Dzidziso dzaCalvin—Dzave Nemakore 500 Dzakaburei?

JEAN CAUVIN (John Calvin) akazvarirwa kuNoyon, France, muna 1509. Ndiye akatanga kuita kuti pave nemachechi akawanda akabuda muchechi yeRoma, izvo zvakachinja mararamiro evanhu vakawanda kuEurope, America, South Africa, nedzimwewo nzvimbo. Anonzi ndiye muvambi wekuchinja kwemachechi okuEurope.

Pave nemakore anenge 500 Calvin azvarwa, uye machechi akabuda muRoma akadai sePresbyterian, Congregational, Puritan nedzimwewo achiri kudzidzisa pfungwa dzake nedzidziso dzake. Muna September wegore rapera, sangano reWorld Alliance of Reformed Churches rakashuma kuti rine vatendi mamiriyoni 75 munyika 107.

Kurwisana Nechechi yeRoma

Baba vaCalvin vakanga vari gweta uye munyori wechechi yeRoma kuNoyon. Kunenge kuti basa ravaiita ndiro rakaita kuti vazvionere kusazvibata zvakanaka kwaiitwa nevaitungamirira chechi panguva iyoyo. Hatizivi kuti izvi zvingava izvo zvakakonzera kuti vapandukire kana kuti vasaremekedza chechi here, asi nokufamba kwenguva baba vaJohn nomukoma wake vakadzingwa muchechi. Baba vake pavakafa, John akatambura kuti avige baba vake nenzira yechiKristu. Kunenge kuti izvozvo ndizvo zvakaita kuti John atadze kuvimba nechechi yeRoma.

Mabhuku akawanda anotaura nezvaCalvin haanyanyi kutaura nezvouduku hwake kunze kwokungomurondedzera semunhu akanga akazvinyararira. Kunyange paaidzidza kuParis, Orléans, nekuBourges, zvinoratidza kuti akanga asina shamwari dzakawanda. Asi Calvin aiva nechipo chokukurumidza kubata zvinhu uye aishamisa chaizvo nokusakanganwa kwaaiita. Izvi pamwe nokushanda nesimba kwaaiita zvakaita kuti ave gweta asati ambosvitsa makore 23, nokuti mazuva ose aiverenga kubva kuma5 mangwanani kusvika pakati pahwo usiku. Akadzidzawo chiHebheru, chiGiriki uye chiLatin kuitira kuti agoongorora Bhaibheri. Asi pane zvose izvi Calvin ainyanya kuzivikanwa nokuva munhu akanga asingaiti zvokutamba nebasa rake. Nanhasi munhu anoshanda nesimba zvakadai anozivikanwa somutsigiri wedzidziso dzaCalvin.

Paiitika izvi, kuGermany Martin Luther aishora zviri pachena chechi yeRoma pamusana pouori hwayo uye kusadzidzisa kwayaiita zviri muBhaibheri. Vanhu vakawanda vanofunga kuti muna 1517 akanamira zvichemo zvake 95 pasuo rechechi iri muWittenberg, achida kuti zvinhu zvichinjwe muchechi. Vakawanda vakabvumirana naLuther, uye pfungwa yacho yakabva yapararira somoto muEurope yose. Zvinonzwisisika kuti zvakakonzera kupikisana kwakanyanya munzvimbo dzakawanda, uye vairatidzira kana kuti vakabuda muchechi yeRoma vakatambudzwa pamusoro pokutsanangura mafungiro avo. Muna 1533 kuParis, shamwari yaCalvin inonzi Nicholas Cop, yakapa hurukuro ichitsigira Luther, uye sezvo Calvin akanga abatsirawo pakuinyora, vose vari vaviri vakabva vatiza vachitya kuurayiwa. Calvin haana kuzombodzokerazve kunogara kuFrance.

Muna 1536, Calvin akabudisa bhuku rainzi Institutes of the Christian Religion, raiva nedzidziso dzechechi dzakabuda muRoma. Akaripa Mambo Francis I achiitira kuti adzivirire zvizvarwa zvokuFrance zvakabuda muchechi yeRoma, zvakazozivikanwa sevaHuguenots. Calvin akashora zvokushora zviya dzidziso dzeRoma akatsigira nyaya youchangamire hwaMwari, musimboti wezvaitendwa nechechi yake. Bhuku raCalvin rinonzi Institutes, rine zvarakachinjawo pamutauro weFrench pamwe chete nemanyorerwo awo, kuwedzera pane zvarakaita panyaya dzokunamata. Calvin akanzi ndiye mumwe wevanhu vakatanga-tanga pakuchinja dzidziso dzomumachechi. Akazopedzisira agara mureGeneva, kuSwitzerland, uye kubva muna 1541 zvichienda mberi, akaita kuti guta racho rive muzinda une vanhu vanonyatsotevedzera mitemo yetsika.

