Chilamulo Kristu Asanadze

“Ha! Ndikondadi chilamulo chanu; ndilingiriramo ine tsiku lonse.” ​—SALMO 119:97.

 1. Kodi nchiyani chimene chimalamulira kayendedwe ka zinthu zakumwamba?

KUYAMBIRA ubwana, Yobu angakhale anali kuyang’ana nyenyezi kumwamba ndi kudabwa. Mwinamwake, makolo ake anamphunzitsa maina a magulu aakulu a nyenyezi ndi zimene iwo anadziŵa ponena za malamulo olamulira kayendedwe ka maguluwo a nyenyezi kuthambo. Ndi iko komwe, anthu kale anali kugwiritsira ntchito kuyenda kosasintha kwa magulu aakulu kwambiri ameneŵa a nyenyezi kudziŵira kusintha kwa nyengo. Koma nthaŵi yonse imene iye anaziyang’ana izo ndi kuzizwa nazo, Yobu sanazidziŵe konse mphamvu zolimba zimene zinagwira magulu a nyenyezi amenewo. Chifukwa chake, sanathe kuyankha pamene Yehova Mulungu anamfunsa kuti: “Kodi wawazindikira malamulo akuthambo?” (Yobu 38:31-33, The New Jerusalem Bible) Inde, nyenyezi zimayenda ndi malamulo​—malamulo olondola ndi ocholoŵana kwambiri kwakuti asayansi a lerolino sawamvetsetsa.

 2. Kodi nchifukwa ninji kunganenedwe kuti chilengedwe chonse chimayenda ndi malamulo?

² Yehova ndiye Wopatsa Malamulo Wopambana m’chilengedwe chonse. Ntchito zake zonse zimayenda ndi malamulo. Mwana wake wokondedwa, “wobadwa woyamba wa chilengedwe chonse,” anali kumvera malamulo a Atate wake mokhulupirika thambo lisanakhaleko! (Akolose 1:15) Angelonso amatsogozedwa ndi malamulo. (Salmo 103:20) Ngakhale nyama zimatsatira malamulo pamene zilabadira nzeru yachibadwa imene Mlengi wawo anaika mwa izo.​—Miyambo 30:24-28; Yeremiya 8:7.

 3. (a) Kodi nchifukwa ninji anthu amafunikira malamulo? (b) Kodi ndi njira yotani imene Yehova analamulira nayo mtundu wa Israyeli?

³ Nanga bwanji ponena za anthu? Ngakhale kuti ndife odalitsidwa ndi mphatso zonga luntha, makhalidwe, ndi uzimu, timafunikirabe mlingo wa malamulo aumulungu otitsogoza pogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zimenezi. Makolo athu oyamba, Adamu ndi Hava, anali angwiro, kotero kuti anangofunikira malamulo oŵerengeka owatsogoza. Kukonda kwawo Atate wawo wakumwamba kukanawapatsa chifukwa chokwanira cha kumumvera mokondwera. Koma iwo sanamvera. (Genesis 1:26-28; 2:15-17; 3:6-19) Chotero, mbadwa zawo zinali zolengedwa zochimwa zofunikira malamulo ambiri ozitsogoza. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Yehova mwachikondi anakwaniritsa chosoŵa chimenechi. Anapatsa Nowa malamulo akutiakuti amene iye anafunikira kupatsanso banja lake. (Genesis 9:1-7) Patapita zaka mazana ambiri, Mulungu, kupyolera mwa Mose, anapatsa mtundu watsopano wa Israyeli mpambo watsatanetsatane wa Chilamulo. Iyi inali nthaŵi yoyamba pamene Yehova anatsogoza mtundu wonse ndi malamulo aumulungu. Kupenda Chilamulocho kudzatithandiza kumvetsa ntchito yofunika kwambiri imene malamulo aumulungu amachita m’moyo wa Akristu lerolino.

