Thandizo kwa Awo Okhala Ndi Zosoŵa Zapadera

ANTHU amene alibe kuvulala kwa nzeru zodziŵira zinthu mwachisawawa amapereka lingaliro lochepera kwa awo omwe ali tero, pokhapo ngati iwo ali ziŵalo za banja lawo lenileni. Komabe, nkhaniyo imafunikira chisamaliro. Mu Briteni pali mtsutsano ponena za mmene awo ovulazika nzeru zodziŵira zinthu angalandiridwire m’chitaganya cha anthu.

Jack Ashley, Chiŵalo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo Yachibritish yemwe ngogontha, akulozera ku kufunika kwa kumvetsetsa. “Anthu ambiri ali osadziŵa mavuto a ogontha,” iye akulongosola tero. “Kuposa zonse, [ogontha] amafunikira kumvetsetsedwa ndi anthu akumva, kuzindikira ukulu wa vuto la kulemala kwawo, ndi ulemu kaamba ka mikhalidwe yawo yaumwini imene iri yosavulala, kusiyapo kokha m’malingaliro a ena.”—Kanyenye ngwathu.

Chifukwa chakuti anthu ali ogontha sichimatanthauzadi kuti kuthekera kwawo kwa maganizo konseko kuli kovulala. Komabe, mkazi wina wachichepere walutha yemwe sakhoza kumva akunena kuti anthu ena akuwoneka kukhala akumuwona iye monga wosokonezeka mwamaganizo. Pamene iye ndi mwamuna wake ankafunsidwa ndi woimira kampani ya inshuwaransi, woimirayo anafunsa chifukwa chimene iwo anali kumuyang’anitsitsira. Pamene iye anadziŵa kuti aŵiriwo anali ogontha ndipo anali kuyesera kumva kupyolera m’kalankhulidwe ka milomo yake, iye mwamsanga anamvetsetsa.

Mofananamo, sichiri chachilendo kwa ena kudzimva osamasuka pamene ali pafupi ndi wakhungu. Chotero pamene kuli kwakuti unyinji ungafune kuthandiza pamene munthu wakhungu akuyembekeza kuti adutse khwalala, sionse omwe amaima kuti achite tero. Kodi nchifukwa ninji? Kaŵirikaŵiri nchifukwa cha kusatsimikizira ponena za yankho ya munthu wakhunguyo ku thandizo loperekedwalo. Komabe, akhungu, kaŵirikaŵiri amalandira thandizo pamene laperekedwa m’njira yachibadwa, yaulemu, monga mmene thandizolo lingaperekedwere kwa winawake wachikulire kapena yemwe angawoneke kukhala wofunikira thandizo m’kunyamula katundu wolemera. Chotero, nkwabwino chotani nanga, kugonjetsa malingaliro a kusamasuka ndipo mwachifundo kudzipereka kuthandiza mokoma mtima!

Ngati inu munati muthetse imodzi ya nzeru zanu zisanu zazikulu zodziŵira zinthu, mwinamwake mungasankhe kukhala wopanda nzeru yodziŵira zinthu yonunkhiza. Iyo imalingaliridwa kukhala yosafunika kwambiri koposa nzeru zinazo zodziŵira zinthu. Koma mkazi yemwe anataya luso la kununkhiza anadzuma kuti: “Ndinadzimva kukhala wolemala m’njira zonse. Nthaŵi zonse ndinakonda kuphika koma chinali chosatheka. Ndinkachulukitsa kapena kuchepetsa zonunkhiritsa.”

Chotero ngakhale kutayikiridwa kwa nzeru yodziŵira zinthu yowonekera ngati yosafunika kwambiri imeneyi kungakhale kwangozi. Ellis Douek wa pa Chipatala cha Guy, London, akunena kuti: “Mufunikira kutenga [kutayikiridwa nzeru yodziŵira zinthu ya kununkhiza] mosamalitsa kwambiri. Unyinji wa ovutika nayo ali osautsika kwambiri ndipo ena m’chenicheni amakhala opsyinjika maganizo. Iwo amadzimva kuti akukhala m’dziko lopanda ukoma. Kununkhiza kungakhale ndi chisonkhezero cha maganizo chachikulu kwambiri kuposa ndi mmene anthu amalingalirira.”