Kuona Kuti Zvinhu Zviri Kuchinjwa Here kuGeneva

Calvin akaratidza simba rake nokuchinja zvinhu kuGeneva. Pamusana pokuda kwake kuti pave netsika kwadzo uye zvinhu zvifambe zvakanaka, akachinja Geneva kubva pakuva “guta raiva nembiri yemabasa akaipa kuva guta rine vanhu vanotevedzera mitemo pakurarama kwavo,” rinodaro Encyclopedia of Religion. Pane zvimwewo zvakaita kuti zvinhu zvichinje. Dr. Sabine Witt, vanoona nezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zviri mumiyuziyamu yeGerman Historical Museum iri kuBerlin, vanoti: “Nemhaka yehondo dzemachechi kuFrance, uwandu hwevanhu vanogara [muGeneva] hwakapetwa nekaviri mumakore mashomanana kubva pakapinda zviuru zvevapoteri vakanga vabuda muchechi yeRoma.” VaHuguenots vaiva nepfungwa dzakafanana nedzaCalvin, vakaita kuti upfumi huvandudzike muguta, zvikaita kuti Geneva ive muzinda wokugadzira mawachi uye wokudhinda mabhuku.

Vamwe vapoteri vaibva kune dzimwe nzvimbo vakauyawo kuGeneva, kusanganisira vakawanda vaibva kuEngland, kwaiva nevanhu vakanga vabuda muchechi yeRoma vaitya kuurayiwa naMambokadzi Mary I. Imwe magazini inotaura zvemachechi inonzi Christ in der Gegenwart (Contemporary Christian) inorondedzera kuti pavanhu vaitsigira dzidziso dzaCalvin, vazhinji vacho vakanga vari vapoteri, uye vakazivikanwa ‘sevazivi vechitendero vakanga vachitambudzwa.’ Muna 1560 vapoteri vakabudisa Geneva Bible, Bhaibheri rokutanga muChirungu raiva nendima dzine nhamba. Nemhaka yokuti rakanga riri duku, Bhaibheri iri rakaita kuti mumwe nomumwe akwanise kudzidza Shoko raMwari. Kunenge kuti iyi ndiyo shanduro yeBhaibheri yakaenda nevaPuritan pavakatama vachienda kuNorth America muna 1620.

Asi havasi vanhu vose vakakwanisa kugara sevapoteri kuGeneva. Michael Servetus, akazvarwa muna 1511 kuSpain, akadzidza chiGiriki, chiLatin, chiHebheru, akadzidzirawo kuva chiremba uye kunenge kuti akamboonana naCalvin vari kuchikoro kuParis. Kubva pane zvaakadzidza muBhaibheri, Servetus akaona kuti dzidziso yokuti kuna vanamwari vatatu haibvi mumagwaro. Akaedza kunyorerana naCalvin vachikurukura nezvenyaya yacho, asi Calvin haana kuona Servetus seshamwari asi semuvengi. Paakaoneswa chitsvuku nevanhu vechechi yeRoma kuFrance, Servetus akatizira kuguta raigara Calvin reGeneva. Pane kugamuchirwa nemaoko maviri, akasvikosungwa akabvunzurudzwa akapiswa padanda muna 1553. Mumwe anoona nezvezvakaitika kare anonzi Friedrich Oehninger anoti, “Kuurayiwa kwaServetus nanhasi chinhu chinonyadzisa muupenyu hwa[Calvin], munhu airemekedzwa chaizvo pakuchinja dzidziso dzechechi uye pabasa raakaita.”

Calvin akaita basa rakakura kuti azadzise shungu dzake dzokuchinja dzidziso muchechi. Anonzi akanyora mabhuku anopfuura 100 uye tsamba 1 000 uye ane mharidzo dzinosvika 4 000 dzaakapa kuGeneva. Pakuita zvose izvi Calvin haana kungogumira pakutsanangura mafungiro ake nezvokuti chiKristu chinofanira kunge chakaita sei, asi akashanda nesimba kuita kuti mararamiro aaifunga kuti vaKristu vanofanira kuita atevedzerwe kunyanya muGeneva, raaiona sokuti iguta raMwari.a

Chii chakaburwa naCalvin kuGeneva kubva pane zvose zvaakaita? Maererano neSwiss Federal Statistics Office, mugore ra2000, pavagari vokuGeneva 100 voga voga, 16 vavo ndivo vechechi yeDutch Reformed vachiri kutsigira dzidziso dzaCalvin, uye vanopinda chechi yeRoma vakatowanda kudarika veDutch Reformed.