Chilamulo cha Mose​—Chifuno Chake

 4. Kodi nchifukwa ninji kunali kovuta kwa mbadwa zosankhika za Abrahamu kutulutsa Mbewu yolonjezedwa?

⁴ Mtumwi Paulo, wophunzira wakhama wa Chilamulo, anafunsa kuti: “Nanga chilamulo tsono?” (Agalatiya 3:19) Kuti tiyankhe, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti Yehova analonjeza bwenzi lake Abrahamu kuti mzera wa banja lake udzatulutsa Mbewu imene idzadzetsa madalitso aakulu ku mitundu yonse. (Genesis 22:18) Komatu nali vuto limene linalipo: Mwa mbadwa za Abrahamu, Aisrayeli, si onse amene anakonda Yehova. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ochuluka anakhala ouma khosi, opanduka​—ena anali osalamulirika konse! (Eksodo 32:9; Deuteronomo 9:7) Oterowo anakhala pakati pa anthu a Mulungu mwa kubadwa basi, sanachite kudzisankhira ayi.

 5. (a) Kodi Yehova anawaphunzitsanji Aisrayeli mwa Chilamulo cha Mose? (b) Kodi Chilamulo chinalinganizidwa motani kuti chiyambukire khalidwe la ochitsatira?

⁵ Kodi mtundu wotero ukanaitulutsa motani Mbewu yolonjezedwayo ndi kupindula nayo? M’malo mowayendetsa ngati maloboti, Yehova anawaphunzitsa mwa chilamulo. (Salmo 119:33-35; Yesaya 48:17) Kwenikweni, liwu lachihebri la “chilamulo,” toh·rahʹ, limatanthauza “malangizo.” Kodi chinawaphunzitsanji? Chinaphunzitsa Aisrayeli makamaka za kufunikira kwawo Mesiya, amene akanawawombola ku mkhalidwe wawo wauchimo. (Agalatiya 3:24) Chilamulo chinawaphunzitsanso mantha aumulungu ndi kumvera. Mogwirizana ndi lonjezo kwa Abrahamu, Aisrayeli anayenera kutumikira monga mboni za Yehova ku mitundu ina yonse. Motero Chilamulo chinayenera kuwaphunzitsa khalidwe lapamwamba, lolemekezeka limene linali kudzaimira Yehova bwino lomwe; chinali kudzathandiza Israyeli kukhalabe wopatuka pa machitachita oipa a mitundu yomzinga.​—Levitiko 18:24, 25; Yesaya 43:10-12.

 6. (a) Kodi Chilamulo cha Mose chili ndi malamulo ngati angati, ndipo nchifukwa ninji zimenezi siziyenera kuonedwa kukhala zopambanitsa? (Onani mawu amtsinde.) (b) Kodi tingapeze chidziŵitso chotani mwa kuphunzira Chilamulo cha Mose?

⁶ Nchifukwa chake Chilamulo cha Mose chili ndi malamulo ambiri​—oposa 600.a Mpambo umenewu unalamulira za kulambira, boma, makhalidwe, chilungamo, ngakhale zakudya ndi ukhondo. Koma, kodi zimenezo zikutanthauza kuti Chilamulo chinali chabe mpambo wa malamulo otsendereza ndi achidule? Kutalitali! Kupenda mpambo umenewu wa Chilamulo kumapatsa chidziŵitso chochuluka chonena za umunthu wachikondi wa Yehova. Talingalirani zitsanzo zina.

Chilamulo Chimene Chinasonyeza Chifundo ndi Chisoni

7, 8. (a) Kodi Chilamulo chinagogomezera motani chifundo ndi chisoni? (b) Kodi ndi motani mmene Yehova anasungitsira Chilamulo mwachifundo kwa Davide?

⁷ Chilamulo chinagogomezera chifundo ndi chisoni, makamaka kwa apansi ndi osauka. Akazi amasiye ndi ana amasiye anasankhidwa kaamba ka chitetezo. (Eksodo 22:22-24) Nyama zantchito zinatetezeredwa ku nkhanza. Umwini wa chuma unalemekezedwa. (Deuteronomo 24:10; 25:4) Pamene kuli kwakuti Chilamulo chinafuna chilango cha imfa munthu atachita mbanda, chinalola chifundo munthu atapha mnzake mwangozi. (Numeri 35:11) Mwachionekere, oweruza a Israyeli anali ndi ufulu wa kulolera popereka chilango cha milandu ina, zikumadalira pa mzimu wosonyezedwa ndi wolakwayo.​—Yerekezerani ndi Eksodo 22:7 ndi Levitiko 6:1-7.

