Naḥmanides Kodi Anatsutsa Chikristu?
NYENGO Zapakati. Kodi zimatikumbutsa chiyani? Nkhondo za Mtanda? Mabwalo a Inquisition? Chizunzo? Ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zambiri anthu sankakambitsirana zachipembedzo momasuka m’nyengo imeneyo, m’chaka cha 1263 kunachitika ena a makani apadera koposa m’mbiri ya Ulaya pakati pa Ayuda ndi Akristu. Kodi anali pamakaniwo ndani? Kodi anakambitsirana nkhani zotani? Kodi makaniwo angatithandize motani lero kudziŵa chipembedzo choona?
Chinayambitsa Makaniwo Nchiyani?
M’nthaŵi yonse ya Nyengo Zapakati, Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika chimanena kuti ndicho chinali chipembedzo choona. Komabe, Ayuda nawonso anali kunenabe kuti ndiwo anali anthu osankhika a Mulungu. Pamene tchalitchi chinalephera kukhutiritsa Ayuda kuti atembenuke, anthu ake anakhumudwa ndipo nthaŵi zambiri kunachitika chiwawa ndi chizunzo. Pochitika Nkhondo za Mtanda, Ayuda zikwi makumi ambiri anaphedwa kapena kutenthedwa pamtengo atapemphedwa kusankha ubatizo kapena imfa. M’maiko ochuluka, tchalitchi chinali kusonkhezera anthu kulikonse kutsutsa Ayuda.
Komabe, ku Spain wachikatolika wa m’zaka za zana la 12 ndi 13, kunali mzimu wosiyana. Ayuda anali ndi ufulu wa chipembedzo—malinga ngati sanatsutse chikhulupiriro cha Akristu—ndipo amapatsidwa ngakhale malo apamwamba m’bwalo la mfumu. Koma atakhala ndi chiyanjo chimenecho zaka ngati zana limodzi, ansembe achidominikani anapeza njira yochepetsa mphamvu ya Ayuda pa anthu ndi yowatembenuza kuti akhale Akatolika. Adominikani anakakamiza Mfumu James I wa ku Aragon kuti alinganize makani ololedwa ndi iye, amene cholinga chake chinali kutsimikiza kuti Chiyuda sichinali chopambana ndi kuti Ayuda onse anafunikira kutembenuka.
Makani ameneŵa pakati pa Ayuda ndi Akristu sindiwo anali oyamba. M’chaka cha 1240, kunachitika makani ololedwa ndi boma ku Paris, France. Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali chakuti apeze chifukwa Talmud, buku lopatulika la Ayuda. Komabe, Ayuda omwe analipo sanapatsidwe ufulu wochuluka wa kulankhula. Tchalitchi chitalengeza kuti chapambana makaniwo, makope ambiri a Talmud anatenthedwa poyera m’mabwalo.
Koma Mfumu James I wa ku Aragon ndi mzimu wake wololera kwambiri sanalole chipongwe chimenecho. Atazindikira zimenezo, Adominikani anayesa njira ina. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Hyam Maccoby m’buku lake lakuti Judaism on Trial, iwo anapempha Ayuda kukachita nawo makani “nanamizira ulemu ndi kuti adzangowakopa, sadzawatsutsa monga momwe zinalili ku Paris.” Adominikani anasankha Pablo Christiani, Myuda amene anatembenuka kukhala Mkatolika ndi wansembe wachidominikani, kuti akhale wowaimira wamkulu. Mwa kugwiritsira ntchito Pablo Christiani amene anali ndi chidziŵitso cha zolemba za m’Talmud ndi za arabi, Adominikani anali otsimikiza kuti adzapambana makaniwo.
Anasankhiranji Naḥmanides?
Pamakaniwo munthu mmodzi yekha wamkulu msinkhu mwauzimu ku Spain amene akanakhoza kuwaimirako Ayuda anali Moses ben Naḥman, kapena Naḥmanides.a Iye anabadwa cha m’ma 1194 mumzinda wa Gerona, ndipo pamene anafika paunyamata, Naḥmanides anasonyeza kuti anali katswiri pa Baibulo ndi Talmud yomwe. Pamene anakwanitsa zaka 30, anali atalemba mabuku omasulira mbali zochuluka za Talmud, ndipo posakhalitsa ndiye anakhala nkhoswe yaikulu poyanjanitsa anthu pamkangano wokhudza zolemba za Maimonides zimene zinafuna kugaŵanitsa Ayuda.b Akuti Naḥmanides anali katswiri wachiyuda wopambana wa Baibulo ndi Talmud pakati pa mbadwo wake ndi kuti mwina anali wachiŵiri kwa Maimonides yekha m’mphamvu zake pa Chiyuda panthaŵiyo.
Naḥmanides anali ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa Ayuda ku Catalonia, ndipo ngakhale Mfumu James I inkafunsira uphungu wake pankhani za Boma. Ayuda ndi Akunja omwe ankaliŵerengera kwambiri luntha lake lalikulu. Adominikani anazindikira kuti ngati afuna kunyazitsadi Ayuda kosawasiyako, iyeyo, mrabi wawo wopambana, anayenera kukhala pamakaniwo.
