isiphelile eBabele, ngiyakunihambela, ngiqinise phezu kwenu izwi lami elihle ngokunibuyisela kulendawo.” (Jer. 25:11, 12; 29:10) UDaniyeli, owayejwayelene kahle nalesiprofetho, wenza ngokuvumelana naso njengoba “iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa” yayisondela ekupheleni. (Dan. 9:1-3) Khona-ke, “iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa” eyaphela ekwindla yonyaka ka-537 B.C.E., kumelwe ukuba yaqala ekwindla ka-607 B.C.E. Amaqiniso ayakufakazela lokhu. UJeremiya isahluko 52 uchaza izenzakalo ezibalulekile zokuvinjezelwa kweJerusalema, ukufohla kwabaseBabiloni, nokuthunjwa kweNkosi uSedekiya ngo-607 B.C.E. Khona-ke, njengoba ivesi le-12 lisho, “ngenyanga yesihlanu ngolweshumi lwenyanga,” okungukuthi, usuku lweshumi luka-Ab (ovumelana nengxenye kaJuly noAugust), abaseBabiloni bashisa ithempeli nomuzi. Nokho, lokhu kwakungakabi ukuqala ‘kweminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa.’ Imithonseyana ethile yobukhosi bamaJuda yayisekhona ngoGedaliya, inkosi yaseBabiloni eyayimmise njengombusi wezindawo zamaJuda ezazisasele. “Ngenyanga yesikhombisa,” uGedaliya nabanye abathile babulawa, amaJuda ayesasele abalekela eGibithe ngenxa yokwesaba. Kungalesosikhathi kuphela, kusukela cishe ngo-October 1, 607 B.C.E., lapho izwe ngomqondo ophelele “[la]liyincithakalo . . . kuze kugcwaliswe iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa.”—2 AmaKh. 25:22-26; 2 IziKr. 36:20, 21.
7. (a) Iminyaka ingabalwa kanjani ngokuhlehla kuze kufike ekuhlukanisweni kombuso ngemva kokufa kukaSolomoni? (b) Yikuphi ukusekela okunikezwa yisiprofetho sikaHezekeli?
7 Kusukela Ku-607 B.C.E. Kuya Ku-997 B.C.E. Ukubalwa kwalesikhathi kuhlehlelwa emuva kusukela ekuweni kweJerusalema kuze kufike esikhathini sokuhlukaniswa kombuso ngemva kokufa kukaSolomoni kuletha izinkinga eziningi. Nokho, ukuqhathaniswa kokubusa kwamakhosi akwaIsrayeli nawakwaJuda njengoba kulotshwe encwadini yamaKhosi okuQala nawesiBili kubonisa ukuthi lenkathi yesikhathi ihlanganisa iminyaka engu-390. Ubufakazi obunamandla bokuthi leli inani eliqondile yisiprofetho sikaHezekeli 4:1-13. Lesiprofetho sibonisa ukuthi sibhekisela esikhathini lapho iJerusalema laliyovinjezelwa khona futhi izakhamuzi zalo zithunjwe abezizwe, okwenzeka ngo-607 B.C.E. Ngakho iminyaka engu-40 okukhulunywe ngayo endabeni kaJuda yaphela ngokubhujiswa kweJerusalema. Iminyaka engu-390 okukhulunywe ngayo endabeni kaIsrayeli ayizange iphele lapho iSamariya libhujiswa, ngoba lokho kwase kuyisikhathi eside kwadlula ngesikhathi uHezekeli eprofetha, futhi isiprofetho sisho ngokucacile ukuthi sibhekisele ekuvinjezelweni nasekubhujisweni kweJerusalema. Ngakho, “ukona kwendlu yakwaIsrayeli,” nakho, kwaphela ngo-607 B.C.E. Uma sibala sihlehla sisuka kulolusuku, siyabona ukuthi inkathi yeminyaka engu-390 yaqala ngo-997 B.C.E. Ngalowonyaka, uJerobowamu, ngemva kokufa kukaSolomoni, wayihlubuka indlu kaDavide futhi “wamqubula uIsrayeli ukuba angamlandeli uJehova, wamonisa ngesono esikhulu.”—2 AmaKh. 17:21.
8. (a) Iminyaka ibalwa kanjani ngokuhlehla kuze kufikwe oFudukweni? (b) Yiluphi ushintsho oluthinta ukulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo zeBhayibheli ngalesikhathi?
8 Kusukela Ku-997 B.C.E. Kuya Ku-1513 B.C.E. Njengoba iminyaka yokugcina engu-40 egcwele yokubusa kukaSolomoni yaphela entwasahlobo ka-997 B.C.E., kusobala ukuthi unyaka wakhe wokuqala wokubusa kumelwe ukuba waqala entwasahlobo ka-1037 B.C.E. (1 AmaKh. 11:42) Umbhalo ogciniwe weBhayibheli, kwawoku-1 AmaKh. 6:1, uthi uSolomoni waqala ukwakha indlu kaJehova eJerusalema ngenyanga yesibili yonyaka wesine wokubusa kwakhe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kwase kudlule iminyaka emithathu egcwele nenyanga eyodwa ephelele yokubusa kwakhe, okusiletha kuApril-May ka-1034 B.C.E. okwaqalwa ngawo ukwakhiwa kwethempeli. Nokho, wona lombhalo uthi lona futhi ‘kwakungumnyaka wamakhulu amane namashumi ayisishiyagalombili emva kokuphuma kwabantwana bakwaIsrayeli ezweni laseGibithe.’ Nalapha, ukuthi wama-480 kuyinombolo ephawula ukuthi okwesingaki, kumelela iminyaka engu-479 ephelele. Ngakho-ke, uma u-479 ehlanganiswa no-1034 unikeza unyaka ka-1513 B.C.E. njengonyaka uIsrayeli aphuma ngawo eGibithe. Isigaba 19 seSifundo 2 siyachaza ukuthi kusukela onyakeni ka-1513 B.C.E., uAbibi (uNisani) wayezobalwa ngokuthi “yinyanga yokuqala emnyakeni” kuIsrayeli (Eks. 12:2) nokuthi ngaphambili kwakulandelwa unyaka oqala ekwindla, ngenyanga kaTishri. INew Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1957, Umq. 12, ikhasi 474, iyaphawula: “Ukubalwa kweminyaka yokubusa yamakhosi kusekelwe onyakeni owaqala entwasahlobo, futhi kuhambisana nendlela yaseBabiloni lokhu okwakuvame kuyo.” Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ushintsho lokuqala unyaka ekwindla kuya ekuqaleni unyaka entwasahlobo lwaqala nini ukusetshenziswa ezinkathini zesikhathi eBhayibhelini, lokhu kwakuyohilela ukulahleka noma ukuzuzwa kwezinyanga eziyisithupha endaweni ethile ekubalweni kwesikhathi.
9. (a) Umbhalo ogciniwe uhlehlela kanjani emuva esikhathini lapho isivumelwano sika-Abrahama siqala ukusebenza? (b) Ibalwa kanjani iminyaka yokuqala engu-215 yalenkathi? (c) Wayemdala kangakanani uAbrahama ngenkathi ewela iEwufrathe eya eKhanani?
9 Kusukela Ku-1513 B.C.E. Kuya Ku-1943 B.C.E. KuEksodusi 12:40, 41, uMose uloba ukuthi “ukuhlala kwabantwana bakwaIsrayeli [ababehlale, NW] eGibithe kwakuyiminyaka engamakhulu amane namashumi amathathu.” Ngendlela okubekwe ngayo lamazwi, kusobala ukuthi akukhona konke “ukuhlala” okwaba seGibithe. Lenkathi yesikhathi iqala ngokuwela kuka-Abrahama iEwufrathe lapho eya eKhanani, okuyisikhathi okwaqala ngaso ukusebenza kwesivumelwano sikaJehova noAbrahama. Iminyaka yokuqala engu-215 yalokhu “kuhlala” yaba seKhanani, khona-ke inkathi elinganayo yachithelwa eGibithe, kwaze kwaba yilapho uIsrayeli ekhululeka ngokuphelele kukho konke ukulawula nokuncika kwabaseGibithe, ngo-1513 B.C.E.c Umbhalo waphansi weNew World Translation kuEksodusi 12:40 ubonisa ukuthi iSeptuagint yesiGreki, esekelwe embhalweni wesiHeberu omdala kunoweMasora, ngemva kwegama elithi “eGibithe,” unezela amagama athi “nasezweni laseKhanani.” IZincwadi Ezinhlanu Zokuqala ZamaSamariya zenza okufanayo. EyabaseGalathiya 3:17, nayo ekhuluma ngaleminyaka engu-430, iqinisekisa ukuthi lenkathi yaqala ngokwenziwa kwesivumelwano sika-Abrahama sisebenze, ngesikhathi uAbrahama awela ngaso iEwufrathe lapho eya eKhanani. Ngakho-ke lokhu kwakungo-1943 B.C.E., lapho uAbrahama eneminyaka engu-75 ubudala.—Gen. 12:4.
10. Yibuphi obunye ubufakazi obusekela ukulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo zangesikhathi sika-Abrahama?
10 Obunye ubufakazi buyakusekela lokhu okungenhla: KuzEnzo 7:6 (NW) kukhulunywa ngembewu ka-Abrahama njengeyahlushwa iminyaka engu-400. Njengoba uJehova asusa ukuhlupha kweGibithe ngo-1513 B.C.E., kumelwe ukuba ukuhlupha kwaqala ngo-1913 B.C.E. Lokhu kwakuyiminyaka eyisihlanu ngemva kokuzalwa kukaIsaka futhi kuyavumelana ‘nokugcona’ kukaIshmayeli uIsaka ngesikhathi sokulunyulwa kwakhe.—Gen. 15:13; 21:8, 9, qhathanisa neNW.
11. Uhlu lweBhayibheli lokubalwa kwesikhathi lusihlehlisela kanjani emuva osukwini lukaZamcolo?
11 Kusukela Ku-1943 B.C.E. Kuya Ku-2370 B.C.E. Sibonile ukuthi uAbrahama wayeneminyaka engu-75 ubudala ngesikhathi engena eKhanani ngo-1943 B.C.E. Manje kungenzeka ukuhlehlisa uhlelo lwesikhathi, lubuyele emuva ezinsukwini zikaNowa. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izinkathi zesikhathi esizinikezwe kuGenesise 11:10 kuya ku-12:4. Lokhu kubala, okunikeza ingqikithi yeminyaka engu-427, kwenziwa kanje:
Kusukela ekuqaleni kukaZamcolo kuya
ekuzalweni kuka-Arpakishade 2 iminyaka
Bese kuya ekuzalweni kukaShela 35 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaEbere 30 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaPhelege 34 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaRehu 30 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaSerugi 32 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaNahori 30 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaThera 29 “
Kuya ekufeni kukaThera, lapho
uAbrahama eneminyaka
engu-75 ubudala 205 “
Ingqikithi 427 iminyaka
Ukunezela iminyaka engu-427 ku-1943 B.C.E. kusiletha ku-2370 B.C.E. Kanjalo isimiso esihleliwe sesikhathi seBhayibheli sibonisa ukuthi uZamcolo wosuku lukaNowa waqala ngo-2370 B.C.E.