⁸ Yehova anapereka chitsanzo kwa oweruza mwa kugwiritsira ntchito Chilamulo mwamphamvu pamene kunali kofunika koma mwa chifundo pamene kunali kotheka. Mfumu Davide, amene anachita chigololo ndi mbanda, anasonyezedwa chifundo. Sikuti sanalangidwe, pakuti Yehova sanamtetezere ku zotulukapo zoipa za tchimo lake. Komabe, chifukwa cha pangano la Ufumu ndiponso chifukwa chakuti Davide anali munthu wachifundo mwachibadwa ndipo anali ndi mtima wolapa, sanaphedwe.​—1 Samueli 24:4-7; 2 Samueli 7:16; Salmo 51:1-4; Yakobo 2:13.

 9. Kodi chikondi chinachita mbali yotani m’Chilamulo cha Mose?

⁹ Ndiponso, Chilamulo cha Mose chinagogomezera chikondi. Talingalirani ngati limodzi la maiko alero linali ndi mpambo wa malamulo amene anafunadi chikondi! Motero, chilamulo cha Mose sichinangoletsa mbanda; chinalamula kuti: “Uzikonda mnansi wako monga udzikonda wekha.” (Levitiko 19:18) Sichinangoletsa kuchita mosalungama ndi mlendo; chinalamula kuti: “Umkonde monga udzikonda wekha; popeza munali alendo m’dziko la Aigupto.” (Levitiko 19:34) Sichinangoletsa chigololo; chinalamula mwamuna kukondweretsa mkazi wakewake! (Deuteronomo 24:5) M’buku la Deuteronomo lokha, mawu achihebri otanthauza mkhalidwe wa chikondi akugwiritsiridwa ntchito nthaŵi ngati 20. Yehova anatsimikiza Aisrayeli za chikondi chake​—chakale, cha panthaŵiyo, ndi cha mtsogolo. (Deuteronomo 4:37; 7:12-14) Kwenikweni, lamulo lalikulu koposa la Chilamulo cha Mose linali lakuti: “Muzikonda Yehova Mulungu wanu ndi mtima wanu wonse, ndi moyo wanu wonse, ndi mphamvu yanu yonse.” (Deuteronomo 6:5) Yesu ananena kuti Chilamulo chonse nchokoloŵekedwa pa lamulo limeneli, limodzi ndi lamulo la kukonda mnansi. (Levitiko 19:18; Mateyu 22:37-40) Nchifukwa chake wamasalmo analemba kuti: “Ha! Ndikondadi chilamulo chanu; ndilingiriramo ine tsiku lonse.”​—Salmo 119:97.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Molakwa Chilamulo

10. Kodi ndi motani mmene Ayuda, makamaka, anaonera Chilamulo cha Mose?

¹⁰ Pamenepa, nzachisoni chotani nanga kuti Israyeli kwakukulukulu anasoŵa chiyamikiro kaamba ka Chilamulo cha Mose! Anthu anaswa Chilamulo, kuchinyalanyaza, kapena kuchiiŵala. Anaipitsa kulambira koyera ndi machitachita onyansa achipembedzo a mitundu ina. (2 Mafumu 17:16, 17; Salmo 106:13, 35-38) Ndipo sanatsatire Chilamulo mwa njira zinanso.

11, 12. (a) Kodi magulu a atsogoleri achipembedzo anawononga zinthu motani atapita masiku a Ezara? (Onani bokosi.) (b) Kodi nchifukwa ninji arabi akale anaganiza kuti kunali kofunika ‘kumanga mpanda kuzungulira Chilamulo’?