Mlingo wa kuvulazika kwa nzeru zodziŵira zinthu ungasiyane mokulira kuchokera ku munthu mmodzi ndi wina. Wina angakhale wogontha kotheratu, wosamva mpang’ono pomwe, pamene winawake angachipeze kukhala chovuta kumva pansi pa mikhalidwe inayake, mwinamwake pamene pali phokoso lakumbuyo lalikulu. M’chenicheni, anthu ogontha ambiri angamve phokoso linalake, ngakhale kuti iwo sangamve mawu. Chiri chofanana ndi kuwona. Anthu ena ngakhungu kotheratu. Koma mu United States, munthu amalingaliridwa kukhala wakhungu mwalamulo ngati angawone kokha kuchokera pa utali wa mamita 6.1 (ndi magalasi kapena mandala owonerako) chimene winawake wokhala ndi kuwona kwachibadwa amawona kuchokera pa utali wa mamita 61.

Thandizo Kuchokera ku Ukatswiri wa Zopangapanga

Kuti achite ndi ukulu wosiyanasiyana wa kuvulala, akatswiri aluso ali ndi ziŵiya zosiyanasiyana zopimila ukulu wa kulemala. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri a zopangapanga amagwiritsira ntchito ziŵiya kukhazikitsa mlingo wa kumva. Kenaka adokotala amayesera kudziŵa mtundu wa kuvulala. Kodi vutolo liri lochititsidwa ndi kutumiza kolakwika kwa chidziŵitso ku ubongo? Kodi kuvulalako kungawongoleredwe ndi kutumbula?

Mofananamo, akatswiri a maso ndi ofufuza kuvulala kwa kuwona amapima mphamvu ya diso. Zopeza zawo zimathandiza adokotala kudziŵa chochititsa cha kulephera kwa kuwona ndi kuchiritsa kothekera. Chifupifupi 95 peresenti ya nkhani zonse za khungu zikunenedwa kukhala zikuchititsidwa ndi nthenda, ndipo zotsalazo ndi kuvulala.

Pamene chochititsa ndi ukulu wa kuvulazika kwa nzeru zodziŵira zinthu kwazindikiridwa, thandizo lingaperekedwe. Ukatswiri wa zopangapanga umapereka mayankho ena mu mtundu wa ziŵiya zimene zimawongolera nzeru zodziŵira zinthu zovulazikazo. Kaamba ka kuvulala kwa kumva, pali zothandizira kumva, zimene ziri ziwiya zogwira ntchito ndi batiri zokhala ndi kachiŵiya koika m’khutu kamene nthaŵi zina kamalinganizidwa kukwana mkati mwa khutu la munthu. Zimenezi zimagwiritsira ntchito kumva kochepera komwe kungakhalepo m’kuyesera kupatsa munthu wogonthayo kuthekera kwina kwa kumva mawu. Kwa ovulazika kuwona, magalasi kapena mandala owonera kaŵirikaŵiri amaperekedwa. Ngakhale zinthu zopepuka zoterezo monga ngati magalasi okuzira zinthu atsimikizira kukhala thandizo kwa ambiri. Ena athandizidwa mwa kusinthanitsa mwana wa diso.

Kwa awo omwe atayikiridwa nzeru yawo yodziŵira zinthu ya kununkhiza, vutolo nthaŵi zina lingapezedwe kukhala lochititsidwa ndi mavuto a mopita mpweya, a ziŵalo zothandizira kutuluka kwa myaa kwa mpweya, chimfine chosalekeza, kuyambukiridwa moipa, ndi matenda a njira yodzera mamina. Yambiri ya mikhalidwe imeneyi ingachiritsidwe ndi mankhwala.

Ngakhale kuti mankhwala ndi ukatswiri wa zopangapanga kaŵirikaŵiri zingawongolere mkhalidwe wa anthu ovulazika nzeru zodziŵira zinthu, pali magwero ena ofunika kwambiri a thandizo.

Thandizo Laumwini

Popeza kuti njira ya mankhwala nthaŵi zonse singakhale yachipambano kapena yokhumbika, anthu ovulazika nzeru zodziŵira zinthu ambiri ayesa kuthetsa zotulukapo zachisoni za kulemala kwawo mwa kukhala ndi moyo molingana ndi kukhoza kwawo konse. Iwo achita tero mwa kukulitsa mokwanira luntha ndi maluso omwe ali nawo. Munthu wina yemwe anachita chimenechi anali Helen Keller, mkonzi wotchuka ndi mphunzitsi, yemwe anali ponse paŵiri wakhungu ndi wogontha. Koma pali anthu ena ambiri ovulazika nzeru zodziŵira zinthu omwe achita bwino koposa m’mbali zosiyanasiyana.