Naḥmanides sanafune kukhalapo pamakaniwo, pozindikira kuti cholinga cha Adominikaniwo sichinali chakuti pakhale chilungamo pamakambiranopo. Anafunikira kungoyankha mafunso basi iye osafunsako. Komabe, anavomera pempho la mfumu, ataipempha kuti ikamlole kulankhula momasuka poyankha. Mfumu James I inavomera zimenezo. Ufulu pang’onoko wa kulankhula umenewo sunayambe wapatsidwa kwa wina aliyense ndipo sanaupatsenso munthu wina pambuyo pake m’Nyengo Zapakati, umboni wosakanika wakuti mfumu inali kumlemekeza kwambiri Naḥmanides. Ngakhale ndi tero, Naḥmanides anachitabe mantha. Ngati iwo akanamuyesa wotsutsa mouma mutu pamakaniwo, pakanachitika zangozi kwa iye ndi Ayuda omwe. Chiwawa chikanabuka nthaŵi iliyonse.
Naḥmanides ndi Pablo Christiani
Makani amenewo anachitikira kubwalo la mfumu ku Barcelona. Panali misonkhano inayi—pa July 20, 23, 26, ndi 27, 1263. Mfumuyo ndiyo inatsogolera kusonkhana konse, pamenenso panapezeka akuluakulu a Tchalitchi ndi a Boma, limodzi ndi Ayuda akomweko.
Tchalitchi sichinakayikire konse kuti zotsatira zake za makaniwo zidzakhala zotani. Malinga ndi mbiri yomwe iwo okha analemba, Adominikani anatero kuti cholinga cha makaniwo ‘sichinali chakuti akayikitse chikhulupiriro chawo monga kuti chinali chosatsimikizika ayi, koma kuti awononge zolakwa za Ayuda ndi kukhwetemula chikhulupiriro cholimba cha Ayuda ambiri.’
Ngakhale anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 70, Naḥmanides anasonyeza luntha lake lalikulu mwa kulimbikira kulankhula za nkhani zofunika kwambiri basi. Anayamba mwa kunena kuti: “Makani [apitawo] pakati pa akunja ndi Ayuda anakhudza miyambo ya chipembedzo yambiri yamitundumitundu imene siili maziko a chikhulupiriro, umene uli mkhalidwe waukulu. Komabe, m’bwalo lino la mfumu, ndikufuna kungolankhula za nkhani zimene zili maziko a mkangano wonsewu.” Ndiye anamvana kuti adzangolankhula zakuti kapena Mesiya anabwera kale, kapena anali Mulungu kapena munthu, ndipo ngati Ayuda kapena Akristu ndiwo ali ndi chilamulo choona.
M’mawu ake otsegulira, Pablo Christiani anatero kuti adzagwiritsira ntchito Talmud kusonyeza kuti Mesiya anabwera kale. Iye Naḥmanides anayankha kuti ngati zimenezo zinali zoona, nchifukwa ninji arabi amene anakhulupirira Talmud sanamkhulupirire Yesu? M’malo motenga zifukwa zake m’Malemba omveka, Christiani mobwerezabwereza anagwira mawu ndime za arabi zovuta kumva kuti achirikize zifukwa zake. Mfundo iliyonse anaitsutsa Naḥmanides mwa kusonyeza kuti mnzakeyo anali kupotoza ndimezo. Zinali zachionekere kuti Naḥmanides anali kudziŵa kupereka zifukwa za zolemba zimenezo zimene anatayirapo moyo wake wonse kuziŵerenga. Ngakhale pamene Christiani anagwira mawu Malemba, zifukwa zake zinangovumbula mfundo zosavuta kutsutsa.
Ngakhale kuti iye anangofunikira kuyankha mafunso nthaŵi zambiri, Naḥmanides anatha kupereka zifukwa zamphamvu zomwe zinasonyeza chifukwa chake Ayuda ndiponso anthu ena oganiza sakanalandira chiphunzitso cha Tchalitchi cha Katolika. Za chiphunzitso cha Utatu, iye anati: “Nzeru ya Myuda aliyense kapena munthu aliyense siingamlole kukhulupirira kuti Mlengi wa kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi . . . anabadwa kuchokera m’mimba ya mkazi Myuda . . . ndi kuti pambuyo pake [ana]perekedwa m’manja mwa adani ake, amene . . . anamupha.” Naḥmanides anafotokoza zomveka kuti: “Zimene mumakhulupirira—zimene zilinso maziko a chikhulupiriro chanu—sangazikhulupirire munthu aliyense [wanzeru].”
Posonyeza msokonezo umene mpaka lero waletsa Ayuda ambiri ngakhale kuganiza komwe kuti Yesu angakhale Mesiya, Naḥmanides anagogomezera mlandu waukulu wa mwazi umene tchalitchi chili nawo. Anati: “Mneneri amati nthaŵi ya Mesiya, . . . iwo adzasula malupanga awo akhale zolimira, ndi nthungo zawo zikhale anangwape; mtundu sudzanyamula lupanga kumenyana ndi mtundu wina, ndipo sadzaphunziranso nkhondo. Kuyambira masiku a Mnazarayo mpaka lero, dziko lonse ladzala chiwawa ndi kulanda. [Inde], Akristu amakhetsa mwazi wambiri kuposa mitundu ina, ndiponso ali ndi makhalidwe oipa. Mmene zingakuvutireni inu mbuyanga mfumu, ndi akazembe anuwa, ngati iwo sangaphunzirenso nkhondo!”—Yesaya 2:4.