¹¹ Amene ananyanya pakuwononga Chilamulo anali aja amene anati anali kuphunzitsa za icho ndi kuchisunga. Zimenezi zinachitika atapita masiku a mlembi wokhulupirika Ezara wa m’zaka za zana lachisanu B.C.E. Ezara analimbana ndi chisonkhezero choipa cha mitundu ina ndipo anagogomezera kuŵerenga ndi kuphunzitsa Chilamulo. (Ezara 7:10; Nehemiya 8:5-8) Aphunzitsi ena a Chilamulo ananena kuti anali kutsatira mapazi a Ezara napanga chimene chinatchedwa “Sunagoge Wamkulu.” Pakati pa miyambi yawo panali chilangizo chakuti: “Mangani mpanda kuzungulira Chilamulo.” Aphunzitsi ameneŵa ananena kuti Chilamulo chinali ngati dimba lofunika kwambiri. Kuti aliyense asadutse m’dimba limeneli mwa kuswa malamulo ake, iwo anapanga malamulo enanso, “Chilamulo cha Pakamwa,” kuletsa anthu kuti asayese kuchita cholakwacho.

¹² Ena angatsutse kuti atsogoleri achiyuda anali ndi chifukwa chabwino choganizira motero. Litapita tsiku la Ezara Ayuda analamuliridwa ndi maulamuliro akunja, makamaka Girisi. Kuti aletse chisonkhezero cha filosofi ndi chikhalidwe cha Agiriki, panabuka magulu a atsogoleri achipembedzo pakati pa Ayuda. (Onani bokosi, patsamba 10.) M’kupita kwa nthaŵi ena a magulu ameneŵa anayamba kupikisana ndi ansembe achilevi ngakhale kuwaposa monga aphunzitsi a Chilamulo. (Yerekezerani ndi Malaki 2:7.) Podzafika mu 200 B.C.E., chilamulo cha pakamwa chinayamba kusonkhezera moyo wachiyuda. Poyamba malamulo ameneŵa sanayenera kulembedwa, kuti mwina angayesedwe olingana ndi Chilamulo cholembedwa. Koma pang’onopang’ono, malingaliro aumunthu anaikidwa patsogolo pa aumulungu, kotero kuti m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, “mpanda” umenewu kwenikweni unawononga “dimba” lenilenilo limene unayenera kutetezera.

Kuipitsa kwa Chifarisi

13. Kodi atsogoleri ena achipembedzo achiyuda analungamitsa motani kupangidwa kwa malamulo ambiri?

¹³ Arabi ankaganiza kuti popeza kuti Torah, kapena Chilamulo cha Mose, chinali changwiro, chinayenera kukhala ndi yankho pa funso lililonse limene likanabuka. Lingaliro limeneli silinali laulemu ayi. Kwenikweni, linapatsa arabi ufulu wa kugwiritsira ntchito kalingaliridwe kaluso kaumunthu, akumachititsa Mawu a Mulungu kuoneka ngati anali maziko a malamulo pa nkhani za mtundu uliwonse​—zina zaumwini, zinanso zachabe.

14. (a) Kodi atsogoleri achipembedzo achiyuda anakulitsa motani chilangizo cha m’Malemba cha kulekana ndi mitundu kufika pamlingo womkitsa wosakhala wamalemba? (b) Kodi nchiyani chikusonyeza kuti malamulo achirabi analephera kutetezera anthu achiyuda ku zisonkhezero zachikunja?

¹⁴ Nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi atsogoleri achipembedzo anatenga malangizo a m’Malemba ndi kuwakulitsa kufikira atakhala omkitsa. Mwachitsanzo, Chilamulo cha Mose chinalimbikitsa kulekana ndi mitundu ina, koma arabi analalikira mwa njira ina za kunyansidwa kopambanitsa ndi chilichonse chosakhala chachiyuda. Anaphunzitsa kuti Myuda asasiye ng’ombe yake kunyumba ya alendo ya Wakunja, pakuti Akunja “amati amagona nyama.” Mkazi wachiyuda sanaloledwe kuthandiza mkazi Wakunja pakubala chifukwa mwakutero “akanathandizira kubadwa kwa mwana wa mafano.” Popeza iwo moyenerera anali kukayikira nyumba za maseŵero zachigiriki, arabi analetsa maseŵero onse olimbitsa thupi. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti zonsezi sizinathandize konse kuletsa Ayuda kutengera zikhulupiriro za Akunja. Kunena zoona, Afarisi eniwo anayamba kuphunzitsa chiphunzitso chachikunja chachigiriki cha kusafa kwa sou!​—Ezekieli 18:4, NW.