12. Singakanani isikhathi esihlehlela emuva ekudalweni kuka-Adamu?
12 Kusukela Ku-2370 Kuya Ku-4026 B.C.E. Uma siphinda sihlehlela emuva ohlelweni lwesikhathi, sithola ukuthi iBhayibheli linaso isikhathi esisukela kuZamcolo kuze kufike ekudalweni kuka-Adamu. Lesi sitholakala ngoGenesise 5:3-29 no-7:6, 11. Ukubalwa kwesikhathi kufingqwe lapha ngezansi:
Kusukela ekudalweni kuka-Adamu
kuya ekuzalweni kukaSeti 130 iminyaka
Bese kuya ekuzalweni kukaEnoshe 105 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaKhenani 90 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaMahalalele 70 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaJarede 65 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaEnoke 162 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaMetushela 65 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaLameka 187 “
Kuya ekuzalweni kukaNowa 182 “
Kuya kuZamcolo 600 “
Ingqikithi 1 656 iminyaka
Uma sinezela iminyaka engu-1 656 onyakeni wethu wangaphambili ka-2370 B.C.E., sifika ku-4026 B.C.E. njengonyaka wokudalwa kuka-Adamu, mhlawumbe ekwindla, njengoba emakhalendeni amaningi asendulo unyaka wawuqala ekwindla.
13. (a) Khona-ke, mude kangakanani umlando wesintu kulomhlaba? (b) Kungani lokhu kungahambisani nobude bosuku lukaJehova lokuphumula?
13 Lokhu kubaluleke ngani namuhla? Uhlelo lokuqala lwalencwadi, olwakhishwa ngo-1963 ngesiNgisi, lwathi: “Khona-ke, ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ngo-1963 sesineminyaka engu-5 988 ‘sisosukwini’ uJehova ‘abephumule ngalo kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe’? (Gen. 2:3) Cha, ngoba ukudalwa kuka-Adamu akuhambisani nokuqala kosuku lokuphumula kukaJehova. Ngemva kokudalwa kuka-Adamu, kuseyilo usuku lwesithupha lokudala, kubonakala sengathi uJehova wadala ezinye izidalwa zezilwane nezinyoni. Futhi, wenza ukuba uAdamu aqambe izilwane amagama, okwakuzothatha isikhathi esithile, wayesedala uEva. (Gen. 2:18-22; bheka futhi iNW, Uhlelo luka-1953, umbhalo waphansi evesini 19) Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi singakanani isikhathi esadlula phakathi kokudalwa kuka-Adamu nokuphela ‘kosuku lwesithupha’ kumelwe sisuswe eminyakeni engu-5 988 ukuze sinikeze ubude bangempela besikhathi kusukela ekuqaleni ‘kosuku lwesikhombisa’ kuze kube [u-1963]. Akuzuzisi ngalutho ukusebenzisa ukulandelana kwezikhathi zenzakalo zeBhayibheli ekuqageleni izinsuku ezisesesikhathini esizayo.—Math. 24:36.”d
14. Kungani ukulandisa kweBhayibheli ngemvelaphi yesintu kumelwe kukhethwe esikhundleni semicabango nezimfundiso zabantu?
14 Kuthiwani ngokugomela kwesayensi kokuthi umuntu usenamakhulu ezinkulungwane noma ngisho ezigidi zeminyaka ekulomhlaba? Akukho nokukodwa kwalokho kugomela okungasekelwa ngemibhalo elotshiwe yangalezozikhathi zokuqala, njengoba kunjalo ngezenzakalo ezingokweBhayibheli. Iminyaka ecatshangelwayo okuthiwa eyangesikhathi “somuntu wangaphambi komlando” isekelwe ekucabangeleni okungenabufakazi. Eqinisweni, umlando wezwe othembekile, kanye nokulandelana kwezikhathi zenzakalo zawo, uhlehlela emuva ngeminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela. Umhlaba uye waba noshintsho nezinguquko eziningi, njengoZamcolo womhlaba wonke wosuku lukaNowa, eziye zaphazamisa kakhulu izingqimba zamadwala nezinsalela zasendulo, zenza noma yini eshiwoyo ngokwesayensi ngezinsuku zezenzakalo zangaphambi kukaZamcolo yaba ukuqagela okukhulu.e Ngokuphambene nayo yonke imicabango nezimfundiso zabantu eziphikisanayo, iBhayibheli lanelise umqondo ngokulandisa kwalo okucacile, okuvumelanayo ngemvelaphi yesintu nomlando walo olotshwe ngokucophelela wabantu bakaJehova abakhethiwe.
15. Ukutadisha iBhayibheli kumelwe kusithinte kanjani?
15 Ukutadisha iBhayibheli nokucabangela imisebenzi yoMgcini Wesikhathi Omkhulu, uJehova uNkulunkulu, kumelwe kusenze sizizwe siphansi kakhulu. Ngempela umuntu ofayo mncane kakhulu uma eqhathaniswa noNkulunkulu onamandla onke, omsebenzi wakhe omangalisayo wendalo, owafezwa ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, ushiwo kalula nje emBhalweni: “Ekuqaleni uNkulunkulu wadala izulu nomhlaba.”—Gen. 1:1.
ISIKHATHI SIKAJESU SOKUPHILA EMHLABENI
16. (a) AmaVangeli amane alotshwa ngakuphi ukulandelana? (b) Singakubeka kuluphi usuku ukuqala kwenkonzo kaJesu? (c) Izenzakalo zilandelana kanjani emaVangelini ahlukahlukene, futhi yini okumelwe iphawulwe ngokulandisa kukaJohane?
16 Kubonakala sengathi ukulandisa okune okuphefumlelwe kokuphila kukaJesu kwasemhlabeni kwalotshwa ngaloluhlelo: uMathewu (cishe ngo-41 C.E.), uLuka (cishe ngo-56-58 C.E.), uMarku (cishe ngo-60-65 C.E.), noJohane (cishe ngo-98 C.E.). Njengoba kuchaziwe esahlukweni esandulelayo, ngokusebenzisa ukwaziswa okukuLuka 3:1-3 kanye nonyaka ka-14 C.E. wokuqala kokubusa kukaTiberiyu Kesari, sifika ku-29 C.E. njengesikhathi sokuqala kwenkonzo kaJesu ephawulekayo kulomhlaba. Nakuba izenzakalo ezikuMathewu zingalandelani ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokwezikhathi zazo, ezimweni eziningi ezinye izincwadi ezintathu zibonakala zinikeza uhlelo olungokoqobo lwezenzakalo ezibalulekile ezenzeka. Lezi zinikezwe ngokufingqiwe eshadini elihambisana nalesahluko. Kuzophawulwa ukuthi ukulandisa kukaJohane, okwalotshwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30 ngemva kokokugcina kwalokhu okunye okuthathu, kugcwalisa izikhala ezibalulekile emlandweni abanye abangazihlanganisanga. Okuphawuleka ngokukhethekile ukukhuluma kukaJohane okusobala ngamaPhasika amane enkonzo kaJesu yasemhlabeni, okuqinisekisa inkonzo yeminyaka emithathu nengxenye, ephela ngo-33 C.E.f—Joh. 2:13; 5:1; 6:4; 12:1; no-13:1.
17. Yibuphi obunye ubufakazi obusekela usuku lokufa kukaJesu?
17 Ukufa kukaJesu ngo-33 C.E. kuyaqinisekiswa futhi obunye ubufakazi. NgokoMthetho kaMose, ngaso sonke isikhathi uNisani 15 wawuyiSabatha elikhethekile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungaluphi usuku. Uma ayehlangana neSabatha elivamile, khona-ke lolosuku lwalwaziwa ngokuthi iSabatha ‘elikhulu,’ futhi uJohane 19:31 ubonisa ukuthi iSabatha elinjalo lalandela usuku lokufa kukaJesu, ngaleyondlela olwalungoLwesihlanu. Futhi uNisani 14 akabanga ngoLwesihlanu luka-31 noma luka-32 kodwa luka-33 C.E. kuphela. Ngakho-ke, kumelwe ukuba uJesu wafa ngoNisani 14, 33 C.E.g
18. (a) Yini uDaniyeli aprofetha ngayo ngokuphathelene ‘namasonto’ angu-69? (b) NgokukaNehemiya, lenkathi yaqala nini? (c) Sifika kanjani osukwini lokuqala kokubusa kuka-Aritahishashita?
18 “Isonto” Lama-70, 29-36 C.E. Izici zesikhathi senkonzo kaJesu zihlanganiswa futhi uDaniyeli 9:24-27, obikezela ukudlula kwamasonto angu-69 eminyaka (iminyaka engu-483) “kusukela ekuphumeni kwezwi lokubuyisa nokwakha iJerusalema kuze kufike ogcotshiweyo, umbusi.” NgokukaNehemiya 2:1-8, lelizwi laphuma “ngomnyaka wamashumi amabili ka-Aritahishashita,” inkosi yasePheresiya. UAritahishashita wakuqala nini ukubusa kwakhe? Uyise ayemlandela esikhundleni, uXerxes, wafa engxenyeni yokugcina ka-475 B.C.E. Ngaleyondlela unyaka ka-Aritahishashita wokuqala ukubusa waqala ngo-475 B.C.E., futhi lokhu kusekelwa ngobufakazi obunamandla obuvela emithonjeni yaseGrisi, ePheresiya, naseBabiloni. Ngokwesibonelo, isazi-mlando esingumGreki uThucydides (esiye sazuza udumo ngokunemba kwaso) sibhala ngokubalekela ePheresiya kwesikhulu sombuso waseGrisi uThemistocles lapho uAritahishashita “esanda kuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi.” Esinye isazi-mlando esingumGreki sekhulu lokuqala leminyaka B.C.E., uDiodorus Siculus, sisenza sithole unyaka wokufa kukaThemistocles njengowu-471/470 B.C.E. Ngemva kokubaleka ezweni lakubo, uThemistocles wayecele imvume ka-Aritahishashita yokuba afunde ulimi lwasePheresiya unyaka owodwa ngaphambi kokuba avele phambi kwakhe, okwenziwa. Ngakho-ke, kumelwe ukuba ukuzinza kukaThemistocles, ePheresiya akubanga ngemva kuka-472 B.C.E., futhi ukufika kwakhe kungabekwa ngokunengqondo ku-473 B.C.E. Ngalesosikhathi uAritahishashita “wayesanda kuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi.”h
19. (a) Uma siqala ukubala “ngomnyaka wamashumi amabili ka-Aritahishashita,” siluthola kanjani usuku lokubonakala kukaMesiya? (b) Sagcwaliseka kanjani isiprofetho ‘samasonto’ angu-70 kusukela kulolusuku?