Utatha msonkhano wachinayi, mfumu inaimitsa makaniwo. Ndipo inati kwa Naḥmanides: “Sindinaonepo munthu wolakwa akupereka zifukwa zomveka monga wachitiramu.” King James I wa ku Aragon anasunga lonjezo lake lakuti adzapatsa Naḥmanides ufulu wa kulankhula ndi chitetezo mwa kumuuza kupita kwawo, nampatsa ndi mphatso ya ndalama zokwanira madaina 300. Bishopu wa ku Gerona atapempha Naḥmanides kulemba nkhani ya makaniwo, iye anatero.
Ngakhale Adominikani mosakayikira ananena kuti anapambana, iwo anakwiya kwambiri. Pambuyo pake iwo anamuimba mlandu Naḥmanides wakuti anachitira mwano tchalitchi, ndipo anagwiritsira ntchito zimene iye analemba pamakaniwo monga umboni. Chifukwa chosakhutira ndi mmene mfumu inayanjira Naḥmanides, Adominikani anachita apilo kwa Papa Clement IV. Ngakhale anali ndi zaka zoposa 70, Naḥmanides anampitikitsa ku Spain.c
Nanga Choonadi Chili Pati?
Kodi zifukwa zoperekedwa ndi onse aŵiri zinathandiza kudziŵikitsa chipembedzo choona? Pamene yense anasonyeza zolakwa za winayo, onse aŵiri sanapereka uthenga womveka wachoonadi. Zimene Naḥmanides anatsutsa bwino kwambiri si Chikristu choona ayi, koma ziphunzitso za anthu, monga chiphunzitso cha Utatu, chimene Dziko Lachikristu linapeka zaka mazana ambiri Yesu atachoka. Makhalidwe oipa a Dziko Lachikristu ndi kukhetsa kwake dala mwazi, zimene Naḥmanides anasonyeza molimba mtima, zilinso nkhani zosatsutsika m’mbiri.
Nkwapafupi kuona chifukwa chake Naḥmanides ndi Ayuda ena m’mikhalidwe imeneyi analephera kuchita chidwi ndi zifukwa zochirikiza Chikristu. Ndiponso, zifukwa za Pablo Christiani sizinachokere m’Malemba Achihebri omveka ayi, koma anazipeza mwa kupotoza zolemba za arabi.
Naḥmanides sanatsutse Chikristu ayi. Panthaŵi yake, kuunika kwenikweni kwa ziphunzitso za Yesu ndi maumboni a Umesiya wake zinabisika chifukwa cha njira yonyenga imene anamfotokozeramo. Ndipotu Yesu ndi atumwi ake analosera kuti padzakhala ziphunzitso zotero zampatuko.—Mateyu 7:21-23; 13:24-30, 37-43; 1 Timoteo 4:1-3; 2 Petro 2:1, 2.
Komabe, chipembedzo choona lero chimadziŵika mosavuta. Za otsatira ake, Yesu anati: “Mudzawazindikira ndi zipatso zawo. . . . Chomwecho mtengo wabwino uliwonse upatsa zipatso zokoma; koma mtengo wamphuchi upatsa zipatso zoipa.” (Mateyu 7:16, 17) Tikukupemphani kuchidziŵa. Ziloleni Mboni za Yehova kukuthandizani kufufuza ndi cholinga maumboni a Malemba. Motero mudzadziŵa tanthauzo lenileni la malonjezo onse a Mulungu okhudza Mesiya ndi ulamuliro wake.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
a Ayuda ambiri amatcha Naḥmanides “Ramban,” dzina lachihebri lopangidwa ndi zilembo zoyamba za mawu akuti “Rabbi Moses Ben Naḥman.”
b Onani nkhani yakuti “Maimonides—Munthu Amene Anamveketsanso Chiyuda” mu Nsanja ya Olonda ya March 1, 1995, masamba 20-3.
c Mu 1267, Naḥmanides anafika m’dziko lomwe tsopano limatchedwa Israel. Pazaka zake zomaliza, anachita zambiri. Anadzutsanso Chiyuda nakhazikitsa malo a maphunziro m’Jerusalem. Anamalizanso buku lomasulira Torah, mabuku asanu oyamba a Baibulo, nakhala mtsogoleri wauzimu wa Ayuda mumzinda wakumpoto wa Acre, kumene anafera mu 1270.
[Chithunzi patsamba 20]
Naḥmanides anapereka zifukwa zake ku Barcelona
[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 19]
Zithunzithunzi pamasamba 19-20: Zojambulidwa mu Illustrirte Pracht - Bibel/Heilige Schrift des Alten und Neuen Testaments, nach der deutschen Uebersetzung D. Martin Luther’s