Mishnah—ndi Chilamulo cha Mulungu kwa Mose
“TIMAYAMBA kulingalira kuti taloŵa m’nkhani imene ayamba kale kukambirana, yonena za zinthu zimene ifeyo sitikuzidziŵa nkomwe . . . Timadziona . . . ngati kuti tili m’chipinda cha apaulendo pabwalo landege lakutali. Tikumva bwino lomwe zimene anthu akunena, koma sitikudziŵa zimene akutanthauza ndi malingaliro awo, makamaka, mwa malankhulidwe awo opatsa nthumanzi.” Umu ndi mmene katswiri wa zamaphunziro wachiyuda Jacob Neusner anafotokozera za malingaliro amene oŵerenga angakhale nawo pamene aŵerenga Mishnah kwa nthaŵi yoyamba. Neusner anawonjezera kuti: “Mishnah ilibe chiyambi chotsatirika. Imathera m’malere.”
M’buku lakuti A History of Judaism, Daniel Jeremy Silver akutcha Mishnah kuti ndi “buku lofunika la Chiyuda cha arabi.” Kwenikweni, iye anapitiriza kufotokoza kuti: “Mishnah inatenga malo a Baibulo monga kosi yaikulu ya maphunziro [achiyuda] omapitirizabe.” Nchifukwa ninji buku lokhala ndi kalembedwe kachilendo koteroko linakhala lofunika choncho?
Mbali ina ya yankho lake ingapezeke m’mawu amene ali mu Mishnah akuti: “Mose analandira Torah pa Sinai ndipo anaipereka kwa Yoswa, Yoswa anaipereka kwa akulu, ndipo akulu anaipereka kwa aneneri. Ndipo aneneri anaipereka kwa amuna a msonkhano waukulu.” (Avot 1:1) Mishnah imati imafotokoza za mawu amene anapatsidwa kwa Mose pa Phiri la Sinai—mbali yosalembedwa ya Chilamulo cha Mulungu kwa Aisrayeli. Amuna a msonkhano waukulu (amene pambuyo pake anadzatchedwa Sanhedrin) anali kuonedwa monga mbali ya mzera wautali wa akatswiri anzeru amaphunziro, kapena kuti anthu anzeru, amene anali kuphunzitsa ziphunzitso zina mongozifotokoza pakamwa mumbadwo uliwonse kufikira nthaŵi imene ziphunzitsozo zinalembedwa mu Mishnah. Koma kodi zimenezo nzoonadi? Kodi ndani kwenikweni amene analemba Mishnah, ndipo nchifukwa ninji? Kodi mawu ake anachokeradi kwa Mose pa Sinai? Kodi ingatithandize lerolino?
Chiyuda Chopanda Kachisi
Panthaŵi imene Malemba ankalembedwa mouziridwa, kunalibe chikhulupiriro cha chilamulo cha pakamwa cha Mulungu, chopatsidwa kuwonjezera pa Chilamulo cha Mose cholembedwa.a (Eksodo 34:27) Patapita zaka mazana ambiri Afarisi ndiwo gulu lachiyuda limene linayambitsa ndi kuchirikiza chiphunzitso chimenechi. M’zaka za zana loyamba C.E., Asaduki ndi Ayuda ena anatsutsa chiphunzitso chosakhala cha Baibulo chimenechi. Komabe, nthaŵi yonse imene kachisi wa ku Yerusalemu anali malo olambirira, nkhani ya chilamulo cha pakamwa siinali yofunika. Kulambira kwa pakachisi kunali kothandiza ndi kolimbikitsa kwambiri pamoyo wa Myuda aliyense.
Komabe, mu 70 C.E., mtundu wachiyuda unayang’anizana ndi mavuto aakulu a chipembedzo. Yerusalemu anawonongedwa ndi asilikali achiroma, ndipo Ayuda oposa miliyoni imodzi anaphedwa. Kachisi, malo a moyo wawo wauzimu, anasakazidwa. Kunali kosatheka kukhala mogwirizana ndi Chilamulo cha Mose, chimene chinafuna kupereka nsembe ndi utumiki wa ansembe pakachisi. Maziko alionse a Chiyuda anatheratu. Katswiri wa Talmud Adin Steinsaltz analemba kuti: “Chiwonongeko . . . cha mu 70 C.E. chinachititsa kuti kuyala maziko a moyo wachipembedzo kukhale kofunika kwambiri.” Ndipo anayaladi mazikowo.