19 Ngakho, ‘unyaka wamashumi amabili ka-Aritahishashita’ wawuyoba ngo-455 B.C.E. Uma sibala iminyaka engu-483 (“amasonto” angu-69) sisuka lapha, futhi sikhumbula ukuthi awubanga khona unyaka oyiguncu lapho kudlulelwa eSikhathini Esivamile, sifika ku-29 C.E. njengosuku lokubonakala “[ko]gcotshiweyo [uMesiya] umbusi.” UJesu waba uMesiya ngenkathi ebhapathizwa futhi egcotshwa ngomoya ongcwele, ekwindla yangalowonyaka. Isiprofetho sibonisa futhi ukuthi “imihlatshelo neminikelo ikhawuke phakathi kwesonto [lamashumi ayisikhombisa].” Lokhu kwenzeka ngenkathi imihlatshelo yamaJuda eyayingokomfanekiso iphelelwa ukusebenza kwayo ngenxa yomhlatshelo kaJesu ngokwakhe. Ukuthi “phakathi” ‘nesonto’ leminyaka kusiyisa eminyakeni emithathu nengxenye size sifike entwasahlobo ka-33 C.E., lapho uJesu ebulawa. Nokho, “uyakuqinisa isivumelwano nabaningi” kulo lonke isonto lama-70. Lokhu kubonisa ukuqhubeka komusa kaJehova okhethekile kumaJuda phakathi neminyaka eyisikhombisa kusukela ku-29 C.E. kuya ku-36 C.E. Kungalesosikhathi, kuphela, lapho abeZizwe abangasokiwe bavulekelwa khona indlela yokuba babe amaIsrayeli angokomoya, njengoba kuboniswa ukuguquka kukaKorneliyu ngo-36 C.E.i—IzE. 10:30-33, 44-48; 11:1.
UKUBALA IMINYAKA NGEZIKHATHI ZABAPHOSTOLI
20. Umlando wezwe uhlangana kanjani nombhalo ogciniwe weBhayibheli ekutholeni isikhathi sokufa kukaHerode nezenzakalo ezakwandulela?
20 Phakathi Kuka-33 C.E. No-49 C.E. Unyaka ka-44 C.E. ungamukelwa njengonyaka owusizo kulenkathi. NgokukaJosephus (Jewish Antiquities, XIX, 351 [viii, 2]), uHerode Agripha I wabusa iminyaka emithathu ngemva kokuqala ukubusa koMbusi uKlawudiyu waseRoma (ngo-41 C.E.). Ubufakazi obungokomlando bubonisa ukuthi loHerode wafa ngo-44 C.E.j Uma manje sibheka umbhalo ogciniwe weBhayibheli, sithola ukuthi kwakungaphambi nje kokufa kukaHerode lapho uAgabu aprofetha khona “ngoMoya” ngokuphathelene nendlala enkulu eyayiza, lapho umphostoli uJakobe abulawa khona ngenkemba, nalapho uPetru aboshwa khona (ngesikhathi sePhasika) futhi wakhululwa ngokuyisimangaliso. Zonke lezenzakalo zingabekwa ku-44 C.E.—IzE. 11:27, 28; 12:1-11, 20-23.
21. Singasho ngasiphi isisekelo ukuthi uhambo lukaPawulu lokuqala lobuthunywa bevangeli cishe lwalungonyaka othile?
21 Indlala eyayibikezelwe yafika cishe ngo-46 C.E. Khona-ke, kumelwe ukuba cishe kwakungalesikhathi lapho uPawulu noBarnaba “bafeza inkonzo yokunikeza usizo eJerusalema.” (IzE. 12:25, NW) Ngemva kokubuyela eAntiyokiya yaseSiriya, bahlukaniswa kwabanye umoya ongcwele ukuba bathathe uhambo lokuqala lobuthunywa bevangeli, olwaluhlanganisa iKhupro nemizi eminingi nezifunda zaseAsia Minor.k Lolu cishe lwaqala entwasahlobo ka-47 C.E. kuya ekwindla ka-48 C.E., nobusika obubodwa obachithwa eAsia Minor. Kubonakala sengathi uPawulu wachitha ubusika obulandelayo emuva eAntiyokiya yaseSiriya, futhi lokhu kusiletha entwasahlobo ka-49 C.E.—IzE. 13:1–14:28.
22. Kungabekwa kumuphi unyaka ukuhambela okubili kukaPawulu eJerusalema okukhulunywe ngakho kwabaseGalathiya izahluko 1 no-2?
22 Umbhalo ogciniwe kweyabaseGalathiya izahluko 1 no-2 ubonakala uhlangana nalokhu kulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo. Lapha uPawulu ukhuluma ngokwenza okunye ukuhambela okubili okukhethekile eJerusalema ngemva kokuguquka kwakhe, okunye “emva kweminyaka emithathu” nokunye “emva kweminyaka eyishumi nane.” (Gal. 1:17, 18; 2:1) Uma lezinkathi ezimbili zesikhathi zithathwa njengezinombolo eziphawula ukuthi okwesingaki, ngokwesiko langalolosuku, futhi uma ukuguquka kukaPawulu kwaba sekuqaleni kwesikhathi sabaphostoli, njengoba kubonakala sengathi umbhalo ogciniwe ubonisa lokho, khona-ke singabala iminyaka emithathu neminyaka engu-14 ngokulandelana njengo-34-36 C.E. no-36-49 C.E.
23. Yibuphi ubufakazi obusikisela ukuthi kokubili abaseGalathiya isahluko 2 nezEnzo isahluko 15 kubhekisela ekuhambeleni kukaPawulu eJerusalema ngo-49 C.E.?
23 Ukuhambela kukaPawulu kwesibili eJerusalema okukhulunywe ngakho encwadini yabaseGalathiya kubonakala sengathi kwakuphathelene nenkinga yokusoka, njengoba kuthiwa ngisho noThithu owaphelezela uPawulu akudingekanga ukuba asokwe. Uma lokhu kuvumelana nokuhambela ngenjongo yokuthola isinqumo ngokusoka esichazwe kuzEnzo 15:1-35, khona-ke u-49 C.E. ufaneleka kahle njengophakathi kohambo lukaPawulu lokuqala nolwesibili lobuthunywa bevangeli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwabaseGalathiya 2:1-10, uPawulu wasebenzisa lesenzakalo ukuba abeke phambi “kwabadumileyo” basebandleni laseJerusalema izindaba ezinhle ayezishumayela, ‘funa kanti wayegijimela ize.’ Ngokunengqondo lokhu wayezokwenza lapho eletha kubo umbiko ngemva kwalo kanye uhambo lwakhe lokuqala lobuthunywa bevangeli. UPawulu wahambela eJerusalema ngoba “ambulelwe.”
24. UPawulu waluthatha phakathi namiphi iminyaka uhambo lwakhe lwesibili lobuthunywa bevangeli, futhi, ngokungangabazeki, kungani aze wafika eKorinte ekupheleni kuka-50 C.E.?
24 Uhambo Lwesibili LukaPawulu Lobuthunywa Bevangeli, Cishe Ngo-49-52 C.E. Ngemva kokubuya kwakhe eJerusalema, uPawulu wahlala isikhathi esithile eAntiyokiya yaseSiriya; ngakho, kumelwe ukuba lase lizophela ihlobo lika-49 C.E. ngenkathi ethatha uhambo lwakhe lwesibili. (IzE. 15:35, 36) Lolu lwalulude kakhulu kunolokuqala futhi lwaluyodinga ukuba ahlale eAsia Minor bonke ubusika. Ngokunokwenzeka kwakusentwasahlobo ka-50 C.E. lapho esabela obizweni lwaseMakedoniya futhi ewelela eYurophu. Khona-ke washumayela futhi wahlela amabandla amasha eFilipi, eThesalonika, eBereya, naseAthene. Lokhu kwakuyomletha eKorinte, esifundazweni saseAkhaya, ekwindla ka-50 C.E., ngemva kokuba ethathe uhambo lwamakhilomitha angaba u-2 090, ehamba ikakhulukazi ngezinyawo. (IzE. 16:9, 11, 12; 17:1, 2, 10, 11, 15, 16; 18:1) NgokwezEnzo 18:11, uPawulu wahlala lapho izinyanga ezingu-18, okusiletha ekuqaleni kuka-52 C.E. Njengoba ubusika base buphelile, uPawulu wayengahamba ngomkhumbi aye eKesariya, adlule e-Efesu. Ngemva kokwenyuka eyobingelela ibandla, ngokusobala eJerusalema, wafika lapho ayehlala khona eAntiyokiya yaseSiriya, ngokunokwenzeka ehlobo lika-52 C.E.l—IzE. 18:12-22.
25. (a) Imivubukulo iwusekela kanjani u-50-52 C.E. njengesikhathi sokuhambela kukaPawulu kokuqala eKorinte? (b) Iqiniso lokuthi uAkwila noPrisila ‘babesand’ ukufika, bephuma eItaliya’ likuqinisekisa kanjani lokhu?
25 Umvubukulo othile usekela u-50-52 C.E. njengeminyaka yokuhambela kukaPawulu kokuqala eKorinte. Lolu ucezu lombhalo oqoshiwe, isimemezelo esivela kuMbusi uKlawudiyu Kesari siya kumaDelphi aseGrisi, esiqukethe amazwi athi “[Lukiyu Ju]niyu, Galiyu, . . . umbusi.” Izazi-mlando zivumelana zonke ngokuthi isibalo esingu-26, naso esitholakalayo embhalweni, sibhekisela ekumenyezelweni kwama-26 kukaKlawudiyu njengombusi. Eminye imibhalo eqoshiwe ibonisa ukuthi uKlawudiyu wamenyezelwa njengombusi okwama-27 ngaphambi kuka-August 1, 52 C.E. Isikhathi sombusi sasithatha unyaka, siqala ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Kanjalo, kubonakala sengathi unyaka kaGaliyu njengombusi waseAkhaya waqala ehlobo lika-51 C.E. waphela ehlobo lika-52 C.E. “Kwathi uGaliyu engumbusi waseAkhaya, abaJuda bamvukela uPawulu nganhliziyonye, bamyisa phambi kwesihlalo sokwahlulela.” Ngemva kokukhulula kukaGaliyu uPawulu, lomphostoli wahlala “izinsuku eziningi,” wayesehamba ngomkhumbi waya eSiriya. (IzE. 18:11, 12, 17, 18) Konke lokhu kubonakala kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlala kukaPawulu izinyanga ezingu-18 eKorinte kwaphela entwasahlobo ka-52 C.E. Okunye okuphawula isikhathi kutholakala enkulumweni ethi lapho efika eKorinte, uPawulu “wafumana khona umJuda othile ogama lakhe linguAkwila, wasePontu ngokuzalwa, owayesand’ ukufika ephuma eItaliya, enoPrisila umkakhe, ngenxa yesimemezelo sikaKlawudiyu sokuba bonke abaJuda bamuke eRoma.” (IzE. 18:2) Ngokwesazi-mlando uPaulus Orosius, wasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesihlanu leminyaka, lomyalo wokuxoshwa wakhishwa ngonyaka kaKlawudiyu wesishiyagalolunye, okungukuthi, ngo-49 C.E. noma ekuqaleni kuka-50 C.E. Kanjalo, uAkwila noPrisila babengafika eKorinte esikhathini esithile ngaphambi kwekwindla yangalowonyaka, kwenza ukuba uPawulu akwazi ukuhlala lapho kusukela ekwindla ka-50 C.E. kuya entwasahlobo ka-52 C.E.a
26. Yiziphi izinsuku eziphawula izigaba ezilandelanayo zohambo lwesithathu lukaPawulu lobuthunywa bevangeli?
26 Uhambo LukaPawulu Lwesithathu Lobuthunywa Bevangeli, Cishe Ngo-52-56 C.E. Ngemva kokudlula ‘kwesikhathi esithile’ eseAntiyokiya yaseSiriya, uPawulu wabuye waphindela futhi eAsia Minor, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi wafika e-Efesu ebusika buka-52-53 C.E. (IzE. 18:23; 19:1) UPawulu wahlala “izinyanga zaba-ntathu” kwase kuba “iminyaka emibili” efundisa e-Efesu, futhi ngemva kwalokhu waya eMakedoniya. (IzE. 19:8-10) Kamuva, wakhumbuza ababonisi base-Efesu ukuthi wayekhonze phakathi kwabo ‘iminyaka emithathu,’ kodwa kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi lesi isibalo esimane senziwa saphelela. (IzE. 20:31) Kubonakala sengathi uPawulu wahamba e-Efesu ngemva ‘komkhosi wePhentekoste’ ekuqaleni kuka-55 C.E., ehamba yonke lendlela eya eKorinte, eGrisi, kusenesikhathi ukuba akwazi ukuhlala lapho izinyanga ezintathu zasebusika. Khona-ke, waphindela enyakatho kuze kufike eFilipi ngesikhathi sePhasika lika-56 C.E. Ukusuka lapho wahamba ngomkhumbi ngendlela edlula eTrowa naseMilethu waya eKhesariya futhi wathatha uhambo lokukhuphukela eJerusalema, njengoba afika lapho ngePentekoste lika-56 C.E.b—1 Kor. 16:5-8; IzE. 20:1-3, 6, 15, 16; 21:8, 15-17.