Pamene munthu wopunduka amakhala ndi chitokoso chokulitsa maluso ake, chotulukapo kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala kudziimira payekha kokulira ndi ulemu waumwini, osatchula thandizo limene munthu wosonkhezeredwa moteroyo angakhale kwa ena. Janice, yemwe ali ponse paŵiri wakhungu ndi wogontha, akudziŵitsa kuti: “Pali nyonga yaikulu kwambiri m’kuikapo china pa chosoŵacho. Chiri chozizwitsa kuwona mmene Yehova Mulungu anatipangira m’njira yodabwitsa chotero kuti tingachite zinthu zina kuloŵa m’malo a kutayikiridwako.”

Maunansi Othandiza

Anthu ambiri omwe ngakhungu kapena ogontha amakhala osungulumwa. Iwo amasoŵa mayanjano. Kodi ndimotani mmene chosoŵa chofunika kwambiri chimenechi chingakwaniritsidwire?

Nthaŵi zina ziŵeto zingathandize. Kugwirizana kwathandizo pakati pa anthu ndi nyama kumawonekera mokulira mu agalu otsogolera kaamba ka khungu. Ophunzitsa agalu otsogoza Michael Tucker, mkonzi wa bukhu lakuti The Eyes That Lead, akukhulupirira kuti moyo wokhala ndi galu monga wotsogolera umatsegula dziko latsopano kotheratu kwa akhungu, kupereka “ufulu, kudziimira pawokha, kuyendayenda ndi unansi.” Chinachake chowonjezera kwa agalu kaamba ka akhungu chiri agalu ‘akumva’ a ogontha.

Chikhalirechobe, ziŵeto zathandiza anthu ovulazika ambiri. Wolinganiza programu ya kupereka ziŵeto kwa odwala ndi okalamba akuchitira ndemanga kuti: “Inu mungofunikira kuwona chisangalalo chimene iwo amachipeza. Anthu omwe ali osungulumwa koposa omwe sangakhoze kulankhula kwa aliyense adzamvana ndi nyama.” Ndithudi, ubwino wa kutsagana ndi chiŵeto uyenera kupendedwa ndi thayo la kuchisamalira icho.

Ngakhale kuti kugwirizana kwapadera kungakule pakati pa munthu wovulazika nzeru yodziŵira zinthuyo ndi nyama, kuli kukambitsirana ndi anthu ena kumene kumapereka thandizo lokulira.

Kukambitsirana Kwabwino

Kuti apititse patsogolo kumvetsetsa kwabwino pakati pa aja omwe nzeru zawo zodziŵira zinthu zinavulazika ndi anthu omafuna kuthandiza, pafunikira kukhala kukambitsirana kwabwino. Koma kodi chimenechi chiri chothekera motani pamene nzeru zenizenizo zogwiritsiridwa ntchito mwachibadwa m’kachitidwe kameneka ziri zovulazika? Apa ndi pamene Braille (kalembedwe ka akhungu), chinenero cha manja, ndi kumva kupyolera m’kuwona kalankhulidwe ka milomo zimatsimikizira kukhala zathandizo kwa ambiri.

Mu 1824 Louis Braille, wophunzira wakhungu wa zaka 15 zakubadwa wa ku Falansa, anayambitsa dongosolo la kuŵerenga lozikidwa pa mpambo wa timadontho tokwezedwa ndi timizera. Zaka zisanu pambuyo pake iye anafalitsa limene tsopano liri dongosolo lotchuka la timadontho tozikidwa pa timagulu ta timadontho tisanu ndi kamodzi, ndi kulinganiza 63 kosintha timadonthoto kothekera koimirako alufabeti limodzinso ndi mapunctuation ndi manambala. Kwa osakhoza kuwona, kuphunzira Braille kumatanthauza ntchito yokulira m’lingaliro la nthaŵi ndi kuyesayesa. M’malo mowona chimenechi kukhala chitokoso chokulira kwambiri, volyumu ya UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) yakuti Working With Braille ikupereka chitsimikiziro ichi: “Chiyenera kugogomezeredwa kuti kuwona zirembo za Braille kuli bwino lomwe m’kuthekera kwa nzeru zathu za kukhudza.”

Maphunziro a maluso a kuŵerenga Braille amasonyeza kuti aja omwe anapeza luso la kuŵerenga kofulumira kwambiri ndi kuŵerenga kwabwino kwa Braille anali aja omwe anagwiritsira ntchito zala zolozera za manja onse aŵiri. Iwo amayendetsa zala zawo mosalala pamwamba pa timadontho tokwezedwa, akupeza kuŵerenga kofulumira kufika ku theka la munthu woŵerenga zirembo zowoneka zosindikizidwa.