Ngakhale pamene kachisi anali asanawonongedwe, Yohanan Ben Zakkai, wophunzira wolemekezeka wa mtsogoleri wa Afarisi Hillel, anapatsidwa chilolezo ndi Vespasian (amene anali kuyembekeza kukhala mfumu posachedwa) kuti asamutse malo a zauzimu achiyuda ndi Sanhedrin kuchoka ku Yerusalemu kupita ku Yavneh. Monga momwe Steinsaltz akufotokozera, chiwonongeko cha Yerusalemu chitachitika, Yohanan Ben Zakkai “anayang’anizana ndi vuto la kukhazikitsa malo atsopano ofunika kwambiri a anthu ndi kuwathandiza kuzoloŵerana ndi mikhalidwe yachilendo kumene anayenera kukapembedzera kumalo ena popeza kuti nthaŵi imeneyi kunalibenso Kachisi.” Malo oyenerera amenewo anali chilamulo cha pakamwa.
Pamene kachisi anasanduka bwinja, Asaduki ndi Ayuda ena ampatuko analibe njira ina yodalirika yoloŵa m’malo mwake. Afarisi anakhala gulu lalikulu lochirikiza Chiyuda, lolimbikitsa magulu ampatuko. Mwa kulimbikitsa umodzi, arabi akuluakulu anasiya kudzitcha kuti Afarisi, dzina limene linaimira anthu ochita zampatuko ndi uchigaŵenga. Iwo anayamba kutchedwa kuti arabi basi, “anthu anzeru a Israyeli.” Anthu anzeru ameneŵa anapanga mpambo wa zikhulupiriro wosungiramo chiphunzitso chawo cha chilamulo cha pakamwa. Imeneyi inali njira yochirikizira zinthu zauzimu imene anthu sangaiwononge poyerekezera ndi kachisi.
Kutetezera Chilamulo cha Pakamwa
Ngakhale kuti sukulu yachirabi ku Yavneh (makilomita 40 chakumadzulo kwa Yerusalemu) tsopano ndiyo inali malo aakulu, masukulu ena ophunzitsa chilamulo cha pakamwa anayamba kukhazikitsidwa mu Israyeli yense ngakhalenso ku Babulo ndi ku Roma. Komabe, zimenezi zinayambitsa vuto lina. Steinsaltz akufotokoza kuti: “Nthaŵi yonse imene anthu onse anzeru anakhala pamodzi ndiponso pamene ntchito yaikulu ya maphunzirowo inali kuyendetsedwa ndi gulu limodzi la amuna [ku Yerusalemu], chilamulocho sichinasiyane. Koma kufalikira kwa aphunzitsi ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa masukulu ena kunapangitsa . . . kuti kalembedwe ndi katchulidwe ka mawu kakhale kocholoŵana.”
Aphunzitsi a chilamulo cha pakamwa anali kutchedwa Tannaim, liwu lotembenuzidwa kuchokera ku tsinde la mawu achiaramaiki lotanthauza “kuphunzira,” “kubwereza,” kapena “kuphunzitsa.” Zimenezi zinatsimikizira njira yawo ya kuphunzira ndi kuphunzitsa chilamulo cha pakamwa mwa kubwerezabwereza ndi kuloŵeza. Kuti athandizire kuloŵeza malamulo a pakamwa, anafupikitsa lamulo lililonse kapena mwambo kuti likhale mawu achidule ndi achindunji. Pamene mawu anali ochepa, kunali kosavuta kuloŵeza. Iwo anawakonza mawuwo kukhala ndakatulo, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri anali kuwalakatula, kapena kuwaimba. Komabe, malamulo ameneŵa anali opanda dongosolo, ndipo anali osiyana kotheratu pakati pa mphunzitsi wina ndi mnzake.
Rabi woyamba kulinganiza malamulo a pakamwa ambiriwo osiyanasiyana kukhala ndi dongosolo labwino anali Akiba ben Joseph (c. 50-135 C.E.). Ponena za iye, Steinsaltz analemba kuti: “Anthu a m’nthaŵi yake anayerekezera zochita zake ndi zochita za wantchito amene apita kumunda naponya chilichonse chimene apeza m’dengu lake mosalongosoka, kenaka nabwerera kumudzi ndi kusankha mtundu uliwonse pawokha. Akiba anaphunzira nkhani zambiri zosagwirizana ndipo anaziika m’magulu osiyanasiyana olongosoka.”
M’zaka za zana lachiŵiri C.E.—patapita zaka zoposa 60 chiwonongedwere Yerusalemu—Bar Kokhba anatsogolera pachipanduko chachiŵiri ndi chachikulu cha Ayuda motsutsana ndi Roma. Kachiŵirinso, chipandukocho chinadzetsa mavuto. Akiba ndi ophunzira ake ambiri anali ena mwa Ayuda pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi amene anavutika chifukwa cha chipandukocho. Chiyembekezo chilichonse chakuti angamangenso kachisi chinatheratu pamene Mfumu ya Roma Hadrian analengeza kuti Ayuda sayenera kuloŵanso mu Yerusalemu, kusiyapo pachikumbutso cha chiwonongeko cha kachisi.