15. Kodi atsogoleri achipembedzo achiyuda anapotoza motani malamulo a chiyero ndi kugonana ndi wachibale?

¹⁵ Afarisi anapotozanso malamulo a chiyero. Kunanenedwa kuti Afarisi akanakhoza kuyeretsa dzuŵa lenilenilo ngati akanapatsidwa mpata. Lamulo lawo linanena kuti kuchedwa “kupita kokadzithandiza” kunadetsa munthu! Kusamba kumanja kunakhala mwambo wocholoŵana, wokhala ndi malamulo onena za dzanja limene linayenera kuyamba kusambitsidwa ndi molisambitsira. Akazi anayesedwa odetsedwa koposa. Chifukwa cha lamulo la m’Malemba la ‘kusasendera’ kwa wachibale aliyense (kwenikweni lamulo loletsa kugonana ndi wachibale), arabi analamula kuti mwamuna sanayenera kulondola mkazi wake pambuyo; kapena kulankhula naye pamsika.​—Levitiko 18:6.

16, 17. Kodi chilamulo cha pakamwa chinafutukula motani lamulo la kusunga Sabata mlungu ndi mlungu, ndi chotulukapo chotani?

¹⁶ Chodziŵika kwambiri ndi chitonzo chauzimu chimene chilamulo cha pakamwa chinadzetsa pa lamulo la Sabata. Mulungu anapatsa Israyeli lamulo losavuta lakuti: Usagwire ntchito iliyonse tsiku lachisanu ndi chiŵiri la mlungu. (Eksodo 20:8-11) Komabe, chilamulo cha pakamwa chinafika ngakhale pakufotokoza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ngati 39 ya ntchito zoletsedwa, kuphatikizapo kumanga kapena kumasula mfundo, kumanga ulusi kaŵiri, kulemba zilembo ziŵiri zachihebri, ndi zina zotero. Ndiyeno uliwonse wa mitundu imeneyi unali ndi malamulo enanso osatha. Kodi ndi mfundo ziti zimene zinaletsedwa ndipo nziti zinaloledwa? Chilamulo cha pakamwa chinayankha ndi malamulo osatsutsika. Kuchiritsa anayamba kukuona ngati ntchito yoletsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, analetsa kumanga mwendo kapena dzanja lothyoka pa Sabata. Munthu wakumva dzino analoledwa kuika viniga ku chakudya chake, koma sanayenera kutsopa vinigayo kuti aloŵe m’mano ake. Zimenezo zikanachiritsa dzino lake!

¹⁷ Chotero, pophimbika ndi malamulo mazana ambiri opangidwa ndi anthu, lamulo la Sabata linataya tanthauzo lake lauzimu malinga ndi kulingalira kwa Ayuda ochuluka. Pamene Yesu Kristu, “Mwini tsiku la Sabata,” anachita zozizwitsa zamphamvu ndi zotonthoza mtima pa Sabata, alembi ndi Afarisi sanakhudzike mtima. Zokha zimene iwo anasamala nzakuti kwa iwo iye anali kunyalanyaza malamulo awo.​—Mateyu 12:8, 10-14.

Kuphunzirira pa Zolakwa za Afarisi

18. Kodi kuwonjezera malamulo a pakamwa ndi miyambo ku Chilamulo cha Mose kunali ndi zotulukapo zotani? Fotokozani mwa fanizo.