Kupezeka komakulakula kwa mabukhu a Braille, limodzinso ndi makaseti omvetserako, kumapereka njira kwa anthu osakhoza kuwona ku chuma cha zolembedwa. Chokulira pa izo chiri Baibulo, limene lingapezedwe ponse paŵiri m’Braille ndi pa matepi kuchokera kwa ofalitsa a magazini ino. Timaperekanso mabukhu a Listening to the Great Teacher ndi My Book of Bible Stories, limodzinso ndi magazini inzake, Nsanja ya Olonda, pa tepi (m’Chingelezi). Ndipo kuyambira chaka chamawa, Galamukani! (m’Chingelezi) idzakhalanso pa tepi.

Ponena za chinenero cha manja, ofufuza J. G. Kyle ndi B. Woll akunena kuti kumvetsetsa icho kuli “sitepi loyambirira kugwetsa zopinga za aja onse okhala m’dziko la ogontha.” Kupyolera m’njira yokhutiritsa kwambiri imeneyi ya kukambitsirana, ogontha amadzimva omasuka kwa wina ndi mnzake. Chiri chinthu chabwino pamene aja omwe ponse paŵiri akhoza kumva ndi kulankhula apanga kuyesayesa kuphunzira chinenero cha manja. M’njira imeneyi anthu ogontha ndi akumva amagwirizana mokulira, ku phindu lawo. Anthu akumva amaphunzira chinenero chatsopano ndi kulemeretsa chokumana nacho chawo chamwambo, ndipo anthu ogontha amapeza kufikira kokulira ku dziko la anthu akumva.

Mokondweretsa, anthu ambiri omwe ali ogontha chibadwire kapena kuchokera pa msinkhu wauchichepere samadziwona iwo eni kukhala opunduka. Kusiyana pakati pa iwo ndi anthu akumva kumawonedwa kukhala kusiyana wamba kwa chinenero ndi kusiyana kwa mikhalidwe. Kumbali ina, aja omwe amakhala ogontha pambuyo pake m’moyo kupyolera m’ngozi kapena matenda kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chiyambukiro cha maganizo chosiyanako mokulira—lingaliro la kutayikiridwa kokulira. Kwa ambiri oterewa, chinenero cha manja chiri thandizo lovuta, popeza icho chimatanthauza kuphunzira chinenero chatsopano kotheratu. Chotero ambiri amafuna kuphunzira kuŵerenga kalankhulidwe ka milomo kuti apitirizabe kuyesera kusungirira kalankhulidwe kawo kokulitsidwa kale.

Kumvetsetsa mmene anthu ovulazika nzeru zodziŵira zinthu amalingalira limodzinso ndi kukambitsirana nawo sikumachotsapo muzu wa vutolo. Kulemala kwawo kumakhalabe. Ngati iko kunali kochotseka, kusalingana, chisalungamo, ndi mavuto ena amene ovulazika nzeru zodziŵira zinthu amavutika nazo zikanapita kale. Kodi zimenezo zidzachitika konse?

[Bokosi patsamba 5]

Dzithandizeni Inu Eni

1. Chidziŵitso. Yesetsani kupeza zochuluka monga mmene mungakhozere ponena za kulemala kwanu ndi mmene mungachepetsere iko.

2. Kuwona mtima. Khalani omasuka ndipo vomerezani kulemala kwanu.

3. Kulingalira ena. Khalani woyamba kupangitsa ena kukhala omasuka ndipo longosolani mmene iwo angathandizire.

4. Zochitachita. Kuti mugonjetse kupsyinjika, khalani oloŵetsedwamo m’zochitachita zakuthupi kapena maganizo.

5. Kulimba mtima. Pezani choloŵa m’malo mwa malingaliro odzitsitsa mwa kupereka nyonga yanu m’zochitachita zimene mungachite bwino.

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

Thandizo Limene Ena Angapereke

1. Yeserani kupenya mikhalidwe kuchokera ku lingaliro la anthu okhala ndi kuvulazidwa kwa nzeru zodziŵira zinthu.

2. Aphatikizenimo m’zochita zanu za nthaŵi zonse. Musawapatule.

3. Apatseni zinthu zochita zomwe zingawathandize iwo kudzimva kukhala ofunika.

4. Mvetserani pamene akufuna kukambitsirana nanu malingaliro awo.

5. Pamene muwona chosoŵa chapadera, chitani zonse zomwe mungathe limodzi ndi wopundukayo m’kukwaniritsa icho.

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Janice (kulamanzere) ali ponse paŵiri wakhungu ndi wogontha, komabe ali mtumiki wa nthaŵi zonse

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Ziŵeto zingapereke mlingo wa kuyanjana