A Tannaim amene anakhalapo pambuyo pa Akiba sanamuone kachisi wa ku Yerusalemu. Koma njira yophunzirira malamulo a chilamulo cha pakamwa molongosoka inakhala “kachisi” wawo, kapena malo awo olambirira. Ntchito imeneyi yoyambitsidwa ndi Akiba ndi ophunzira ake pochirikiza chilamulo cha pakamwa mwadongosolo inapitirizidwa ndi Tannaim womaliza, Judah ha-Nasi.
Zamkati mwa Mishnah
Judah ha-Nasi anali mbadwa ya Hillel ndi Gamaliyeli.b Iye anabadwa panthaŵi ya chipanduko cha Bar Kokhba, ndipo anakhala mtsogoleri wa Ayuda a ku Israyeli chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachiŵiri ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana lachitatu C.E. Liwu lakuti ha-Nasi limatanthauza “kalonga,” kusonyeza ntchito yake pakati pa Ayuda anzake. Nthaŵi zambiri amangotchedwa kuti Rabi. Judah ha-Nasi anatsogoza zonse ziŵiri sukulu yake ndi Sanhedrin, poyamba pa Bet She’arim ndipo pambuyo pake pa Sepphoris ku Galileya.
Pozindikira kuti mikangano yamtsogolo ndi Roma ingalepheretse kufalitsidwa kwenikweniko kwa chilamulo cha pakamwa, Judah ha-Nasi anaganiza zopeza njira imene ingathandizire kutetezera chilamulocho. Iye anasonkhanitsira pa sukulu yake akatswiri ophunzira koposa a m’tsiku lake. Anakambitsirana za mfundo iliyonse ndi mwambo wa chilamulo cha pakamwa. Zotsatirapo za makambitsirano ameneŵa anazisonkhanitsa ndi kuziika m’mawu achidule ndi achindunji, mogwirizana ndi kalembedwe kenikeni ka ndakatulo za Chihebri.
Zosonkhanitsa zimenezi anazigaŵa m’magulu akuluakulu asanu ndi limodzi, kapena kuti Malangizo, mogwirizana ndi mitu ikuluikulu. Judah anagaŵa magulu ameneŵa m’zigawo zing’onozing’ono kapena kuti nkhani zokwanira 63. Mpambo wa zikhulupiriro zauzimu umenewu tsopano anaumaliza. Isanafike nthaŵiyo, malamulo ameneŵa nthaŵi zambiri anali kuwafalitsa mongofotokoza pakamwa. Koma pofuna kuti awatetezerebe, anapanga kusintha kwakukulu ndi komaliza—mwa kulemba chilichonse. Buku latsopano limeneli losungiramo zolembedwa za chilamulo cha pakamwa analitcha Mishnah. Dzina lakuti Mishnah likuchokera kutsinde la liwu lachihebri lakuti sha·nahʹ, lotanthauza “kubwereza,” “kuphunzira,” kapena “kuphunzitsa.” Ndi lofanana ndi liwu lachiaramaiki lakuti tenaʼʹ, kumene kumachokera dzina lakuti tan·na·ʼimʹ, dzina limene aphunzitsi a Mishnah anali kudziŵika nalo.
Cholinga cha Mishnah sichinali kulongosola chilamulo chonse. Inali kufotokoza za zinthu zapambali, poganiza kuti woŵerenga anali atadziŵa kale mapulinsipulo ofunika. Kwenikweni, inafotokoza mwachidule zimene anakambitsirana ndi kuphunzitsa m’masukulu a arabi panthaŵi ya Judah ha-Nasi. Mishnah inali autilaini ya chilamulo cha pakamwa kaamba ka makambitsirano owonjezereka, mizati, kapena maziko oyambirira, omangapo.
M’malo movumbula chilichonse chimene chinapatsidwa kwa Mose pa Phiri la Sinai, Mishnah imafotokoza bwino lomwe mmene chilamulo cha pakamwa chinayambira, chiphunzitso chimene chinayambitsidwa ndi Afarisi. Nkhani zolembedwa mu Mishnah zimamveketsa bwino mawu a m’Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu ndi makambitsirano ena a Yesu Kristu ndi Afarisi. Komabe, mpofunika kusamala chifukwa chakuti nkhani zopezeka mu Mishnah zimasonyeza malingaliro a Ayuda a m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri C.E. Mishnah ndiyo inagwirizanitsa nyengo ya kachisi wachiŵiri ndi Talmud.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
a Ngati mukufuna mafotokozedwe owonjezereka, onani masamba 8-11 a brosha lakuti Will There Ever Be a World Without War?, lofalitsidwa ndi Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
b Onani nkhani yakuti “Gamaliyeli—Anaphunzitsa Saulo wa ku Tariso,” mu Nsanja ya Olonda ya July 15, 1996.