¹⁸ Mwachidule, tinganene kuti malamulo owonjezedwa ameneŵa ndi miyambo anamamatira ku Chilamulo cha Mose monga momwe ma barnacle amamamatirira ku chombo. Mwini chombo amayesetsa zolimba kupala zolengedwa zovutitsa zimenezi kuzichotsa ku chombo chake chifukwa zimalemetsa chombocho ndi kuwononga utoto wake woletsa dzimbiri. Momwemonso, malamulo a pakamwa ndi miyambo analemetsa Chilamulo ndi kuchiika poyera kuti chidyewe ndi dzimbiri la kugwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwa. Komabe, m’malo mwa kupala malamulo osafunikira amenewo kuwachotsa, arabi anawonjezerabe ambiri. Podzafika nthaŵi imene Mesiya anafika kudzakwaniritsa Chilamulo, “chombo” chinali chokutidwa ndi ma “barnacle” okhaokha kwakuti chinali pafupi kumira! (Yerekezerani ndi Miyambo 16:25.) M’malo motetezera pangano la Chilamulo, atsogoleri achipembedzo ameneŵa analakwa mwa kuchiswa. Nanga, nchifukwa ninji “mpanda” wawo wa malamulo unalephera?

19. (a) Kodi nchifukwa ninji ‘mpanda wozungulira Chilamulo’ unalephera? (b) Kodi nchiyani chikusonyeza kuti atsogoleri achipembedzo achiyuda analibe chikhulupiriro chenicheni?

¹⁹ Atsogoleri a Chiyuda analephera kuzindikira kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi kuipa imamenyedwera mumtima ndipo osati pamasamba a mabuku a malamulo. (Yeremiya 4:14) Mfungulo ya chipambano ndiyo chikondi​—kukonda Yehova, malamulo ake, ndi mapulinsipulo ake olungama. Chikondi chotero chimatulutsa udani wofanana wa zimene Yehova amadana nazo. (Salmo 97:10; 119:104) Aja amene mitima yawo njodzala ndi chikondi chotero amakhalabe okhulupirika pa malamulo a Yehova m’dziko ili loipa. Atsogoleri achipembedzo achiyuda anali ndi mwaŵi waukulu wa kuphunzitsa anthu kuti achirikize ndi kusonkhezera chikondi chotero. Kodi nchifukwa ninji analephera kuchita zimenezo? Mwachionekere analibe chikhulupiriro. (Mateyu 23:23) Ngati akanakhulupirira kuti mzimu wa Yehova uli ndi mphamvu ya kugwira ntchito m’mitima ya anthu okhulupirika, sakanakuona kukhala kofunikira kulamulira moyo wa ena mwaliuma. (Yesaya 59:1; Ezekieli 34:4) Posoŵa chikhulupiriro, sanagaŵire chikhulupiriro; analemetsa anthu ndi malamulo a anthu.​—Mateyu 15:3, 9; 23:4.

20, 21. (a) Kodi chiyambukiro chonse chimene mkhalidwe wa maganizo wokonda mwambo unakhala nacho pa Chiyuda nchotani? (b) Kodi tikutengapo phunziro lanji pa zimene zinachitikira Chiyuda?

²⁰ Atsogoleri achiyuda amenewo sanalimbikitse chikondi. Miyambo yawo inatulutsa chipembedzo chimene chinagogomezera maonekedwe akunja, ndi kumvera kwachiphamaso kodzionetsera​—mkhalidwe wachonde wokuliramo chinyengo. (Mateyu 23:25-28) Malamulo awo anapereka zifukwa zosaŵerengeka zoweruzira ena. Chifukwa chake Afarisi onyada ndi otsendereza ena anadzilungamitsa poimba mlandu Yesu Kristu mwiniyo. Analephera kuzindikira chifuno chachikulu cha Chilamulo ndipo anakana Mesiya woona mmodzi yekha. Choncho, iye anauza mtundu wachiyuda kuti: “Onani, nyumba yanu yasiyidwa kwa inu yabwinja.”​—Mateyu 23:38; Agalatiya 3:23, 24.

²¹ Kodi titengapo phunziro lanji pamenepa? Mwachionekere, mkhalidwe waliuma wa maganizo, wokonda mwambo sumachirikiza kulambira Yehova koyera! Koma kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti olambira Yehova lerolino sayenera kukhala ndi malamulo alionse kusiyapo ngati ameneŵa atchulidwa m’Malemba Oyera? Ayi. Kuti tipeze yankho lokwana, tiyeni tsopano tipende mmene Yesu Kristu anachotsera Chilamulo cha Mose ndi kuikapo chilamulo chatsopano ndipo chabwino koposa.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

Kodi Mungafotokoze?