Kusabatana Muchechi Kunowedzera

Pamusana pokuti kwakava nemachechi akabuda muRoma, maguta nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakaratidza kuti dzinoremekedza dzidziso dzeRoma, dzaLuther kana kuti dzaCalvin, zvichibva zvaita kuti muEurope muve nemachechi ainetsana. Kunyange hazvo ava vakabuda muchechi yeRoma vakanga vakabatana pakuishora, ivo pachavo vakanga vasingawirirani. Dr. Witt, vambotaurwa vanoti: “Kunyange chechi idzi dzakabuda muRoma hadzibvumirani pane zvose.” Kunyange hazvo vose vaibvuma kuti muBhaibheri ndimo munofanira kubva zvavanotenda, pakanga pane kusawirirana padzidziso dzavo. Nyaya hombe yakanga iri yeKudya Kwemanheru Kwokupedzisira uye yekuvapo kwaKristu. Pava paya padzidziso dzaCalvin pakazomuka imwe inoitiranwa nharo zvikuru mumachechi, dzidziso yekufanorongerwa zvichaitika muupenyu.

Vakanga vasingawirirani panyaya yezvinorehwa nedzidziso yokufanorongerwa zvichaitika muupenyu. Rimwe boka raitsigira dzidziso dzaCalvin raiti vanhu pavakanga vasati vatadza, Mwari akanga asarudza kuti vashoma ndivo vaizoponeswa pachishandiswa Kristu, nepo vamwe vose vakanga vasingazoponeswi. Saka boka iri raifunga kuti Mwari ndiye anoponesa vaanoda uye kuti vanhu vakanga vasina kuenzana. Vamwewo vaitsigira dzidziso dzaCalvin vaiti munhu wose anogona kuponeswa, uye zvaisiirwa kumunhu mumwe nomumwe kuti asarudze kuti anoda here kuponeswa kana kuti kwete. Izvi zvaireva kuti kuponeswa kwaibva pakuti munhu ane rusununguko rwokuzvisarudzira. Papera makore akawanda Calvin afa, vaimutsigira vakanetsana nenyaya dzakadai semutemo waMwari, rusununguko rwokusarudza, uye mukana wakaenzana pakati pevanhu vose.

Zvimwe Zvakaipa Zvakakonzerwa Nedzidziso dzaCalvin

Muzana remakore rechi20, chechi yeDutch Reformed yakati dzidziso yokufanorongerwa zvichaitika muupenyu ndiyo inoita kuti pave nerusaruraganda muSouth Africa. Achitaura nezvomutemo wehurumende wokuti vachena ndivo vari pamberi, Nelson Mandela, uyo akazova purezidhendi wechitema wokutanga kuSouth Africa, akati: “Mutemo wacho waitsigirwa nechechi yeDutch Reformed, iyo yaitsigira rusaruraganda ichiti vachena vokuSouth Africa vakasarudzwa naMwari uye vanhu vechitema rudzi rwakaderera uye havafaniri kusimudza musoro. Vachena vomuchechi iyi vaitsigira nyaya dzorusaruraganda.”

Muma1990 chechi yeDutch Reformed yakakumbira ruregerero zviri pachena pamusana pokutsigira kwayaiita rusaruraganda. Mugwaro repamutemo rinonzi Rustenburg Declaration, vatungamiriri vechechi yacho vakabvuma kuti: “Vamwe vedu takashandisa Bhaibheri zvisiri izvo kuti titsigire rusaruraganda, zvichibva zvakonzera kuti vakawanda vafunge kuti zvinhu zvaibvumirwa naMwari.” Kwemakore akawanda kutsigira rusaruraganda kwakaitwa nechechi hakuna kungoita kuti vanhu vatambure asi kwakaita kuti Mwari anzi ndiye akazvikonzera.

John Calvin akafira kuGeneva muna 1564. Zvinonzi pakupedzisira akatenda vanhu vaainamata navo avo “vakamupa ruremekedzo rwaakanga asingakodzeri kuwana” uye akakumbira ruregerero pamusana pokusava munhu ane mwoyo murefu uye aiva nehasha. Kunyange hazvo ane zvaaikanganisa, zviri pachena kuti zvakaitwa nemachechi akabuda muRoma, zvokushanda nesimba, kuzvidzora uye kuzvipira kubasa zvinonyatsoratidza chaizvo zvaidiwa naJohn Calvin.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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Pamusana pokuti kwakava nemachechi akabuda muRoma, maguta nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakaratidza kuti dzinoremekedza dzidziso dzeRoma, dzaLuther kana kuti dzaCalvin, zvichibva zvaita kuti muEurope muve nemachechi ainetsana

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(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

SPAIN

FRANCE

PARIS

Noyon

Orléans

Bourges

SWITZERLAND

GENEVA

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Bhuku raCalvin rinonzi “Institutes” (1536) ndiro raiva musimboti wedzidziso dzemachechi akabuda muRoma

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© INTERFOTO/Alamy

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Kuurayiwa kwaServetus nanhasi chinhu chinonyadzisa muupenyu hwaCalvin uye pabasa raakaita

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© Mary Evans Picture Library

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Geneva Bible rakabudiswa muna 1560 ndiro Bhaibheri rokutanga muChirungu raiva nendima dzine nhamba

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Courtesy American Bible Society

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French town: © Mary Evans Picture Library