27. Sitholakala kanjani isikhathi sezenzakalo ezenzeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuboshwa kukaPawulu kokuqala eRoma?
27 Iminyaka Yokugcina, 56-100 C.E. Wayesanda kufika nje eJerusalema lapho uPawulu eboshwa. Wayiswa eKesariya futhi wahlala elindiwe iminyaka emibili, kwaze kwaba yilapho uFestu ethatha indawo kaFeliksi njengombusi. (IzE. 21:33; 23:23-35; 24:27) Unyaka wokufika kukaFestu nowokuhamba kukaPawulu okwalandela eya eRoma kubonakala sengathi waba ngu-58 C.E.c Ngemva kokuphukelwa kukaPawulu umkhumbi nokuhlala kwakhe ubusika eMelitha, uhambo lwaqedwa cishe ngo-59 C.E., futhi ukulandisa kubonisa ukuthi wahlala ekuthunjweni eRoma, eshumayela futhi efundisa, isikhathi esiyiminyaka emibili, noma kwaze kwaba cishe u-61 C.E.—IzE. 27:1; 28:1, 11, 16, 30, 31.
28. Imiphi iminyaka enganikezwa ngokunengqondo njengeyezenzakalo zokugcina zokuphila kukaPawulu?
28 Nakuba ukulandisa kwencwadi yezEnzo okungokomlando kuphelela lapha, izinkomba zibonisa ukuthi uPawulu wakhululwa futhi waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wobuthunywa bevangeli, eya eKrethe, eGrisi, naseMakedoniya. Ukuthi wafika yini eSpaniya akwaziwa. Ngokunokwenzeka uPawulu wabulawelwa ukholo uNero ngokushesha ngemva kokuboshwa kwakhe kokugcina eRoma cishe ngo-65 C.E. Umlando wezwe unikeza uJuly ka-64 C.E. njengosuku lomlilo omkhulu eRoma, okwathi ngemva kwawo uNero waqala ukushushisa amaKristu. Ukuboshwa kukaPawulu “ngeketanga” nokubulawa kwakhe okwalandela kufanelana ngokunengqondo nalenkathi.—2 Thim. 1:16; 4:6, 7.
29. Yaphela nini inkathi yabaphostoli, futhi ngokulotshwa kwaziphi izincwadi zeBhayibheli?
29 Izincwadi eziyisihlanu zomphostoli uJohane zalotshwa ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokushushiswa okwalethwa uMbusi uDomitian. Kuthiwa wenza njengohlanya phakathi neminyaka emithathu yokugcina yokubusa kwakhe, okwahlanganisa u-81-96 C.E. Kwakungenkathi edingisiwe esiqhingini sasePhatmose lapho uJohane aloba khona isAmbulo, cishe ngo-96 C.E.d IVangeli lakhe nezincwadi ezintathu kwalandela kuvela e-Efesu noma ngakhona ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe, futhi lona wokugcina kubaphostoli wafa cishe ngo-100 C.E.
30. Sinayiphi inzuzo lesifundo sokulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo zeBhayibheli?
30 Ngakho kuyabonakala ukuthi ngokuqhathanisa izenzakalo zomlando wezwe nokulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo eziseBhayibhelini kanye nesiprofetho, sisizwa ukuba sibeke izenzakalo zeBhayibheli ngokukhanya ngokwengeziwe endaweni yazo ohlelweni lwesikhathi. Ukuvumelana kokulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo zeBhayibheli kunezela ukwethembela kwethu emiBhalweni Engcwele njengeZwi likaNkulunkulu.
[Imibhalo yaphansi]
a Lapho utadisha lesahluko, kungaba usizo ukubheka i-Insight on the Scriptures, Umq. 1, amakhasi 458-67.
b ISifundo 2, izigaba 28, 29.
c Ukusuka ekuweleni kuka-Abrahama iEwufrathe kuya ekuzalweni kukaIsaka yiminyaka engu-25; bese kuthi ukuya ekuzalweni kukaJakobe kube iminyaka engu-60; uJakobe wayeneminyaka engu-130 ubudala lapho ehlela eGibithe.—Gen. 12:4; 21:5; 25:26; 47:9.
d Ngo-1990, lesikhathi esesidlulile kumelwe sisuswe eminyakeni engu-6 015.
e IAwake! kaSeptember 22, 1986, amakhasi 17-27; April 8, 1972, amakhasi 5-20.
f Insight on the Scriptures, Umq. 2, amakhasi 57-8.
g The Watchtower, 1976, ikhasi 247; 1959, amakhasi 489-92.
h Insight on the Scriptures, Umq. 2, amakhasi 614-16.
i Insight on the Scriptures, Umq. 2, amakhasi 899-904.
j The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 1987, Umq. 5, ikhasi 880.
k Insight on the Scriptures, Umq. 2, ikhasi 747.
l Insight on the Scriptures, Umq. 2, ikhasi 747.
a Insight on the Scriptures, Umq. 1, amakhasi 476, 886.
b Insight on the Scriptures, Umq. 2, ikhasi 747.
c IAnalytical Concordance to the Bible kaYoung, ikhasi 342, ngaphansi kwesithi “Festus.”
d Notes on the Book of Revelation, 1852, ka-Albert Barnes, amakhasi xxix, xxx.
IZENZAKALO EZIYINHLOKO ZOKUPHILA KUKAJESU KWASEMHLABENI—AmaVangeli Amane Abekwe Ngokulandelana Kwezikhathi Zawo
Izimpawu: a. umelele elithi “ngemva”; c. umelele elithi “kungaba,” noma “cishe.”
Isikhathi Indawo Isenzakalo
Kuze Kufike Enkonzweni KaJesu
3 B.C.E. EJerusalema, Ukuzalwa kukaJohane uMbhapathizi
ethempelini kubikezelwa kuZakariya
c. 2 B.C.E. ENazaretha; Ukuzalwa kukaJesu kubikezelwa kuMariya,
eJudiya ovakashela uElisabethe
2 B.C.E. Ezweni laseJudiya Ukuzalwa kukaJohane uMbhapathizi;
elisegqumeni kamuva, ukuphila kwakhe kwasehlane
2 B.C.E., EBetlehema Ukuzalwa kukaJesu (uLizwi, okwakuvele
c. Oct. 1 ngaye zonke ezinye izinto) njengenzalo
ka-Abrahama nekaDavide
EBetlehema; UJesu uyasokwa (ngosuku lwe-8), ulethwa
eJerusalema ethempelini (ngosuku lwama-40)
1 B.C.E. noma EJerusalema; Izazi zasempumalanga; ukubalekela
ngo-1 C.E. eBetlehema; eGibithe; abantwana bayabulawa;
eNazaretha ukubuya kukaJesu
Mathewu 2:1-23 Luka 2:39, 40
12 C.E. EJerusalema UJesu oneminyaka eyishumi nambili
esePhasikeni; uya ekhaya
29, Ehlane, eJordani Inkonzo kaJohane uMbhapathizi
entwasahlobo Mathewu 3:1-12 Marku 1:1-8
Ukuqala Kwenkonzo KaJesu
29, ekwindla EMfuleni iJordani Ukubhapathizwa nokugcotshwa kukaJesu,
uzalwe njengomuntu ohlwini lukaDavide
kodwa kuthiwa uyiNdodana kaNkulunkulu
EBethaniya Ubufakazi bukaJohane uMbhapathizi
ngaphesheya ngokuphathelene noJesu
kweJordani Johane 1:15, Johane 29-34
EKhana laseGalile; Isimangaliso sikaJesu sokuqala;
eKapernawume uvakashela eKapernawume
EJerusalema Ingxoxo kaJesu noNikodemu
ETiberiya UJohane uyaboshwa; uJesu uya eGalile
Inkonzo KaJesu Enkulu EGalile
EGalile Uqala ukumemezela, “Umbuso wezulu ususondele”
ENazaretha; Uphulukisa umfana; ufunda ngokuthunywa kwakhe;
eKhana; uyenqatshwa; uya eKapernawume
eKapernawume Mathewu 4:13-16 Luka 4:16-31
OLwandle Ukubizwa kukaSimoni noAndreya,
LwaseGalile, uJakobe noJohane
eduze nase- Mathewu 4:18-22 Marku 1:16-20
Kapernawume Luka 5:1-11
EKapernawume Uphulukisa okhwelwe amademoni, kanye
nomkhwekazi kaPetru nabanye abaningi
EGalile Uhambo lokuqala lwaseGalile, nabane ababizwayo manje
EGalile Onochoko uyaphulukiswa; izixuku zithutheleka kuJesu
EJudiya Ushumayela emasinagogeni aseJudiya
Ekubuyeni Abafundi bakha izikhwebu ngeSabatha
eJerusalema (?) Mathewu 12:1-8 Marku 2:23-28
EGalile; oLwandle Uphulukisa isandla ngeSabatha; uya kophu-
LwaseGalile mula ngasogwini lolwandle; uyaphulukisa
Entabeni ngase- Abangu-12 bakhethwa njengabaphostoli
Kapernawume Marku 3:13-19 Luka 6:12-16
Eduze nase- INtshumayelo yaseNtabeni
Kapernawume Mathewu 5:1–7:29 Luka 6:17-49
EKapernawume Uphulukisa inceku yenduna yekhulu
ENayini Uvusa indodana yomfelokazi
EGalile UJohane esetilongweni uthumela abafundi kuJesu
EGalile Imizi iyasolwa; izingane ziyembulelwa; ijoka lihle
EGalile Izinyawo zigcotshwa owesifazane onesono;
umfanekiso wabakweletayo Luka 7:36-50
EGalile Uhambo lwesibili lokushumayela eGalile, nabangu-12
EGalile Okhwelwe amademoni uyaphulukiswa;
umangalelwa ngokuthi unobuhlobo noBelzebule
EGalile Ababhali nabaFarisi bafuna isibonakaliso