◻ Kodi chilengedwe chonse chimayenda motani ndi malamulo a Mulungu?

◻ Kodi chifuno chachikulu cha Chilamulo cha Mose chinali chiyani?

◻ Kodi nchiyani chikusonyeza kuti Chilamulo cha Mose chinagogomezera chifundo ndi chisoni?

◻ Kodi nchifukwa ninji atsogoleri achipembedzo achiyuda anawonjezera malamulo osaŵerengeka ku Chilamulo cha Mose, ndi chotulukapo chotani?

[Bokosi patsamba 10]

Atsogoleri Achipembedzo Achiyuda

Alembi: Anadziona monga oloŵa m’malo Ezara ndipo monga omasulira Chilamulo. Malinga ndi kunena kwa buku lakuti A History of the Jews, “si alembi onse amene anali ndi luntha ndipo kuyesa kwawo kupeza matanthauzo obisika m’chilamulo nthaŵi zambiri kunayambitsa njira zopanda tanthauzo ndi ziletso zopusa. Zimenezi zinalimbitsidwa kukhala mwambo, umene posapita nthaŵi unakhala mdani wosagonja.”

Ahasidimu: Dzinalo limatanthauza “oyera” kapena “oyera mtima.” Anayamba kumveka monga gulu cha ku ma 200 B.C.E. ndipo anali amphamvu pa zandale, oyaluka pakuchirikiza chiyero cha Chilamulo, kuti chisasokonezedwe ndi chisonkhezero choipa chachigiriki. Ahasidimu anagaŵanikana kukhala magulu atatu: Afarisi, Asaduki, ndi Aesene.

Afarisi: Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti dzinalo linatengedwa ku mawu akuti “Opatulidwa,” kapena “Odzipatula.” Analidi oyaluka pakuyesayesa kwawo kukhala opatukana ndi Akunja, koma anaonanso kagulu kawo kukhala kopatukana ndi​—ndipo koposa​—anthu wamba achiyuda, amene sanadziŵe mbali zocholoŵana za chilamulo cha pakamwa. Wolemba mbiri wina anati ponena za Afarisi: “Monga gulu, anayesa anthu ngati ana, akumavomereza ndi kumasulira mbali zazing’onong’ono zosungira mwambo.” Katswiri wina anati: “Chifarisi chinapanga malamulo ambirimbiri okhudza mikhalidwe yonse, ndi chotulukapo chosapeŵeka chakuti anakuza tinthu tachabechabe ndipo mwa kutero anachititsa zinthu zazikulu kuoneka zachabechabe (Mt. 23:23).”

Asaduki: Kagulu kamene kanali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi olamulira apamwamba ndi ansembe. Iwo anatsutsa mwamphamvu alembi ndi Afarisi, akumati chilamulo cha pakamwa chinalibe mphamvu yonga ya Chilamulo cholembedwa. Kulephera kwawo pa nkhondoyi kumasonyezedwa ndi Mishnah yeniyeniyo kuti: “Ili nkhani yaikulu kwambiri [kusunga] mawu a Alembi kuposa [kusunga] mawu a Chilamulo [cholembedwa].” Talmud, imene inaphatikizapo ndemanga zambiri zonena za chilamulo cha pakamwa, pambuyo pake inafika ngakhale pakunena kuti: “Mawu a alembi . . . ngofunika kwambiri kuposa mawu a Torah.”

Aesene: Kagulu ka anthu odzimana amene anadzilekanitsa m’midzi yokhala payokha. Malinga ndi kunena kwa The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, Aesene anali odzilekanitsa kwambiri ndi ena kuposa Afarisi ndipo “nthaŵi zina anali kusonyeza ufarisi kuposa Afarisi eni akewo.”

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Mwinamwake makolo a Yobu anamphunzitsa za malamulo oyendetsa magulu a nyenyezi