[Bokosi patsamba 26]
Zigawo za Mishnah
Mishnah inagaŵidwa m’zigawo za Malangizo asanu ndi limodzi. Zigawo zimenezi zili ndi mabuku ang’onoang’ono, kapena kuti nkhani zokwanira 63, zogaŵidwa m’mitu ndi m’ma mishnayot, kapena kuti ndime (osati m’mavesi).
1. Zeraim (Malamulo a Ulimi)
Nkhani zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zokambitsirana pamapemphero opempherera chakudya ndiponso okhudzana ndi ulimi. Zimaphatikizaponso malamulo a kupereka chakhumi, magawo a ansembe, kukunkha, ndi zaka za Sabata.
2. Moed (Miyambo Yoyera, Madyerero)
Nkhani za m’Malangizo ameneŵa zimafotokoza za malamulo okhudzana ndi Sabata, Tsiku la Chitetezero, ndi madyerero ena.
3. Nashim (Akazi, Lamulo la Ukwati)
Zimenezi ndi nkhani zofotokoza za ukwati ndi chisudzulo, ziŵindo, Anaziri, ndi nkhani za munthu amene wapatsidwa mlandu wa chigololo.
4. Nezikin (Zowonongedwa ndi Lamulo la Boma)
Nkhani za m’Malangizo ameneŵa zimafotokoza za lamulo la boma ndi lamulo la katundu, mabwalo a milandu ndi zigamulo, ntchito ya Sanhedrin, kupembedza mafano, malumbiro, ndiponso Makhalidwe Abwino a Abambo (Avot).
5. Kodashim (Nsembe)
Nkhani zimenezi zimafotokoza za malamulo okhudzana ndi nsembe zanyama ndi nsembe zaufa kuphatikizaponso miyeso ya kachisi.
6. Toharot (Miyambo ya Kuyeretsa)
Malangizo ameneŵa amanena za nkhani zofotokoza za mwambo wa kuyeretsa, kusamba, kusamba m’manja, matenda a pakhungu, ndi kudetsedwa kwa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana.
[Bokosi patsamba 28]
Mishnah ndi Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu
Mateyu 12:1, 2: “Nyengo imeneyo Yesu anapita tsiku la Sabata pakati pa minda ya tirigu; ndipo ophunzira ake anali ndi njala, nayamba kubudula ngala, nadya. Koma Afarisi, pakuona, anati kwa iye, Tapenyani, ophunzira anu achita chosaloleka tsiku la Sabata.” Malemba Achihebri saletsa zimene ophunzira a Yesu anachita. Koma mu Mishnah timapezamo mpambo wa ntchito 39 zoletsedwa ndi arabi pa Sabata.—Shabbat 7:2.
Mateyu 15:3: “Ndipo [Yesu] anayankha, nati kwa iwo, Inunso mulumphiranji lamulo la Mulungu chifukwa cha miyambo yanu?” Mishnah imalimbikitsa mzimu umenewu. (Sanhedrin 11:3) Timaŵerenga kuti: “[Kusunga] mawu a Alembi nkofunika kwambiri kuposa [kusunga] mawu a Chilamulo [cholembedwa]. Ngati munthu anena kuti, ‘Palibe lamulo lakuti tizivala njirisi’ potero akumalakwira mawu a Chilamulo, iye sanali kuimbidwa mlandu; [koma ngati anena kuti], ‘Muyenera kukhala zigawo zisanu’, potero akumawonjezera pa mawu a Alembi, iye anali kuimbidwa mlandu.”—The Mishnah, yolembedwa ndi Herbert Danby, tsamba 400.
Aefeso 2:14: “Iye [Yesu] ndiye mtendere wathu, amene anachita kuti onse aŵiri akhale mmodzi, nagumula khoma lakudulitsa pakati.” Mishnah imati: “Mkati mwa Kachisi wa Paphiri munali chitseko cha matabwa opingasa (Soreg), chotalika zikhato khumi.” (Middot 2:3) Akunja sanali kuloledwa kudutsa pamenepa ndi kuloŵa m’mabwalo amkati. Mtumwi Paulo ayenera kuti anali kusonya ku khoma limeneli mophiphiritsira pamene anali kulembera Aefeso mu 60 kapena 61 C.E., khomalo lisanagwe. Khoma lophiphiritsiralo linali pangano la Chilamulo, limene linalekanitsa Ayuda ndi Akunja kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Komabe, pamaziko a imfa ya Kristu mu 33 C.E., khoma limenelo linagwetsedwa.