EGalile Abafundi bakaKristu bayizihlobo zakhe eziseduze
OLwandle
LwaseGalile Imifanekiso: umhlwanyeli, ukhula, eminye; izincazelo
OLwandle Isivunguvungu siyathuliswa lapho kuwelwa
LwaseGalile ulwandle
EGadara, Ababili abakhwelwe amademoni
eningizimu- bayaphulukiswa; izingulube zikhwelwa
mpumalanga amademoni
yoLwandle Mathewu 8:28-34 Marku 5:1-20
lwaseGalile Luka 8:26-39
Mhlawumbe Indodakazi kaJayiru iyavuswa;
eKapernawume owesifazane uyaphulukiswa
ENazaretha Uphinda uvakashela umuzi akhulela kuwo,
futhi uyaphinda uyenqatshwa
EGalile Uhambo lwesithathu lwaseGalile, luya-
ndiswa njengoba abaphostoli bethunywa
ETiberiya UJohane uMbhapathizi unqunywa ikhanda;
uHerode uba novalo ngenxa yecala
32, sekuzoba EKapernawume (?); Abaphostoli bayabuya ohambweni lokushumayela;
iPhasika ngasenyakatho- abangu-5 000 bayasuthiswa
(Joh. 6:4) mpumalanga Mathewu 14:13-21 Marku 6:30-44
yoLwandle Luka 9:10-17 Johane 6:1-13
LwaseGalile
Enyakatho- Umzamo wokubeka uJesu inkosi; uhamba olwandle;
mpumalanga uyaphilisa
yoLwandle Mathewu 14:22-36 Marku 6:45-56
LwaseGalile; Johane 6:14-21
eGenesaretha
EKapernawume Uveza ukuthi singubani “isinkwa sokuphila”;
abafundi abaningi bayamonyuka Johane 6:22-71
32, ngemva Mhlawumbe Amasiko alenza ize iZwi likaNkulunkulu
kwePhasika eKapernawume Mathewu 15:1-20 Marku 7:1-23
EFenike; Eduze naseTire, eSidoni; kwase kuba
eDekapholi seDekapholi; abangu-4 000 bayasuthiswa
EMagadana AbaSadusi nabaFarisi bayaphinda bafuna isibonakaliso
Enyakatho- Uxwayisa ngemvubelo yabaFarisi;
mpumalanga uphulukisa oyimpumputhe
yoLwandle Mathewu 16:5-12 Marku 8:13-26
LwaseGalile;
eBetsayida
EKesariya Filipi UJesu uMesiya; ubikezela ukufa, ukuvuka
Mhlawumbe Ukuguqulwa isimo phambi kukaPetru,
eNtabeni uJakobe, noJohane
yaseHermoni Mathewu 17:1-13 Marku 9:2-13
EKesariya Filipi Uphulukisa okhwelwe yidemoni abafundi
abehlulekile ukumphulukisa
EKapernawume Kuvezwa imali yentela ngokuyisimangaliso
EGalile; eSamariya Uyahamba eGalile uya eMkhosini Wamadokodo;
yonke into ibekelwa eceleni ngenxa yenkonzo
Inkonzo KaJesu Yakamuva EJudiya
Mhlawumbe Etafuleni lomFarisi, uJesu usola abazenzisi
eJudiya Luka 11:37-54
Mhlawumbe Uphulukisa owesifazane okhubazekile
eJudiya ngeSabatha; imifanekiso emithathu
32,ngoMkhosi EJerusalema UJesu eseMkhosini Wokuhlanjululwa;
Wokuhla- uMalusi Omuhle
njululwa Johane 10:1-39
Inkonzo KaJesu Yakamuva Empumalanga YeJordani
Ngaphesheya Abaningi baba nokholo kuJesu
kweJordani Johane 10:40-42
Mhlawumbe Ukubala izindleko zokuba umfundi
ePhereya Luka 14:25-35
Mhlawumbe Imifanekiso: imvu elahlekile, uhlamvu
ePhereya lwemali olulahlekile, indodana yolahleko
EBethaniya UJesu uvusa uLazaru kwabafileyo
EPhereya Wehlela ePhereya; ufundisa ngesahlukaniso
EPhereya Insizwa enothile; umfanekiso wezisebenzi esivinini
Mhlawumbe Ngokwesithathu uJesu ubikezela ukufa kwakhe,
ePhereya ukuvuka
Mhlawumbe Isicelo sokuba uJakobe noJohane bahlale eMbusweni
ePhereya Mathewu 20:20-28 Marku 10:35-45
EJeriko Edabula iJeriko, uphulukisa izimpumputhe ezimbili;
uvakashela uZakewu; umfanekiso womina abayishumi
Inkonzo KaJesu Yokugcina EJerusalema
Nisani 8, 33 EBethaniya Ufika eBethaniya ezinsukwini
eziyisithupha ngaphambi kwePhasika
Nisani 9 EBethaniya Udla endlini kaSimoni onochoko; uMariya ugcoba uJesu;
amaJuda eza ukuzobona uJesu noLazaru
.MPS EBethaniya- Ukungena kukaKristu kokunqoba
eseJerusalema eJerusalema Mathewu 21:1-11, 14-17
Nisani 10 EBethaniya- Umkhiwane ongatheli uyaqalekiswa; ukuhlanzwa
eseJerusalema kwethempeli kwesibili
EJerusalema Abapristi abakhulu nababhali benza
icebo lokubulala uJesu
EJerusalema Ingxoxo namaGreki; ukungakholwa kwamaJuda
Nisani 11 EBethaniya- Umkhiwane ongatheli utholakala ubunile
eseJerusalema Mathewu 21:19-22 Marku 11:20-25
EJerusalema, Igunya likaKristu liyangatshazwa;
ethempelini umfanekiso wamadodana amabili
EJerusalema, Imifanekiso yabalimi ababi, idili lomshado
ethempelini Mathewu 21:33–22:14 Marku 12:1-12
EJerusalema, Imibuzo ecuphayo ngentela, uvuko, umyalo
ethempelini Mathewu 22:15-40 Marku 12:13-34
EJerusalema, Umbuzo kaJesu ovala umlomo ngemvelo kaMesiya
ethempelini Mathewu 22:41-46 Marku 12:35-37
EJerusalema, Ukulahlwa okubuhlungu kwababhali
ethempelini nabaFarisi
EJerusalema, Uhlamvu lwemali yomfelokazi
ethempelini Marku 12:41-44 Luka 21:1-4
ENtabeni Ukubikezelwa kokuwa kweJerusalema,
yemiNqumo ukuba khona kukaJesu, ukuphela kwesimiso
Nisani 12 EJerusalema Abaholi benkolo benza icebo lokufa kukaJesu
EJerusalema UJuda uvumelana nabapristi ngokukhaphela uJesu
Nisani 13 EJerusalema Amalungiselelo ePhasika
(ngoLwesine naseduze nakhona Mathewu 26:17-19 Marku 14:12-16
ntambama) Luka 22:7-13
Nisani 14 EJerusalema Idili lePhasika lidliwa nabangu-12
EJerusalema UJesu ugeza izinyawo zabaphostoli bakhe
EJerusalema UJuda uvezwa njengomkhapheli futhi uyaxoshwa
EJerusalema Isidlo sakusihlwa seSikhumbuzo simiswa nabangu-11
EJerusalema Ukuphikwa uPetru nokuhlakazeka kwabaphostoli
kuyabikezelwa
EJerusalema Umduduzi; ukuthandana; usizi; umthandazo kaJesu
EGetsemane Usizi ensimini; ukukhashelwa nokuboshwa kukaJesu
EJerusalema Uphenywa uAnase; uquliswa icala uKayafase,
umphakathi (iSanhedrin); uPetru uyaphika
EJerusalema UJuda umkhapheli uyazilengisa
EJerusalema Phambi kukaPilatu, bese kuba phambi kukaHerode,
abese ebuyela futhi kuPilatu
EJerusalema Unikelwa ekufeni, ngemva kokuba uPilatu
efune ukumkhulula
(c. ngo-3:00 EGolgotha, Ukufa kukaJesu esigxotsheni sokuhlushwa,
ntambama, eJerusalema nezenzakalo ezalandela
ngoLwe- Mathewu 27:31-56 Marku 15:20-41
sihlanu) Luka 23:26-49 Johane 19:16-30
EJerusalema Isidumbu sikaJesu siyasuswa esigxotsheni
sokuhlushwa futhi siyambelwa
Nisani 15 EJerusalema Abapristi nabaFarisi bathola abalindi bethuna
Nisani 16 EJerusalema Ukuvuswa kukaJesu nezenzakalo
nasezindaweni zangalolosuku
zangakhona Mathewu 28:1-15 Marku 16:1-8
a. kuka- EJerusalema; Ukubonakala kukaJesu Kristu okwalandela
Nisani 16 EGalile Mathewu 28:16-20 [1 Kor. 15:5-7]
Iyyar 25 ENtabeni Ukunyuka kukaJesu, usuku lwama-40
yemiNqumo, ngemva kokuvuka kwakhe
eduze [IzE. 1:9-12] Luka 24:50-53
naseBethaniya
Imibuzo yeshadi elihlanganisa “Izenzakalo Eziyinhloko Zokuphila KukaJesu Kwasemhlabeni”:
(a) Yisho ezinye zezenzakalo ezivelele enkonzweni kaJesu kuze kube yisikhathi sokuboshwa kukaJohane uMbhapathizi.
(b) Nikeza indawo nonyaka wezenzakalo ezilandelayo: (1) Ukubizwa kukaSimoni noAndreya, uJakobe noJohane. (2) Ukukhethwa kwabaphostoli abangu-12. (3) INtshumayelo yaseNtabeni. (4) Ukuguqulwa isimo. (5) Ukuvuswa kukaLazaru kwabafileyo. (6) Ukuvakashela kukaJesu ekhaya likaZakewu.
(c) Yisho ezinye zezimangaliso ezivelele zikaJesu; yisho ukuthi zenzeka nini futhi kuphi.
(d) Yiziphi ezinye zezenzakalo eziyinhloko ngokuphathelene noJesu ezenzeka kusukela ngoNisani 8 kuya kuNisani 16, 33 C.E.?
(e) Yimiphi eminye yemifanekiso evelele uJesu ayinikeza phakathi nenkonzo yakhe yasemhlabeni?
ISHADI LEMINYAKA EVELELE ENGOKOMLANDO
Izimpawu: a. umelele elithi “ngemva”; b. umelele elithi “ngaphambi”; c. umelele elithi “kungaba,” noma “cishe.”
Unyaka Isenzakalo Isikhombo
4026 B.C.E. Ukudalwa kuka-Adamu Gen. 2:7
a. kuka-4026 B.C.E. Kwenziwa isivumelwano sase-Edene, isiprofetho sokuqala Gen. 3:15
b. kuka-3896 B.C.E. UKayini ubulala uAbela Gen. 4:8
3896 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kukaSeti Gen. 5:3
3404 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kukaEnoke olungile Gen. 5:18
3339 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kukaMetushela Gen. 5:21
3152 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kukaLameka Gen. 5:25
3096 B.C.E. Ukufa kuka-Adamu Gen. 5:5
3039 B.C.E. Ukudluliselwa esimweni esithile kukaEnoke; Gen. 5:23, 24;
uphetha isikhathi sakhe sokuprofetha Juda 14
2970 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kukaNowa Gen. 5:28, 29
2490 B.C.E. Isiprofetho sikaNkulunkulu ngesintu Gen. 6:3
2468 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kukaShemi Gen. 7:11; 11:10
2370 B.C.E. Ukufa kukaMetushela Gen. 5:27
Imvula kaZamcolo iyana (ekwindla) Gen. 7:6, 11
2369 B.C.E. Ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano ngemva kukaZamcolo Gen. 8:13; 9:16
2368 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kuka-Arpakishade Gen. 11:10
a. kuka-2269 B.C.E. Ukwakhiwa koMbhoshongo WaseBabele Gen. 11:4
2020 B.C.E. Ukufa kukaNowa Gen. 9:28, 29
2018 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kuka-Abrahama Gen. 11:26, 32; 12:4
1943 B.C.E. UAbrahama uwela iEwufrathe eya eKhanani; Gen. 12:4, 7; Eks. 12:40;
isivumelwano sika-Abrahama senziwa sisebenze; Gal. 3:17
ukuqala kwenkathi yeminyaka engu-430 yesivumelwano
soMthetho
b. kuka-1933 B.C.E. ULoti uyasindiswa; uAbrahama uvakashela uMelkisedeki Gen. 14:16, 18; 16:3
1932 B.C.E. UIshmayeli uyazalwa Gen. 16:15, 16
1919 B.C.E. Kwenziwa isivumelwano sokusoka Gen. 17:1, 10, 24
Ukwahlulelwa kweSodoma neGomora Gen. 19:24
1918 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kukaIsaka, indlalifa yeqiniso; Gen. 21:2, 5;
ukuqala kwenkathi ‘okungathi iminyaka engu-450’ IzE. 13:17-20
1913 B.C.E. Ukulunyulwa kukaIsaka; uIshmayeli uyaxoshwa; Gen. 21:8; 15:13;
ukuqala kokuhlushwa iminyaka engu-400 IzE. 7:6
1881 B.C.E. Ukufa kukaSara Gen. 17:17; 23:1
1878 B.C.E. Umshado kaIsaka noRebeka Gen. 25:20
1868 B.C.E. Ukufa kukaShemi Gen. 11:11
1858 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kukaEsawu noJakobe Gen. 25:26
1843 B.C.E. Ukufa kuka-Abrahama Gen. 25:7
1818 B.C.E. UEsawu ushada nabafazi ababili bokuqala Gen. 26:34
1795 B.C.E. Ukufa kukaIshmayeli Gen. 25:17
1781 B.C.E. UJakobe ubalekela eHarana; umbono wakhe eBethele Gen. 28:2, 13, 19
1774 B.C.E. UJakobe ushada noLeya noRaheli Gen. 29:23-30
1767 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kukaJosefa Gen. 30:23, 24
1761 B.C.E. UJakobe ubuyela eKhanani evela eHarana Gen. 31:18, 41
c. ngo-1761 B.C.E. UJakobe ulwa nengelosi; uqanjwa igama lokuthi uIsrayeli Gen. 32:24-28
1750 B.C.E. Abafowabo bakaJosefa bamthengisa njengesigqila Gen. 37:2, 28
1738 B.C.E. Ukufa kukaIsaka Gen. 35:28, 29
1737 B.C.E. UJosefa wenziwa undunankulu waseGibithe Gen. 41:40, 46
1728 B.C.E. UJakobe nomkhaya wakhe wonke bangena eGibithe Gen. 45:6; 46:26; 47:9
1711 B.C.E. Ukufa kukaJakobe Gen. 47:28
1657 B.C.E. Ukufa kukaJosefa Gen. 50:26
b. kuka-1613 B.C.E. Ukuvivinywa kukaJobe Jobe 1:8; 42:16
a. kuka-1600 B.C.E. IGibithe lithola ukuvelela njengombuso wezwe wokuqala Eks. 1:8
1593 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kukaMose Eks. 2:2, 10
1553 B.C.E. UMose uzinikela njengomkhululi; ubalekela kwaMidiyani Eks. 2:11, 14, 15; IzE. 7:23
c. ngo-1514 B.C.E. UMose esihlahleni esivuthayo Eks. 3:2
1513 B.C.E. IPhasika; amaIsrayeli ayaphuma eGibithe; Eks. 12:12; 14:27, 29, 30;
ukukhululwa oLwandle Olubomvu; umbuso waseGibithe Gen. 15:13, 14
uyazanyazanyiswa; ukuphela kwenkathi yeminyaka engu-400
yokuhlushwa
Kwenziwa isivumelwano soMthetho eNtabeni yaseSinayi Eks. 24:6-8
(iHorebe)
Ukuphela kwenkathi yeminyaka engu-430 kusukela Gal. 3:17; Eks. 12:40
ekwenziwenikwesivumelwano sika-Abrahama sisebenze
UMose uhlanganisa incwadi kaGenesise ehlane; Joh. 5:46
ukulotshwa kweBhayibheli kuyaqala
1512 B.C.E. Ukwakhiwa kwetabernakele kuyaqedwa Eks. 40:17
Ukumiswa kobupristi buka-Aroni Lev. 8:34-36
UMose uqeda incwadi kaEksodusi nekaLevitikusi Lev. 27:34; Num. 1:1
c. ngo-1473 B.C.E. UMose uqeda incwadi kaJobe Jobe 42:16, 17
1473 B.C.E. UMose uqeda incwadi kaNumeri emaThafeni AkwaMowabi Num. 35:1; 36:13
Isivumelwano noIsrayeli kwaMowabi Dut. 29:1
UMose ubhala incwadi kaDuteronomi Dut. 1:1, 3
UMose uyafa eNtabeni yaseNebo kwaMowabi Dut. 34:1, 5, 7
AmaIsrayeli angena eKhanani ngaphansi kukaJoshuwa Josh. 4:19
1467 B.C.E. Ukunqotshwa okukhulu kwezwe kuyaphethwa; ukuphela yezEnzo 13:17-20
‘kweminyaka kungathi engu-450’ Josh. 11:23; 14:7, 10-15
c. ngo-1450 B.C.E. Kuqedwa incwadi kaJoshuwa Josh. 1:1; 24:26
Ukufa kukaJoshuwa Josh. 24:29
1117 B.C.E. USamuweli ugcoba uSawule njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 1 Sam. 10:24; IzE. 13:21
1107 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kukaDavide eBetlehema 1 Sam. 16:1
c. ngo-1100 B.C.E. USamuweli uqeda incwadi yabAhluleli AbAhl. 21:25
c. ngo-1090 B.C.E. USamuweli uqeda incwadi kaRuthe Ruthe 4:18-22
c. ngo-1078 B.C.E. Kuqedwa incwadi yoku-1 Samuweli 1 Sam. 31:6
1077 B.C.E. UDavide uba yinkosi yakwaJuda eHebroni 2 Sam. 2:4
1070 B.C.E. UDavide uba yinkosi phezu kwawo wonke uIsrayeli; 2 Sam. 5:3-7
wenza iJerusalema libe yinhloko-dolobha yakhe
a. kuka-1070 B.C.E. UMbhoshongo ungeniswa eJerusalema; 2 Sam. 6:15; 7:12-16
kwenziwa isivumelwano sombuso noDavide
c. ngo-1040 B.C.E. UGadi noNathani baqeda eyesi-2 Samuweli 2 Sam. 24:18
1037 B.C.E. USolomoni ulandela uDavide njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 1 AmaKh. 1:39; 2:12
1034 B.C.E. Ukwakha kukaSolomoni ithempeli kuyaqala 1 AmaKh. 6:1
1027 B.C.E. Ithempeli laseJerusalema liyaqedwa 1 AmaKh. 6:38
c. ngo-1020 B.C.E. USolomoni uqeda incwadi yesiHlabelelo seziHlabelelo IsiHlab. 1:1
b. kuka-1000 B.C.E. USolomoni uqeda ukuloba incwadi yomShumayeli UmSh. 1:1
997 B.C.E. URehobowamu ulandela uSolomoni esikhundleni; 1 AmaKh. 11:43; 12:19, 20
umbuso uyahlukaniswa; uJerobowamu uqala ukubusa
njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli
993 B.C.E. UShishaki uvimbezela uJuda futhi uthatha ingcebo 1 AmaKh. 14:25, 26
ethempelini
980 B.C.E. UAbiyamu (uAbiya) ulandela uRehobowamu njengenkosi 1 AmaKh. 15:1, 2
yakwaJuda
977 B.C.E. UAsa ulandela uAbiyamu njengenkosi yakwaJuda 1 AmaKh. 15:9, 10
c. ngo-976 B.C.E. UNadabi ulandela uJerobowamu njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 1 AmaKh. 14:20
c. ngo-975 B.C.E. UBahasha ulandela uNadabi njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 1 AmaKh. 15:33
c. ngo-952 B.C.E. UEla ulandela uBahasha njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 1 AmaKh. 16:8
c. ngo-951 B.C.E. UZimri ulandela uEla njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 1 AmaKh. 16:15
UOmri noThibini balandela uZimri 1 AmaKh. 16:21
njengamakhosi akwaIsrayeli
c. ngo-947 B.C.E. UOmri ubusa yedwa njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 1 AmaKh. 16:22, 23
c. ngo-940 B.C.E. UAhabi ulandela uOmri njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 1 AmaKh. 16:29
936 B.C.E. UJehoshafati ulandela uAsa njengenkosi yakwaJuda 1 AmaKh. 22:41, 42
c. ngo-919 B.C.E. UAhaziya ulandela uAhabi njengowukuphela kwenkosi 1 AmaKh. 22:51, 52
yakwaIsrayeli
c. ngo-917 B.C.E. UJehoramu wakwaIsrayeli ulandela uAhaziya 2 AmaKh. 3:1
njengowukuphela kwenkosi
913 B.C.E. UJehoramu wakwaJuda ‘uba yinkosi,’ kanye noJehoshafati 2 AmaKh. 8:16, 17
c. ngo-906 B.C.E. UAhaziya ulandela uJehoramu njengenkosi yakwaJuda 2 AmaKh. 8:25, 26
c. ngo-905 B.C.E. Indlovukazi uAthaliya igabadela isihlalo sobukhosi 2 AmaKh. 11:1-3
sakwaJuda
UJehu ulandela uJehoramu njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 2 AmaKh. 9:24, 27; 10:36
898 B.C.E. UJehowashi ulandela uAhaziya njengenkosi yakwaJuda 2 AmaKh. 12:1
876 B.C.E. UJehowahazi ulandela uJehu njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 2 AmaKh. 13:1
c. ngo-859 B.C.E. UJehowashi ulandela uJehowahazi njengowukuphela 2 AmaKh. 13:10
kwenkosi yakwaIsrayeli
858 B.C.E. UAmasiya ulandela uJehowashi njengenkosi yakwaJuda 2 AmaKh. 14:1, 2
c. ngo-844 B.C.E. UJerobowamu II ulandela uJehowashi njengenkosi 2 AmaKh. 14:23
yakwaIsrayeli
UJona uqeda incwadi kaJona Jona 1:1, 2
829 B.C.E. U-Uziya (uAzariya) ulandela uAmasiya njengenkosi 2 AmaKh. 15:1, 2
yakwaJuda
c. ngo-820 B.C.E. Mhlawumbe kulotshwa incwadi kaJoweli Joweli 1:1
c. ngo-804 B.C.E. UAmose uqeda incwadi ka-Amose Amose 1:1
c. ngo-792 B.C.E. UZakariya ubusa njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 2 AmaKh. 15:8
(izinyanga ezingu-6)
c. ngo-791 B.C.E. UShalumi ulandela uZakariya njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 2 AmaKh. 15:13, 17
UMenahemu ulandela uShalumi njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli
c. ngo-780 B.C.E. UPhekaya ulandela uMenahemu njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 2 AmaKh. 15:23
c. ngo-778 B.C.E. UPheka ulandela uPhekaya njengenkosi yakwaIsrayeli 2 AmaKh. 15:27
c. ngo-778 B.C.E. UIsaya uqala ukuprofetha Isaya 1:1; 6:1
777 B.C.E. UJothamu ulandela u-Uziya (uAzariya) njengenkosi 2 AmaKh. 15:32, 33
yakwaJuda
c. ngo-761 B.C.E. UAhazi ulandela uJothamu njengenkosi yakwaJuda 2 AmaKh. 16:1, 2
c. ngo-758 B.C.E. UHosheya ‘uba yinkosi’ yakwaIsrayeli 2 AmaKh. 15:30
745 B.C.E. UHezekiya ulandela uAhazi njengenkosi yakwaJuda 2 AmaKh. 18:1, 2
a. kuka-745 B.C.E. UHoseya uqeda incwadi kaHoseya Hos. 1:1
740 B.C.E. IAsiriya linqoba uIsrayeli, lithatha iSamariya 2 AmaKh. 17:6, 13, 18
732 B.C.E. USaneheribi uhlasela kwaJuda 2 AmaKh. 18:13
a. kuka-732 B.C.E. UIsaya uqeda incwadi kaIsaya Isaya 1:1
b. kuka-717 B.C.E. UMika uqeda incwadi kaMika Mika 1:1
c. ngo-717 B.C.E. Ukuhlanganiswa kwencwadi yezAga kuyaqedwa IzAga 25:1
716 B.C.E. UManase ulandela uHezekiya njengenkosi yakwaJuda 2 AmaKh. 21:1
661 B.C.E. UAmoni ulandela uManase njengenkosi yakwaJuda 2 AmaKh. 21:19
659 B.C.E. UJosiya ulandela uAmoni njengenkosi yakwaJuda 2 AmaKh. 22:1
b. kuka-648 B.C.E. UZefaniya uqeda incwadi kaZefaniya Zef. 1:1
647 B.C.E. UJeremiya uthunywa njengomprofethi Jer. 1:1, 2, 9, 10
b. kuka-632 B.C.E. UNahume uqeda incwadi kaNahume Nah. 1:1
632 B.C.E. INineve liwela kumaKaledi nakumaMede Nah. 3:7
IBabiloni manje selisohlwini lokuba umbuso
wezwe wesithathu
628 B.C.E. UJehowahazi, umlandeli kaJosiya esikhundleni, 2 AmaKh. 23:31
ubusa njengenkosi kwaJuda
UJehoyakimi ulandela uJehowahazi njengenkosi yakwaJuda 2 AmaKh. 23:36
c. ngo-628 B.C.E. UHabakuki uqeda incwadi kaHabakuki Hab. 1:1
625 B.C.E. UNebukadinesari (II) uba yinkosi yaseBabiloni; unyaka Jer. 25:1
wokuqala wokubusa usukela kuNisani ka-624 B.C.E.
620 B.C.E. UNebukadinesari wenza uJehoyakimi inkosi engaphansi 2 AmaKh. 24:1
kwakhe
618 B.C.E. UJehoyakini uba yinkosi ngemva kukaJehoyakimi kwaJuda 2 AmaKh. 24:6, 8
617 B.C.E. UNebukadinesari uyisa abathunjwa bokuqala abangamaJuda Dan. 1:1-4;
eBabiloni
USedekiya wenziwa inkosi yakwaJuda 2 AmaKh. 24:12-18
613 B.C.E. UHezekeli uqala ukuprofetha Hez. 1:1-3
609 B.C.E. UNebukadinesari uvukela uJuda okwesithathu; uqala 2 AmaKh. 25:1, 2
ukuvimbezela iJerusalema
607 B.C.E. Ngenyanga yesihlanu (uAb), ithempeli liyadilizwa 2 AmaKh. 25:8-10;
futhi iJerusalema liyabhujiswa Jer. 52:12-14
Ngenyanga yesikhombisa, amaJuda ayalishiya elakwaJuda; 2 AmaKh. 25:25, 26;
“isikhathi esimisiwe sabezizwe” siyaqala Luka 21:24, qhathanisa neNW
UJeremiya ubhala incwadi yesiLilo Isethulo sencwadi
yesiLilo, LXX
c. ngo-607 B.C.E. UObadiya ubhala incwadi kaObadiya Obad. 1
c. ngo-591 B.C.E. UHezekeli uqeda incwadi kaHezekeli Hez. 40:1; 29:17
580 B.C.E. Izincwadi zamaKhosi oku-1 nawesi-2 nekaJeremiya Jer. 52:31; 2 AmaKh. 25:27
ziyaqedwa
539 B.C.E. IBabiloni liwela kumaMede namaPheresiya; amaMede Dan. 5:30, 31
namaPheresiya aba umbuso wezwe wesine
537 B.C.E. Isimemezelo sikaKoresi umPheresiya esivumela amaJuda 2 IziKr. 36:22, 23;
ukuba abuyele eJerusalema siqala ukusebenza; Jer. 25:12; 29:10
ukuba incithakalo kweJerusalema iminyaka engu-70
kuyaphela
c. ngo-536 B.C.E. UDaniyeli uqeda incwadi kaDaniyeli Dan. 10:1
536 B.C.E. UZerubabele ubeka isisekelo sethempeli Ezra 3:8-10
522 B.C.E. Umsebenzi wokwakha ithempeli uyavinjelwa Ezra 4:23, 24
520 B.C.E. UHagayi uqeda incwadi kaHagayi Hag. 1:1
518 B.C.E. UZakariya uqeda incwadi kaZakariya Zak. 1:1
515 B.C.E. UZerubabele uqeda ithempeli lesibili Ezra 6:14, 15
c. ngo-475 B.C.E. UMoridekayi uqeda incwadi kaEsteri Est. 3:7; 9:32
468 B.C.E. UEzra nabapristi babuyela eJerusalema Ezra 7:7
c. ngo-460 B.C.E. UEzra uqeda izincwadi zeziKronike zoku-1 nezesi-2 Ezra 1:1; 2 IziKr. 36:22
nekaEzra; ukuhlanganiswa kokugcina kwencwadi yamaHubo
455 B.C.E. UNehemiya wakha kabusha izindonga zaseJerusalema; Neh. 1:1; 2:1, 11; 6:15;
isiprofetho samasonto angu-70 siqala ukugcwaliseka Dan. 9:24
a. kuka-443 B.C.E. UNehemiya uqeda incwadi kaNehemiya Neh. 5:14
UMalaki uqeda incwadi kaMalaki Mal. 1:1
406 B.C.E. Ngokusobala ukwakhiwa kabusha kweJerusalema kuyaqedwa Dan. 9:25
332 B.C.E. IGrisi, umbuso wezwe wesihlanu, ubusa eJudiya Dan. 8:21
c. ngo-280 B.C.E. ISeptuagint yesiGreki iyaqalwa
165 B.C.E. Ukunikezelwa kabusha kwethempeli ngemva kokungcoliswa Joh. 10:22
ukukhulekela izithombe kwamaGreki; uMkhosi Wokuhlanjululwa
63 B.C.E. IRoma, umbuso wezwe wesithupha, ibusa eJerusalema Joh. 19:15; IsAm. 17:10
c. ngo-37 B.C.E. UHerode (omiswe yiRoma njengenkosi) uthatha
iJerusalema ngendluzula
2 B.C.E. Ukuzalwa kukaJohane uMbhapathizi nokukaJesu Luka 1:60; 2:7
29 C.E. UJohane noJesu baqala izinkonzo zabo Luka 3:1, 2, 23
33 C.E. Nisani 14: uJesu uba umhlatshelo elungiselela Luka 22:20; 23:33
isisekelo sesivumelwano esisha; uyabethelwa
Nisani 16: ukuvuka kukaJesu Math. 28:1-10
Sivani 6, iPhentekoste: ukuthululwa komoya; IzE. 2:1-17, 38
uPetru uvulela amaJuda indlela eya ebandleni
lobuKristu
36 C.E. Ukuphela kwamasonto angu-70 eminyaka; uPetru Dan. 9:24-27;
uvakashela uKorneliyu, owokuqala wabantu bezizwe IzE. 10:1, 45
abangasokiwe ukuba angene ebandleni lobuKristu
c. ngo-41 C.E. UMathewu ubhala iVangeli elinesihloko esithi “UMathewu”
c. ngo-47-48 C.E. UPawulu uqala uhambo lokuqala lobuthunywa bevangeli IzE. 13:1–14:28
c. ngo-49 C.E. Indikimba ebusayo ikhipha isinqumo esimelene nokufuna IzE. 15:28, 29
ukuba abakholwayo abavela kwabezizwe basokwe
c. ngo-49-52 C.E. Uhambo lwesibili lukaPawulu lobuthunywa bevangeli IzE. 15:36–18:22
c. ngo-50 C.E. UPawulu ubhala eyoku-1 Thesalonika eseKorinte 1 Thes. 1:1
c. ngo-51 C.E. UPawulu ubhala eyesi-2 Thesalonika eseKorinte 2 Thes. 1:1
c. ngo-50-52 C.E. UPawulu ubhala incwadi yakhe eya kwabaseGalathiya Gal. 1:1
eseKorinte noma eAntiyokiya yaseSiriya
c. ngo-52-56 C.E. Uhambo lwesithathu lukaPawulu lobuthunywa bevangeli IzE. 18:23–21:19
c. ngo-55 C.E. UPawulu ubhala eyoku-1 Korinte ese-Efesu neyesi- 1 Kor. 15:32;
2 Korinte eseMakedoniya 2 Kor. 2:12, 13
c. ngo-56 C.E. UPawulu ubhala incwadi eya kwabaseRoma eseKorinte Roma 16:1
c. ngo-56-58 C.E. ULuka ubhala iVangeli elinesihloko esithi “ULuka” Luka 1:1, 2
c. ngo-60-61 C.E. EseRoma uPawulu ubhalela: Abase-Efesu Efe. 3:1
AbaseFilipi Fil. 4:22
AbaseKolose Kol. 4:18
UFilemoni Filem. 1
c. ngo-61 C.E. UPawulu ubhala incwadi eya kumaHeberu eseRoma Heb. 13:24; 10:34
ULuka uqeda incwadi yezEnzo eRoma
b. ngo-62 C.E. UJakobe, umfowabo kaJesu, ubhala incwadi enesihloko Jak. 1:1
esithi “UJakobe” eseJerusalema
c. ngo-60-65 C.E. UMarku ubhala iVangeli elinesihloko esithi “UMarku”
c. ngo-61-64 C.E. UPawulu ubhala eyoku-1 Thimothewu eseMakedoniya 1 Thim. 1:3
UPawulu ubhala incwadi kaThithu eseMakedoniya (?) Thithu 1:5
c. ngo-62-64 C.E. UPetru ubhala eyoku-1 Petru eseBabiloni 1 Pet. 1:1; 5:13
c. ngo-64 C.E. UPetru ubhala eyesi-2 Petru eseBabiloni (?) 2 Pet. 1:1
c. ngo-65 C.E. UPawulu ubhala eyesi-2 Thimothewu eseRoma 2 Thim. 4:16-18
UJuda, umfowabo kaJesu, ubhala “uJuda” Juda 1, 17, 18
70 C.E. IJerusalema nethempeli lalo kubhujiswa amaRoma Dan. 9:27; Math. 23:37, 38;
c. ngo-96 C.E. UJohane, esePhatmose, ubhala isAmbulo IsAm. 1:9
c. ngo-98 C.E. UJohane ubhala iVangeli elinesihloko esithi “UJohane” Joh. 21:22, 23
kanye nezincwadi zakhe eyoku-1, eyesi-2, neyesi-3 Johane;
ukulotshwa kweBhayibheli kuyaqedwa
c. ngo-100 C.E. UJohane, owokugcina kubaphostoli, uyafa 2 Thes. 2:7
PHAWULA: Kumelwe kukhunjulwe ukuthi nakuba eminingi yaleminyaka yezenzakalo iqinisekisiwe, kweminye, kunikezwe iminyaka esikiselwayo, esekelwe ebufakazini obutholakalayo. Injongo yeshadi ayikhona ukubeka iminyaka engenakuguquka yesenzakalo ngasinye kodwa ukusiza abafundi beBhayibheli ukuba bathole izenzakalo ohlelweni lwesikhathi futhi babone ukuhlobana kwazo.
Imibuzo yesihloko esithi “Ishadi Lezinsuku Ezivelele Ezingokomlando” nesithi “Uhlu Lwezincwadi ZeBhayibheli”:
(a) Ngokuqhathanisa lamashadi amabili, yisho abanye babaprofethi nabalobi beBhayibheli abaphila (1) ngaphambi kokumiswa kombuso wakwaIsrayeli ngo-1117 B.C.E., (2) phakathi nesikhathi sombuso wakwaIsrayeli nowakwaJuda, (3) phakathi nesikhathi esisukela ekuqaleni kokudingiselwa eBabiloni kuze kube sekuqedweni kwezincwadi ezingcwele zemiBhalo yesiHeberu.
(b) Thola isikhathi sokulotshwa kwezincwadi zikaPawulu ngokuhlobene nohambo lwakhe lobuthunywa bevangeli.
(c) Yimaphi amanye amaphuzu athakazelisayo owaphawulayo ngokuphathelene nesikhathi sokulotshwa kwezinye izincwadi zemiBhalo YamaKristu YesiGreki?
(d) Hlobanisa abantu abalandelayo nesenzakalo esithile esivelele emlandweni weBhayibheli, usho ukuthi baphila ngaphambi noma ngemva kwesenzakalo, noma ubahlanganise nabanye abantu ababephila ngesikhathi esifanayo: uShemi, uSamuweli, uMetushela, uLoti, iNkosi uSawule, uDavide, uJobe, iNkosi yakwaIsrayeli uHosheya, uSolomoni, uAroni, iNkosi yakwaJuda uSedekiya.
(e) Yiziphi izenzakalo ezivelele ezenzeka phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila (1) kukaNowa, (2) kuka-Abrahama, (3) kukaMose?
(f) Hlanganisa iminyaka elandelayo (B.C.E.) nezenzakalo ezivelele ezilotshwe ngezansi: 4026, 2370, 1943, 1513, 1473, 1117, 997, 740, 607, 539, 537, 455.
Ukudalwa kuka-Adamu
Ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano soMthetho eSinayi
IJerusalema liyabhujiswa
AmaJuda abuyela eJerusalema ngemva kwesimemezelo sikaKoresi
Ukulotshwa kweBhayibheli okuphefumlelwe kuyaqala
UZamcolo uyaqala
IBabiloni liwela kumaMede namaPheresiya
Inkosi yokuqala yakwaIsrayeli iyagcotshwa
UAbrahama uwela iEwufrathe; isivumelwano sika-Abrahama senziwa sisebenze
Umbuso wakwaIsrayeli nowakwaJuda uyahlukana
Umbuso wasenyakatho unqotshwa yiAsiriya
UNehemiya wakha kabusha izindonga zaseJerusalema
AmaIsrayeli akhululwa eGibithe
UJoshuwa uholela uIsrayeli eKhanani
Ukuba incithakalo kweJerusalema iminyaka engu-70 kuyaphela
[Ishadi ekhasini 298]
UHLU LWEZINCWADI ZEBHAYIBHELI
(Eminye iminyaka [nezindawo okwalotshwa kuzo] akuqinisekile. Uphawu a. lusho ukuthi “ngemva”; b., “ngaphambi”; futhi uc., “kungaba,” noma “cishe.”)
Izincwadi ZemiBhalo YesiHeberu Ngaphambi Kwesikhathi Esivamile (B.C.E.)
Igama Umlobi Yalotshelwa Ukuloba Isikhathi
Lencwadi Kwaphela Esihlanganisiwe
UGenesise UMose Ehlane 1513 “Ekuqaleni” kuya ku-1657
UEksodusi UMose Ehlane 1512 1657-1512
ULevitikusi UMose Ehlane 1512 Inyanga eyodwa (1512)
UNumeri UMose Ehlane/ 1473 1512-1473
EmaThafeni
AkwaMowabi
UDuteronomi UMose EmaThafeni 1473 Izinyanga ezimbili (1473)
AkwaMowabi
UJoshuwa UJoshuwa EKhanani c. 1450 ngo-1473-c. ku-1450
AbAhluleli USamuweli KwaIsrayeli c. ngo-1100 c. u-1450–c. ku-1120
URuthe USamuweli KwaIsrayeli c. ngo-1090 Iminyaka engu-11 yokubusa kwabahluleli
1 Samuweli USamuweli; KwaIsrayeli c. ngo-1078 c. u-1180-1078
uGadi; uNathani
2 Samuweli UGadi; KwaIsrayeli c. ngo-1040 1077–c. ku-1040
uNathani
1 no-2 AmaKhosi UJeremiya KwaJudah/ 580 c. u-1040-580
eGibithe
1 no-2 IziKronike UEzra EJerusalema (?) c. ngo-460 Ngemva kwezoku-1 IziKr. 9:44,
1077-537
UEzra UEzra EJerusalema c. ngo-460 537–c. ku-467
UNehemiya UNehemiya EJerusalema a. kuka-443 456–a. kuka-443
UEsteri UMoridekayi EShushani, c. ngo-475 493–c. ku-475
e-Elamu
UJobe UMose Ehlane c. 1473 Iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-140
phakathi kuka-1657 no-1473
AmaHubo UDavide nabanye c. ngo-460
IzAga USolomoni; EJerusalema c. ngo-717
uAguri;
uLemuweli
UmShumayeli USolomoni EJerusalema b. kuka-1000
IsiHlabelelo USolomoni EJerusalema c. ngo-1020
seziHlabelelo
UIsaya UIsaya EJerusalema a. kuka-732 c. u-778–a. kuka-732
UJeremiya UJeremiya KwaJuda/ 580 647-580
EGibithe
IsiLilo UJeremiya Eduze 607
naseJerusalema
UHezekeli UHezekeli EBabiloni c. ngo-591 613–c. ku-591
UDaniyeli UDaniyeli EBabiloni c. ngo-536 618–c. ku-536
UHoseya UHoseya ESamariya a. kuka-745 b. kuka-804–a. kuka-745
(iSifunda)
UJoweli UJoweli KwaJuda c. ngo-820 (?)
UAmose UAmose KwaJuda c. ngo-804
UObadiya UObadiya c. ngo-607
UJona UJona c. ngo-844
UMika UMika KwaJuda b. kuka-717 c. u-777-717
UNahume UNahume KwaJuda b. kuka-632
UHabakuki UHabakuki KwaJuda c. ngo-628 (?)
UZefaniya UZefaniya KwaJuda b. kuka-648
UHagayi UHagayi EJerusalema 520 Izinsuku ezingu-112 (520)
UZakariya UZakariya EJerusalema 518 520-518
UMalaki UMalaki EJerusalema a. kuka-443
Izincwadi ZemiBhalo YesiGreki Ezabhalwa Phakathi Nesikhathi Esivamile (C.E.)
Igama Umlobi Yalotshelwa Ukuloba Isikhathi
Lencwadi Kwaphela Esihlanganisiwe
UMathewu UMathewu EPalestina c. ngo-41 2 B.C.E.–33 C.E.
UMarku UMarku ERoma c. ngo-60-65 29-33 C.E.
ULuka ULuka EKesariya c. ngo-56-58 3 B.C.E.–33 C.E.
UJohane Umphostoli uJohane E-Efesu, noma eduze nakhona c. ngo-98 Ngemva kwesethulo, 29-33 C.E.
IzEnzo ULuka ERoma c. ngo-61 33–c. 61 C.E.
AbaseRoma UPawulu EKorinte c. ngo-56
1 Korinte UPawulu E-Efesu c. ngo-55
2 Korinte UPawulu EMakedoniya c. ngo-55
AbaseGalathiya UPawulu EKorinte noma c. ngo-50-52
eAntiyokiya
yaseSiriya
Abase-Efesu UPawulu ERoma c. ngo-60-61
AbaseFilipi UPawulu ERoma c. ngo-60-61
AbaseKolose UPawulu ERoma c. ngo-60-61
1 Thesalonika UPawulu EKorinte c. ngo-50
2 Thesalonika UPawulu EKorinte c. ngo-51
1 Thimothewu UPawulu EMakedoniya c. ngo-61-64
2 Thimothewu UPawulu ERoma c. ngo-65
KuThithu UPawulu EMakedoniya (?) c. ngo-61-64
KuFilemoni UPawulu ERoma c. ngo-60-61
AmaHeberu UPawulu ERoma c. ngo-61
UJakobe UJakobe EJerusalema b. kuka-62
(umfowabo kaJesu)
1 Petru UPetru EBabiloni c. ngo-62-64
2 Petru UPetru EBabiloni (?) c. ngo-64
1 Johane Umphostoli E-Efesu, noma c. ngo-98
uJohane eduze nakhona
2 Johane Umphostoli E-Efesu, noma c. ngo-98
uJohane eduze nakhona
3 Johane Umphostoli E-Efesu, noma c. ngo-98
uJohane eduze nakhona
UJuda UJuda EPalestina (?) c. ngo-65
(umfowabo kaJesu)
IsAmbulo Umphostoli EPhatmose c. ngo-96
uJohane